COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMPOUND WORDS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK Текст научной статьи по специальности «Языкознание и литературоведение»

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMPOUND WORDS IN ENGLISH

AND UZBEK

This article provides some information about compounding, its types and distinguishing characteristics in English and Uzbek. This article also includes basic spelling rules of compounding.

Keywords: word formation, composition, compounding, spelling rules, hyphenated, separate word.

В данной статье приведены некоторые сведения о словосочетании, его видах и отличительных признаках на английском и узбекском языках. Эта статья также включает в себя основные правила написания сложных слов.

Ключевые слова: словообразование, композиция, словосочетание, правила правописания, дефис, отдельное слово.

Ushbu maqolada ingliz va o'zbek tillarida qo^shma so^z, uning turlari va farqlovchi xususiyatlari haqida ba'zi ma'lumotlar berilgan. Ushbu maqolada birikmaning asosiy imlo qoidalarini ham o^z ichiga oladi.

Kalit so'zlar: so'z yasalishi, kompozitsiya, birikma, imlo qoidalari, tire, alohida

so 'z.

INTRODUCTION

Compounding is the process of combining two words to create a new word (commonly a noun, verb, or adjective in both languages). Also called composition, it is from the Latin for "put together".

A.I. Smirnitsky considers compound words as a single unit of form and describes them as a linguistic unit that cannot be divided into parts, no element can be added between its components, and the position cannot be changed. Similar definitions are given in most works related to the topic.

Compounds are written sometimes as one word (sunglasses- ko'zoynak), sometimes as two hyphenated words (life-threatening, hyphenation is not typical of compound words in Uzbek), and sometimes as two separate words (football stadium-futbol maydoni). Compounding is the most common type of word-formation in

Nafisa Isomidinovna Sattorova

A master student of SSIFL e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

АННОТАЦИЯ

ANNOTATSIYA

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English. This type of word formation is also one of the most productive ways of the Uzbek language.

DISCUSSION AND RESULTS

According to basic spelling rules of the uzbek language following compounds are written as one word:

1.Compounds( especially adjective and noun compounds) which are formed with the help of such words: Xona, nota, poya, bop, xush, ham, baxsh, kam, umum, rang, mijoz, sifat, talab

For example: qabulxona, tabriknoma, taklifnoma, bedapoya, ommabop, xushxabar, hamsuhbat, orombaxsh, kamquvvat, bug'doyrang, umumxalq, sovuqmijoz, devsifat, suvtalab

2.Noun compounds and adjective compounds which end -ar (negative form -

mas)

For example: o'rinbosar, otboqar, cho'lquvar, ishyoqmas, qushqo'nmas

3.A compound noun and a compound adjective denoting an object by comparing it with something else.

For example: karnaygul, qo'ziqorin, otquloq, oybolta, devqomat, sheryurak, bodomqovoq, qirg'iyko'z

4.Compound nouns are used to describe something based on its color, taste, something in it, and so on.

For example: olaqarg'a, qizilishton, achchiqtosh, mingoyoq

5.Compound nouns are used to indicate that an item is intended for a purpose For example: kirsovun, qiymataxta, tokqaychi, oshrayhon, molqo'ra, nosqovoq,

ko'zoynak

6.Compound nouns are indicated the location of the object For example: tog'olcha, cho'lyalpiz, suvilon, qashqargul

7.Compound nouns which are names of Rituals, legends, etc

For example: kiryuvdi, kelintushdi, qoryog'di, Urto'qmoq, Ochildasturxon

8.The second part are formed by common noun or the word "obod"

For example: Yangiyo'l, To'rtko'l, Mirzacho'l, Sirdaryo, Kosonsoy, Yangiobod, Xalqobod

9.Compound words borrowed from Russian or translated word by word

For example: kinoteatr, radiostansiya, fotoapparat, elektrotexnika; teleko'rsatuv, yarimavtomat, bayramoldi, suvosti

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Based on basic spelling rules of the uzbek language following compounds are written as two separated words:

1.when the second part of the compound nouns are proper noun

for example: O'rta Osiyo, Ko'hna Urganch, O'rta Chirchiq

2. Parts of a compound verb are written separately

For example: sarf qil, ta'sir et, tamom bo'l, sotib ol, olib kel , olib chiq, miq etma.

O.D. Meshkov describes compound words in English as follows: it is formed by the union of two or more bases, and it manifests itself in speech as an indivisible lexical unit". He divides compound words into the following two groups according to the sign of motivation:

1) Structurally motivated compound words - derive from the sum of the meanings of the components of the common meaning.

For example: footwear

2) Structurally unmotivated compound words - do not arise from the sum of the meanings of the components of the common meaning.

For example: ladybird

But an uzbek linguist A. Hodzhiev denies the phenomenon of word formation by combining two words (composition). All Uzbek works, articles, theses on wordformation mention the "compositional method" of word-formation and describe it as a productive method of word-formation. However, the scientist notes that if the Uzbek language approaches the phenomenon directly from its own materials, it becomes clear that there is no compositional word formation in this language.

