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0target language equivalent word, by means of identifying which sense components might have led to this translation solution, even though it is not always the result of a componential analysis carried out by the translator, but merely an intuitive or experience-based choice.
Resume
The general propensity with English vocabulary at the modern stage of its history is to increase the total number of its meanings and to provide for a quantitieve and qualitative growth of the expressive resources of the language. The word is one of the fundamental units of language. It is a dialectal unity of form and content. Its content or meaning is not identical to notion, but it may reflect human notion, but it may reflect human notion and is considered as the form of their existence. incept is a category of human cognition. Concept is the thought of the object that singles out its essential features. Our concepts abstracts and reflect the most common andtypical features of the different objects and phenomena of the world. Being the result of abstraction the concepts are thus almost the same for the whole of humanity. The concept of semasiology as a scientific discipline areas "Linguistics", its main objects of study. Identify the relationship sense with the sound forms, a concept referent, lexical meaning and the morphological structure of synonyms in English.
References
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3. A Course in Modern English Lexicology, R.S. Ginzburg, S.S. Khidekel, G.Y. Knyazeva, A.A. Sankin. Moscow 1966
4. Лексикологияанглийскогоязыка (практическийкурс) Т.И. Арбекова 1977
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BASIC FORMATiON METHODS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY TERMS
Panakhly S. T.
Azerbaijan Medicine University, PhD in philology teacher at foreing languages department
Abstract
The article deals with the term system of nanotechnology, its origin, areas of borrowing and provides the appropriate classification. The results of the morphological analysis of this term system, the morphological methods of forming terms in the English language, affixing methods of term formation, the most productive Latin and Greek prefixes and suffixes are described.
Keywords: term, term system, morphological method of terminology, affixation, prefixes, suffixes, single word, verbose term
Nanoindustry is a relatively young sphere of human activity. For the development of the entire infrastructure, it is necessary to regulate the terminology of a professional language in the field of nanotechnology. For the purpose of successful professional communication, specialists of Russian and foreign organizations need to create common terminological databases, a single terminological meta-language, various types of dictionaries, automated translation systems, training programs that would form the basis for training future specialists in the field of nanotechnology with a professional-oriented communication. The regulation of special vocabulary involves not just the systematiza-tion of concepts, but also a semantic, structural, functional analysis of the term system.
Some ways of forming nanotechnology terms are considered in the article. The volume of the article does
not allow analyzing all aspects of the formation of the term system in the field of nanotechnology.
Today the criteria for a formalized description of the most significant characteristics of any terminology system have been fully developed.
In our work, we used the criteria for evaluating term systems developed by S. G. Kazarina. The basis of this terminological system is a heterogeneous model [3, s. 73]. Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary field. The terminological system of nanotechnology has arisen as a result of the interaction of such areas of human knowledge as physics, chemistry, biology, microelectronics. For example, terms were borrowed: form chemistry - tunneling, capillary force, catalysis, adhesion, clathrate, biosensor and etc., from biology and microbiology - biomimetic, bilayer; from physics - waveguide, dielectric; from electronics and microelectronics - bipolar transistor.
The overwhelming majority of terms were borrowed from the terminology of chemistry and biology. This is explained by the fact that the object of nanotech-nological and chemical research is chemical elements and their combinations, i.e. atoms, simple and complex (molecules, ions, carbenes), chemical compounds, their associations (associates, clathrates, etc.) and materials. Nanoscience is the science of the properties of na-noscale objects, understanding the nature of nanoscale effects and controlling the characteristics of nanoscale objects at the atomic, molecular, and macromolecular levels [5].
Articles, written English from modern nanotech-nology journals served as the material for our study.
