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UDC 8.81.81-11.81'44
STRUCTURAL-GRAMMAR CHARACTERISTICS OF VERBAL SOMATIC PHRASEOLOGIES IN GERMAN AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
Abstract. The structural features of verbal somatic expressions studied in the German and Uzbek languages comparatively in this presented article. Due to large number of such phraseologies in both comparable languages, their structure analyzed by categorizing them into separate subgroups, and the forms presented for each model based on examples. The results obtained in the framework of the study also presented in statistical form.
Keywords. Somatic expression; morphologic; syntactic; classification; verb; comparative.
Morphologically and syntactically, phraseologies can be classified into more extensively. Nevertheless, in such a classification, we often face the problem that a large number of phrases can be divided into several subgroups at the same time. Phraseological units used instead of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. They have a syntagmatic function as a stable syntactic unit of several words denoting the name and sign of an object and action. Fleischer substantiated this possibility of classification by the following similarity between phraseology and words belonging to a certain group of words:
1. Phraseologisms also have a syntactic function as parts of speech, such as words.
2. Phraseologisms, like alternative words belonging to a certain group of words, have the same morphological and grammatical categories: gender, the categories number and case for the nouns and adjectives, as well as the categories of tense, mood and person for the verb.
3. Phraseologisms also have the properties of valence (change). Phraseological expressions that come as "verbs" are monovalent or polyvalent and vary depending on the semantic possibilities of the object.
Kh. T. Nurullayev Senior teacher e-mail: khasan.nurullaev@vahoo.com Karshi engineering-economics institute Karshi city, Republic of Uzbekistan
INTRODUCTION
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4. Phraseologisms, like words, obey the requirements of semantic congruence when they are combined as sentences in a sentence. For example, a phraseological unit that represents something or a person cannot be associated with words that express an action in a sentence. [1].
Based on the theory of Flasher, we can classify somatic phraseological units morphologically and syntactically as follows: 1. noun phraseology; 2. Adjective -phraseology; 3. Adverb - phraseology; 4. Verbs - phraseology [2].
Looking at the history of the study of Uzbek phraseology, A. Rafiev analyzed the phrases by their composition. Due to its morphological and syntactic features, Uzbek phraseology was divided into four groups, such as substantive (отнинг цашцаси, суянган тоги, суубатнинг гули, гапнинг пуст калласи каби), verb (сиркаси сув кутармайди, пайтавасига цурт тушди, юрагига цил сигмайди каби), adjective (афти совуц, багри бутун, юраги кенг, цули калта каби), adverbial (енг учида, нони яримта, ер билан осмонча, оёгини цулига олиб каби) phraseologies.
In A. Rafiev's "Phrases are the beauty of our speech" nominative phrases used in speech in most cases and as a determinative function, while communicative phrases used to denote a cut or action sign. [3]
In this article, we conduct a comparative analysis of the syntactic structure of verbal somatic phraseologies (herein after VSF) in the German and Uzbek languages. When studying VSF, which were the object of our study, their scale reflected in both languages. They account for 1457 (91.06%) of the total of 1580 somatic expressions collected in German [4], and 924 (67.54%) of 1368 VSF in Uzbek [5]. In German, VSFs made up of compounds of nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and verbs, with different structures. As already noted, the presence of a large number of VSFs in German and the variety of their structures identified and analyzed below:
1) Noun + verb. In somatic phraseological units related to this classification, words belonging to a nominal phrase are present as a basic component. When we analyzed them according to their syntactic features, we noticed that nouns used without an article, with a specific article, or with an undefined article:
a) Noun + verb used without article: Vernunft annehmen „to see reason", Blut rühren "make noise", Blut schwitzen "to be in a cold sweat", Blut verlieren "to lose blood".
b) Noun + verb used with definite article: die Beine übereinanderschlagen "to cross one's legs", das Knie beugen "to bow the knee", den Finger heben "to lift a
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
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finger", den Kopf schütteln "to shake one's head", den Mund/das Maul aufmachen/auftun "to talk big".
c) Used noun with indefinite article: ein Auge riskieren "to have a peep", ein Auge/beide Augen zudrücken "to turn a blind eye", einen Bart einfangen "be ashamed of, be in an uncomfortable situation".
