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36SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS VOLUME 4 I ISSUE 1 I 2023 _ISSN: 2181-1601
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CROSS-CULTURAL ADAPTATION OF PARALINGUISTIC TOOLS
Sabohatxon A'zamjonovna Yusupova Diyora Baxodir qizi Nabiyeva
Ferghana state university
ABSTRACT
This article is shown that paralinguistic tools embody national characteristics, are an integral part of speech communication related to customs, rituals, manners and acquire a unique pragmatic content.
Key words: Communication, verbal communication, non-verbal communication, paralinguistics, culture, body language, handshakes.
Communication is an ongoing process of sending and receiving messages that enable humans to share information, thoughts, opinion, information, and way of thinking, sentiment, and approach. Communication takes place through two different mediums, verbal and nonverbal. Miller, P. W. (1988). Verbal communication is a talk between two or more individuals in which they use speech organs to convey the messages while paralinguistic communication is the process of communication amongst persons through wordless messages. Paralinguistics, according to various Researchers is "all of the messages other than words that people exchange." It can be elaborated in the definition in this way: By using "messages" the author means intentional symbols, so if a language learner stretches his arm to relieve himself of a muscle cramp, this action is not considered as Paralinguistics. The second element of this definition is "other than words messages" which means nonlinguistic codes like body language, facial expressions, physical appearance are used to communicate meaning.
Paralinguistics studies the aspects of spoken communication that do not involve words. These may add emphasis or shades of meaning to what people say. Some definitions limit this to verbal communication that is not words. Body language, gestures, facial expressions, tone and pitch of voice are all examples of paralinguistic features.
Non-verbal means of speech communication - facial expressions, gestures, eye contact, intonation - are universal regardless of where and with whom we communicate. But the culture of each country develops according to its own laws, and each country has its own characteristics of non-verbal communication. Knowing these features will help everyone to communicate effectively with the interlocutor on the "foreign territory"1
1 https://orator.biz/library/oratorical/osobennosti-neverbalnogo-obshcheniya-v-raznykh-stranakh/
Uzbekistan www.scientificprogress.uz Page 266
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Handshakes are done differently in different nations and cultures. When shaking hands, Northern Europeans shake each other's hands for a very short time and immediately release them. In Southern Europe, Central and South America, a long handshake is customary. It is even common to hold the hand or wrist of the interlocutor with the left hand during a handshake. In African countries, it is usually seen lightly on the tip of the arm.
The Chinese use the handshake when interacting with strangers only on a formal level. In order to show their respect to the interlocutor, they can shake both hands for a long time. When communicating with people who are close and know each other well, it is common to shake hands and hug.
Handshakes are very common in the Middle East. In addition to shaking hands, Arabs also touch their foreheads with their palms and bow slightly. When an old man shows his respect to his interlocutor and shakes his hand, he first kisses his palm and touches his forehead. If Arab men have not seen each other for a long time, when they meet, they hug and kiss each other's shoulders. If they hug each other and stand for a long time, it represents the meaning of seeing each other, closeness and joy after a long separation.
In Uzbeks, handshakes are short. But a firm and firm handshake is preferable to a light and soft handshake. Two thumbs up is a sign of aggression and dominance in North American countries. Another characteristic of our culture is that if a person of higher age or status does not extend a hand to be seen, the other party does not. A similar situation in eastern nations has become unique when meeting women and women do not shake hands.
It should be said that the culture, spirituality and tradition of each nation is determined by their contribution to universal human values and world civilization. The national culture of the Uzbek people, one of the oldest nations not only in the East, but also in the whole world, has a long history. Every action and situation of Uzbeks is characterized by the fact that they have passed great life experience over the centuries. Accordingly, every non-verbal tool used in Uzbek communication serves to fully reveal the people's worldview, character, culture, spirituality, ability to think, mood and conversational goals. In other words, what a person wants to say is known from every action and facial expression.
Every culture leaves its mark on non-verbal means, so there are no universal norms for all mankind. It is necessary to learn its non-verbal language as well as to learn the language of other countries. For example, T.Nikolayeva emphasizes the necessity of
2 Kurbanov M.A. Noverbal muloqotni ifodalovchi vositalar / Monografiya.-Andijon: "STEP BY STEP PRINT" MChJ, 2021-61 b.
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researching the national tradition and culture passed down from ancestors to
"5
generations, just like language.
According to Nurmanov, in order for a representative of a people who speak one language to be able to communicate freely even among people who speak another language, it is necessary to know the language of this people perfectly, as well as to study the characteristic aspects of their culture, customs, and gestures. The strengthening of economic and cultural relations between the peoples of the world leads to an even greater need to organize them.4
By summarizing, comparing and analyzing the opinions given above, with the help of non-verbal means of non-verbal communication of different nations, it was recommended to divide the forms of customs and manners that determine the national-culture, religion and socio-political lifestyle of peoples into the following 7 groups:
a) national traditions - customs and forms of manners belonging to the same nation (national dress, national dance, setting a table for a guest, taking him upstairs, welcoming him at the door, holding the fork in the left hand, starting the meal from the beginning, etc. ).
For example:
In Uzbek: - Juda yaxshi, qani yuqoriga chiqing, mehmon, - dedi. Otabek rahmat aytib joyidan qo'zgalmadi. Usta Farfi uni yana bir qat ko'zdan kechirib olg'ach, cho'k -kalashini buzib chordana qurib oldi. (Abdulla Qodiriy. O'tkan kunlar). .