In Uzbek, two independent words are connected in a certain grammatical form, and there is a grammatical connection between the compound words. This connection results in a syntactic unit a phrase or a sentence, not a lexeme. We should bear in mind the fact. "

Of course, so-called "compound words" also occur in certain ways. But it is necessary to distinguish the phenomenon of the formation of a new word on the basis of a special method, when a word occurs in one way or another, due to an event. The scientist warns that the following should be taken into account:

First of all, When creating a new word by word-formation method, a special word-forming tool (unit) is used, which is called a word-builder. For example: containing the words of ishchi, tozala -chi and -la word-builders in the words. There is no such thing as a compound word. The words such as itburun, boyo'g'li, and

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qirqog'ayni do not have a word unit. Consequently, they do not have word-formation, they cannot be said to be formed in the same way.

Second, a word (derivative) formed by the word-formation method is formed from a specific word using a word-builder, and this word (this part of the derivative) is the basis of word formation. For example, the word rohatlanmoq is derived from the word rohat. In this word, rohat is the root or core of word formation, -lan is the word-formative adverb. Every derivational word consists of a core and a word-forming part. Compound words do not have this content. So, they do not have means of word formation and method of word formation.

Third, in a special way, the meaning of words made using special units arises from the meaning of its parts, the meaning of which can be based on the meaning of parts: dutorchi - (musician who plays the dutor), og'irlashdi - the weight was heavy, chiroyli - had a good (pleasant) beauty, and so on. There is no such thing as a "compound word": the meaning of the word itog'iz (flower name) cannot be based on the meaning of its parts (it, og'iz).

As regard to the English language compounding exists in several different forms and parts of speech, including the following: Compound Adjective Types of compound adjectives

Not every compound adjective contains two singular adjectives. We realize that sounds a bit confusing, so this chart should explain it more clearly:

Part of Speech Part of Speech Example

Adjective + Noun = Short-term, first-time, long-distance

Adjective + Present Participle = Fast-talking, time-saving, waste-reducing

Noun + Past Participle = Whitewashed, sun-dried, homegrown

Number + Noun = Second-place, nineteenth-century, four-wheel

Noun + Adjective = Ice-cold, sky-blue, cruelty-free

Noun + Present = English-speaking, mouth-watering, self-

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Participle effacing

Adverb + Past Participle = Wellorganised, overweighed, undercooked

Adjective + Past Participle = Double-baked, deep-fried, cold-blooded

Noun + Noun = Seasick, meat eater, bulletproof

Compound Adverb. Also called a compound modifiers, compound adverbs are sometimes written as one word (e.g.,everywhere), sometimes as one hyphenated word (self-consciously), and sometimes as two words (inside out).

Compound Noun. A compound noun is a noun that is made with two or more words. A compound noun is usually [noun + noun] or [adjective + noun], but there are other combinations. It is important to understand and recognize compound nouns. Each compound noun acts as a single unit and can be modified by adjectives and other nouns.

There are three forms for compound nouns:

open or spaced - space between words (tennis shoe)

hyphenated - hyphen between words (six-pack)

closed or solid - no space or hyphen between words (bathroom)

Compound Tense

The compound tenses are a combination of present or past tense (shown through an auxiliary verb) with continuous or perfect aspect.

present = present of be + -

continuous ing participle.

Mashhura is explaining his opinion to his boss

past = past of be + -ing participle.

continuous

Feruza was eating an apple when the telephone rang.

present = present of have + -

perfect ed participle.

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I have travelled all around the world

past = past of have + -ed participle.

perfect

Rory had had enough of their silly questions. Compound Verb

A compound verb is a verb that is made up of multiple words. The compound verb can take on such forms as:

A prepositional verb: Responsible for A phrasal verb: Take away A verb with auxiliaries: Will meet A compound single-word verb: Wear away

CONCLUSION

In most compounds the rightmost morpheme determines the category of the entire word. Thus, greenhouse is a noun because its rightmost component is a noun, spoonfeed is a verb because feed also belongs to this category. "English orthography is not consistent in representing compounds, which are sometimes written as single words, sometimes with an intervening hyphen, and sometimes as separate words. In terms of pronunciation, however, there is an important generalization to be made.

A second distinguishing feature of compounds in English is that tense and plural markers cannot typically be attached to the first element, although they can be added to the compound as a whole. (There are some exceptions, however, such as passers-by and parks supervisor.)

REFERENCES

1. William O'Grady, J. Archibald, M. Aronoff, and J. Rees-Miller, "Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction". Bedford/St. Martin's, 2001.

2. Hojiev A. "O'zbek tili so'z yasalish tizimi". T. 1989 y.

3. Hojiev A. "O'zbek tili morfologiyasi, morfemikasi va so'z yasalishining nazariy masalalari". T. 1989 y.

4. "O'zbek tilining asosiy imlo qoidalari". Toshkent, 1995 y.

5. Arnold I.V. "The English word"- 1986

6. Ginzgurg "A course of modern English lexicology". L. 1979

7. Hatcher A.G. "An introduction to the analysis of English noun compounds". L. 1960