2) Noun + verb used with adjective determiner. It was analyzed that of the 146 VSF analyzed in German, noun and verb structures were used with adjectives. In this case, the noun can come without articles, with indefinite or definite articles, possessive, definite, possessive and negative pronouns.
a) noun used without article: Blaues Blut haben "to have blue blood [belong to the nobility]", freie Hand haben "to have full rein", heißes Blut haben "fire in the heart".
b) noun used with indefinite article: ein böses / lockeres / loses / freches Mundwerk haben "to have a wicked tongue", ein goldenes Herz haben "have a heart of gold", ein schiefes (saures) Gesicht machen/ziehen "to make / pull a wry face".
c) Noun used with definite article: das zweite Gesicht haben "predict, foretell" die richtige Nase für etw. haben "to have a flair for sth."
d) Noun used with possessive pronouns: sein Herzblut geben "to put one's heart (and soul) into sth.", sein Kopf retten "to save sb.'s neck", sein wahres Gesicht zeigen "to show one's true face".
e) With indefinite pronouns: alle Hände voll zu tun haben "to have one's hands full (with sb./sth.)", alles Haarklein erzählen "down to the last detail".
f) With possessive pronoun: sich eine blutige Nase holen "to get a bloody nose", sich eine goldene Nase verdienen "to make a mint (of money)", sich jmds. Kopf zerbrechen "to rack one's brains".
g) Noun with negative pronoun: kein Auge mehr für etw. haben "not to stare at", kein Auge von jmdm., etw. lassen "Ky3HHH y3MacnHK", kein Auge zu tun/zumachen "to not sleep a wink".
3) Noun used with auxiliary verb noun + verb. Because of our analysis, we can indicate that in VSF with this syntactic structure, a noun used with an auxiliary verb can act as a qualifier by associating with another noun.
The following expressions such as: den Boden unter den Füßen wegziehen „ to pull the rug (out) from under sb.", die Faust im Sack machen „ to choke back one's anger", von der Hand in den Mund leben „ to live from hand to mouth", den Hals aus der Schlinge ziehen „ to get out of a tight spot", den Kopf in den Sand stecken „to
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bury one's head in the sand" with a specific article on somatic phraseological units,
Gewehr bei Fuß stehen "to be ready for battle", Hals über Kopf davonlaufen "escape fast", Nägel mit Köpfen machen "to do the thing properly", Watte in den Ohren haben "put cotton in the ears" are used without articles.
However, in most VSFs with this structure, a noun that comes with an auxiliary is associated with a verb and used in the object and case functions. They are without articles: Butter auf dem Kopf haben "to have a guilty conscience", Haare auf den Zähnen haben "to have a sharp tongue", Gold in der Kehle haben "have nightingale's voice", with a definite article: jmdm. die Wahrheit ins Gesicht sagen "to speak the truth to sb.'s face", jmdm. den Schuh vor die Füße werfen "to throw down the gauntlet", jmdm. das Messer in die Hand geben "give a chance", with a indefinite article: ein Brett vor dem Kopf haben "to be slow on the uptake", eine Natter/Schlange am Busen nähren "to cherish a snake in one's bosom", einen Floh ins Ohr setzen "to put a bug in sb.'s ear" can be expressed.
4) Pair noun + verb. Of the total number of VSFs collected in German pair noun + verb ownership of the structure was demonstrated during our research. In VSF with a similar structure pair nouns can be used without articles: Arm in Arm gehen "to link arms", Augen und Ohren aufhalten "look after like the eye-ear", Hand in Hand arbeiten. "To work hand in hand", with indefinite articles: ein Herz und eine Seele sein "to be of one mind", with auxiliary words: an Armen und Beinen packen "catch legs and arms". Es geht um Kopf und Kragen "life-death matters", jmdm. durch Mark und Bein dringen/fahren/gehen "to pierce marrow and bone".
5) Noun + verb used with an auxiliary verb. Because of our research, the breadth of the range of somatic phraseological units in the relations of nouns and verbs used with auxiliary verbs in German was determined. 482 of the collected somatic expressions belong to this classification. Therefore, we try to analyze them into several subgroups:
a) Somatic expressions used with indefinite pronouns „jemanden", „jemandem". jmdm. auf dem Hals liegen "ride on somebody's neck", jmdm., etw. an dem Hals hängen „ put weight on somebody's neck", jmdm. Auf den Magen schlagen „ to cause sb. [to get] an upset stomach".
b) VSFs used without indefinite pronouns: An der Kehle fassen "pull somebody's collar", an die Brust ziehen "hug", auf die Nase fallen "to fall flat on one's face".