420 English-language terms are revealed by the continuous selection method.
From the point of view of the formation and development of terminology, in the analyzed term system we can distinguish: 1) basic terms that were borrowed from other terminological systems and retained their original meaning (atom, polymer, carbon, cell, electron, sorption); 2) derivatives and complex terms (phrases): polymerase chain reaction, polymeric nano-particle, copolymer, pirocarbon, carbonfibre, carbon nanocluster adduct, carbon nanotube, carbon nano-material, carbon fibre reinforced plastics, atomic force microscopy, atomic layer deposition, attometer, desorption, absorption edge, adsorption, adsorption isotherm, molecular beam epitaxy, molecular electron spectroscopy, molecular sieve effect, single-molecule detection, supra molecular catalysis; 3) terms borrowed from other terminological systems, but partially changing their semantics. For example, the term 'ablation' in medical terms means directed destruction of a tumor without physically removing it. In nanotechnology, ablation is used for physical and chemical modification of a substance that occurs as a result of the absorption of focused laser radiation on a micro and nanometer scale. In a broad sense term 'probe' means a sensor, primary transducer. Applied to nanotechnologies, the term "probe" is commonly understood as the tip of a microscope needle, which interacts with the investigated area.
According to S. V. Grinev-Grinevich, from the form point of view, terms are divided into terms-words (single-word term) and term word-combinations (multi-word phrases and multi-word terms) [2, s. 62]. The composition of single-word terms is heterogeneous; however, there are three main structural types of terms: simple, affixal, and complex terms. Simple (root) terms include single-word terms, the basis of which coincides with the root, for example, gel, fiber, grain, sol. Affixing refers to single-word terms, the basis of which contains the root and affixes, for example, delamination, indenter, recombination, tunneling. Single-word terms are complex, consisting of several root morphemes, for example, bacterio chlorophyll, bacteri-ophage, chromatography, magneto resistance.
In this terminology single-word terms prevail (173 terms). A significant number of terms is represented by phrases. It should be noted a large number of binary (two-word) terms is 137, most of which are based on the N + N model (substantive, consisting of two nouns)
(adsorption isotherm, creep indentation, detonation synthesis, gene delivery, grain boundary, hydrogen bond, template effect) and A + N model (substantial, consisting of an adjective and a noun) (active site, surfactant ampholytic, biocompatible coating, biodegradable polymer, biological membrane, biomimetic nano materials, capillary force, carbon fibre, colloidal solution, confocal microscopy, hydrophobic effect). The three-word terms are represented by 89 terminological units, the terms consisting of four or more words are 24 units.
The most productive way of term formation of investigated term system is the morphological method (due to affixation, which includes prefixing and suffixing). By morphological analysis of the word, individual morphemes are distinguished and their functions are established in the word. According to E. Kubryakova, the morphological analysis covers the entire field of studying the structure of a word in its grammatical aspect. If we present the tasks of morphological analysis in a more expanded form, it can be argued that it subordinates the tasks of morphemic analysis and directs to isolation of meaningful parts of the word and determination of their hierarchy, detection of the dependencies between these parts and the entry of the word into a certain paradigmatic series, the detection of correlations between the structure of the word and the grammatical meanings transmitted to it [4, p. 6].
The characteristic feature of this terminology is the use of a large number of Greek and Latin elements, which is connected with the trend of internationalization of knowledge, characteristic for the modern period of the development of science and technology.
The most productive prefixes with which nano-technological terms (nouns) are formed include the following: ad- (adsorption, adhesion), ambi- (ambigel), de- (delamination, desorption, devitrification), di- (dialysis, dielectric, diffraction, diffusion), il-, im-, in-(immobilization, inorganic nanotube), inter- (intercalation, intermolecular interaction), co- (coherent, cohesion, copolymer), re- (recombination, reflection, electron microscopy), sub- (sub throughness, substrate), super- (super capacitor, supernate, superstructure), trans-(transmission electron microscopy), ultra- (ultradisperse), ex- (exfoliation, exciton ). Each affix has its own meaning, which is superimposed on the general meaning of the term. For example, the prefix -co gives the words the meaning of a union, consistency of an action. Thus, the term 'coagulation' means "sticking of colloidal particles with each other and the formation of more complex aggregates from them", the term 'cohesion' means "adhesion of molecules (ions) of a physical body under the influence of gravity forces". The prefix de- stands for "separation, absence, removal, deficiency" and is used in terms of "delamination" (i.e. detachment of layers in layered structures), "desorption" (decrease of the component concentration in the surface layer substances).