In English: - The man was still silent, but suddenly he bowed down almost to the ground, touching it with his finger. 'What is it?' cried Raskolnikov. (Dostoevsky F. Crime and Punishment).
b) cultural traditions - cultural, moral actions and forms of manners that serve as an example to others and are constantly performed in the society (greeting with the right hand on the chest in place of respect, the first salute of a horseman to a pedestrian, taking off his hat when greeting, etc.).
In Uzbek: - Temurbek otdan irg'ib tushdi va qo'llarini ko'ksiga qo'yib bu yerda turganlarga ta'zim qildi. (Ahmedov B. Amir Temur).
In English: - He approached the other door, and taking off his hat respectfully, said, "Madame, will you permit me to offer you my services? (Dumas A. The Three Musketeers).
d) religious traditions - customs and actions performed by a person or community based on their religious views and standard requirements (in the Muslim world, the
3 Nikolaeva T., Uspenskiy B. Yazbikoznanie i paralingvistika // Lingvisticheskie issledovaniya po obshey i slavyanskoy tipologi. -M.: Nauka, 1966. -S. 65.
4 Nurmonov A. O'zbek paralingvistik vositalari // Tanlangan asarlar. 1-jild. -T.: Akademnashr, 2012. -S. 157.
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character of praying for every virtue, acts of gratitude before eating, as in all religions, etc.).
In Uzbek: - Mariyaga darrov boshdan-oyoq musulmoncha kiyim kiydiradilar, namozni, har xil duolami va qur'ondan bir necha surani yod o'qishga o'rgatadilar. (Oybek. Qutlug' qon).
In English: - He did not remember him at all, but he had been told about his little brother, and whenever he visited the graveyard he used religiously and reverently to cross himself and to bow down and kiss the little grave. (Dostoevsky F. Crime and Punishment).
e) family customs - the traditions and customs of the family to perform the same actions in the society (naming the baby according to a special sign in the family, greeting the bride in the early morning, etc.).
In Uzbek: - Ertalab, odat bo'yicha, Nuri to'r ro'mol yopinib beshikdagi boladan to keksalarga qadar hammaga salom qilar ekan, "nega senga oldin salom qiladi?" deb kundoshlari bir-biri bilan achchiqlashib qolishgandi. (Oybek. Qutlug' qon).
In English: -"He sent me a Christmas cards," she said. (Babitz E. Eve's Hollywood).
f) social customs - forms of behavior, actions and manners that determine the social behavior of a person in society (dressing, communicating or reacting according to a person's appearance and social status). These customs also have their own forms in each language.
In Uzbek: - Bu ikki bola bir joyda suhbatga kirishsalar, chetdagi bir kishi Anvarni yirtiq bo'z kiyimlar ichida va Nasimni shohi-adraslar bilan g'arq holda ko'rib, albatta "bu gadoybachcha bilan bekbachchaning o'zaro nima munosabatlari bor?" deb taajjublanar, lekin do'stlar hali buning ayirmasini idrok qilmaslar edi. (Qodiriy A. Mehrobdan chayon).
In English: - "Standing before the mirror, as I had seen others do, I anointed mine head with oil and covered my face thickly with powder. (Keller H. The Story of My Life).
g) regional customs - the actions performed by a person or a community belong to the same region and are different from other regions (national dance of the region, different gestures in human speech and regional clothing customs).
In Uzbek: - Konvertni olganimiz uchun ikkalamiz ham qo'l qo'ydik, so'ng odob bilan chest berib, shtabdan chiqdik. (Axtamov A. Buxorodan Berlinga).
In English: - Boxing Day (December, 26th) is so-called because it's a time when trades people receive a Christmas Box- some money in appreciation of the work they've carried out all year. (URL: https://studfile.net/preview/ 1791080 /page: 17).
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h) professional customs - customary actions and forms of manners aimed at fulfilling the duty of service related to the profession (greeting by bowing, obeying orders, etc.)
In Uzbek: - Bu yerliklarning odati bo'yicha choynak qopqog'ini to'nkarib, ichiga choy haqi qo'yib, chiqib ketdi. (Nuriy D. Begona).
In English: - Of the four sword-dances described in these pages, two were collected in Yorkshire, one in Durham, and one in Northumberland. (Cecil J. The Sword Dances of Northern England).
It should be emphasized here that non-verbal (paralinguistic) tools are created due to the long-term experience of a certain people or the necessity of a complex situation.
These traditions can be divided into different subgroups, and in turn, they can be divided into other sections according to the situation, environment, time, attitude, mental state and international norms of speech. As it can be seen from the examples, the same non-verbal means can acquire both national-cultural and socio-cultural meaning at the same time, depending on the passage of time or the content of the communication.
In conclusion, it can be said that the problem solution, results and conclusions of the complete research of non-verbal communication will contribute to the development of the country's culture. From a linguistic point of view, researching non-verbal tools and teaching them to use them correctly provides a convenient opportunity to master the language and speech of a foreign nation. In communication, the parts of the human body define his social position and place in society, in which the distance field and the position of the body parts serve as a non-verbal means of transmitting social and personal information in communication.
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