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c) VSFs used with indefinite pronoun"etwas": etw. Auf der Zunge haben "be at the edge of the tongue", etw. Auf die Beine stellen "to achieve sth.", etw. bei der/zur Hand haben "to have sth. at hand".
d) VSFs used with adjectives: An gebrochenem Herzen sterben "to die from a broken heart", auf eigenen Beinen/Füßen stehen "to stand on one's own (two) feet", auf festen Füßen stehen "to have a very strong base", auf feiem Fuß sein "to be out of prison".
e) With possessive pronoun 'sich': sich etw. von der Backe putzen können "lose one's hope", sich nicht auf den Kopf spucken lassen "to oppose, to safeguard oneself", sich nicht an den Wimpern klimpern lassen "not let others upset oneself".
f) With the words belonging to Number: mit einem Bein im Grabe stehen "to have one foot in the grave", mit halbem Ohr hinhören/zuhören "to listen with half an ear", eins auf den Kopf bekommen "get one's own right;get one's own money;to be scolded".
6) With adverbial VSFs. We can include the following VSFs in this classification: vor den Augen grün und gelb geworden sein "darken the eyesight; blur the eyes", auf jmdm. ist/wird schwer ums Herz "heart is dropped", den Rücken frei haben "to be free of any obligations".
7) VSFs with two verbs. During our research, it's been noticed that some somatic expressions have two verb components. The use of two main verbs, the main verb and modal verbs in expressions has been defined:
a) Nominal element + two main verbs: jmdm. im Hals stecken bleiben "He choked on the word.", den Kopf hängen lassen "to hang one's head", sich den Wind um die Ohren wehen lassen „gain experience "
b) Nominal element + main verb + modal verb: vor etw. nicht mehr aus den Augen sehen können "have the work over the head", nicht in jmds. Haut stecken mögen/wollen "not to want to be in sb's. shoes", nicht mehr auf die Beine kommen können "not to come to oneself".
8) Participle + verb. The following somatic phraseological units have a nominal element + participle form of the verb + verb structure: Blut geleckt haben "", bis an die Zähne bewaffnet sein "armed to the teeth", bis auf die Knochen abgemagert sein "ribs are counted;flesh sticks to the bone".
In Uzbek, as well as in German, there is a large number of verbal somatic expressions and their various structures. Their sphere is also very wide. We study them in the following subcategories:
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1) Noun + verb. In VSF, formed in relation to nouns and verbs, the nominative element can be used with the endings of the nominative, accusative, dative, locative and prepositional, cases, auxiliary words, as well as with the single possessive ending of the third person.
a) Nouns in the nominative case: 6om omu6 KemMOk "to shake the dust of sth. off one's feet", 6yuun эгмоц "to eat out of / from the palm of sb.'s hand", dum oemaMOK "to win sb.'s heart".
b) Nouns in the accusative case: 6apMOsunu 6i8i3 kuxmok "bend the finger", 6omunu aumanmupMOK "to turn sb.'s head", 6omunu KomupMOK "freeze head".
c) Nouns used in the dative case: 6emuaa coxmok "show to the face", 6yunu8a oxmok "hold on neck", aapdanuaa wmaMOK "to carry sth. on one's back".
d) Nouns used in the locative case : 6omuda mypMOK "sit on the head", Kafymda KymapMOK "to fulfil sb.'s every wish", Ky3da mymMOK "to have sb./sth. in mind".
e) Nouns used in the prepositional case: aKmdan o3mok "to be not (quite) right in the head", Ky3dan KempMOK "to envisage sth.", Ky3dan kohupmok "to lose sight of
f) Nouns used with possessive endings in the third person: ацли кирди "to see reason", ацли етади "mind works", боши цотди "my head is thumping".
g) Nouns used auxiliary words: боши билан шунгиб кетмоц "dive in with the head", куз остига олмоц "to cast an eye at sb.", куз тагига олмоц "keep inside the eyes".
2) The determinant function adjective + noun + verb. VSFs below are formed in relation to determinant, noun and verb: тешик цулоц эшитади "to come to sb.'s ears", тепа сочи тик булиб кетди "hair became straight up", кузи кур цулоги кар булмоц "to lose sleep over sth.", цаттиц цул булмоц "to have / keep things firmly in hand", эгри цуллик цилмоц "to have sticky hands".
3) Noun + noun + verb. The results of our study showed a wide range of VSFs with the structure noun + noun + verb. Here are some examples: ичини ит тирнади "to worry", рангидан цони цочди "blood disappeared from the colour", тарвузи цултигидан тушди "to fall flat on one's face".
4) Pairs of nouns + verb. In Uzbek, as in German, verbal somatic expressions contain pairs of words. Among them are the following phraseological units: юрак-багрини хун цилмоц "to tug at someone's heartstrings", куз-кузга тушди "to be eyeball to eyeball", огиз-бурун упишмоц "to be on friendly terms with sb." The
sb./sth.".
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lexical units of word phrases such as юрак-базри, куз-куз, озиз-бурун are interpreted in Uzbek as pairs of words.
5) Noun + numeral + verb. In expressions belonging to this model, the lexical unit in the noun phrase, which has the third-person singular possessive ending, is associated with the word in the numeral phrase.: кузи турт булмоц "to kick one's heels", кунгли бир булмоц "to be of one mind", цилни цирц ёрмоц "to put sb./sth. to the acid test", тили бир царич булмоц "to have a wicked tongue", утакаси унга булинди "heart divided into ten", беш бармозини оззига тицмоц "to put five fingers into mouth", беш бармоцдай билмоц "it's as clear as daylight that ..."
6) Noun + verb in the negative form. Phrases with this structure always come in a non-existent form. ораларидан цил уам утмайди "to be palsy-walsy", тили бормади "tongue didn't go", тили айланмаслик "someone cannot say anything".
7) Nominal element + auxiliary verb conjugation. In Uzbek, the content of a verb can be expressed in several verbs. In this case, the main verb followed by auxiliary verbs. For example: цовурзаси куриниб (саналиб) цолибди "to be all skin and bones", оззи очилиб цолди "to be agape".
8) Nominal element + adverb + verb. We can give the following expressions with such a structure: бети шувут булди "face became awful", кузи мошдек очилди "the scales fell from my eyes.", кузи ола кула булиб кетди "eyes filled with strange look".
Thus, the models of verbal somatic expressions in the German and Uzbek languages, in accordance with their syntactic structure and their statistical analysis, took the following form:
In German In Uzbek
/n Syntactic structure of VSFs numb er % s/n Syntactic structure of VSFs numbe r %
noun + verb 225 15.44 1. noun + verb 499 54
Used with an adjective determiner noun + verb 146 10 2. Used with an adjective determiner noun + verb 29 3.14
Used with noun + auxiliaries noun 376 25.81 3. noun + noun + verb 171 18.5
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+ verb
The pairs of noun + verb 47 3.23 4. The pairs of noun + verb 29 3.14
Used with auxiliaries noun + verb 482 33.1 5. Noun + numerals + verb 31 3.36
Adverb with key words VSFs 66 4.53 6. Noun + negative verb 55 5.95
VSFs with two verbs 86 5.90 7. Nominal element + auxiliary verb conjugation 43 4.66
Participle + verb 29 1.99 8. Nominal element + adverb + verb 67 7.25
CONCLUSION
The similarity of the models of verbal somatic expressions studied in the German and Uzbek languages shown in the results of our study. We can explain this by the fact that the two languages being compared are related enamels. The range of verbal somatic expressions in the Uzbek language was less than in German. This is because most of them are interpreted as idioms.
REFERENCES:
1. Fleischer, Wolfgang: Phraseologie der deutschen Gegenwartssprache. Tübingen, 1997. 138S.
2. Fleischer, Wolfgang: Phraseologie der deutschen Gegenwartssprache. Tübingen, 1997. 139S.
3. Рафиев А. Иборалар - нуткимиз курки. - Тошкент: Узбекистан, 1985. - б. 1112.
4. Duden. Redewendungen. Wörterbuch der deutschen Idiomatik. Band 11. Dudenverlag Berlin, 2013
5. Рахматуллаев Ш., Узбек тилининг изохли фразеологик лугати. - Тошкент, 1978. - 407 б