Greek prefixes are represented by the following elements: anti- (antibody, antisense therapy), a- (atom), hyper- (hyperthermia), dia- (diamagnetism), para- (par-amagnetism), endo- (endocytosis).
Morphological analysis of the terms revealed a large number of Latin and Greek roots. The prefix -nano is formed from the Greek root "nanos" (dwarf) and serves to form the name of the longitudinal units equal to one billionth of the original units. Greek root -nano is element of nanotechnological terms such as nano cantelever, nano capsulation, nano crystal, nano device, nano diamond, nano drug, nano electronics, nano generator, nanoindustry, nanoionics, nanoparti-cle, nanotechnology and many others.
The most productive suffixes, by which nanotech-nological terms (nouns) are formed, are the following: -er (suffix with the meaning of an instrument of action, is used to form nouns denoting devices, instruments with which action is performed): cantilever (probe construction), carrier (catalyst carrier), indenter (part of the equipment); -ing (Germanic suffix, with meaning of action, process, condition): anodizing (electrochemical oxidation process), scattering, imprinting (method of obtaining "molecular imprints"), tunneling (manifestation of the tunnel effect), targeting (target selection at the molecular level for impact); -ion (Romance borrowing, the meaning of an action, conditions of action, process of action): ablation (process of removing matter from the solid surface), absorption (absorption process), adhesion (gravity of liquid or solid bodies at their molecular contact), diffusion (process of transferring matter), disintegration (shredding of a solid or liquid), exfoliation (process of stratification); -ness (expresses the value of a properties, quality, condition, or feature removed from the subject, joins the root adjective): mi-crohardness (solidness of individual sections of the microstructure of the material); -or (suffix with agent and instrument values, often produces physical, chemical, technical and other terms): acceptor (molecule, electron host), actuator, biosensor (device using specific biochemical reactions for the detection of chemical compounds), transistor (semiconductor device); -ity (joins the basis of borrowed polysyllabial adjectives, expressing the meaning of condition, quality, feature, etc.): bi-ocompatibility (ability of the material to be embedded into the patient's body), dispersity (part size characteristic, distributed in the volume of another phase); -y (Greek suffix, forms abstract nouns): anisotropy (dependence on the properties of a substance or material from direction), chromatography (physical and chemical method of analysis and investigation of substances
and their mixtures), microscopy (science and technology of using microscopes), micromorphology (a set of quantitative characteristics of the structure and morphology of the object); -sis (Greek suffix, expresses action, state): catalysis (acceleration of chemical reactions), pyrolysis (obtaining highly dispersed powders), synthesis, dialysis (removal of impurities), endocytosis (process of absorption of substances by cells retracting a portion of the cell membrane).
Thus, the analysis of the nanotechnology terminological system has shown that this terminology is complex. The basic vocabulary is a mixture of terms taken from such related sciences as chemistry, biology, physics, microelectronics. Accordingly to it, at the present stage, the terminology of nanotechnology has a heterogeneous composition. The terminology of nanotechnology is understandable and accessible only to those who are professionally engaged in nanotechnology. It is not available for a wide audience, both for formal and meaningful purposes.
In the investigated term system, the prevailing majority of terms are formed by affixal way using a large number of Latin and Greek elements (prefixes and roots). This is due to the trend of internationalization of knowledge, characteristic of the modern period of the science and technology development. The substantive terminological units dominate, which constitute the main part of the analyzed terminological material.
It should be noted that the terminology system of nanotechnology was not the subject of special research and requires further study.
References
1. Bykov A.A. Anatomy of terms of derivational elements from Latin and Greek. Word formation and borrowing. URL: http://lib.rus.ec/b/177298/read.
2. Grinev-Grinevich S.V. Terminology study: tutorial for students of higher institutions. M.: Publ. Center "Academy", 2008, 304 p.
3. Kazarina S.G. Typological characteristics of industry terminology. Krasnodar: Publishing house of Kuban State Medical Academy, 1998, 272 p.
4. Kubryakova E.S. Fundamentals of morphological analysis: on the material of Germanic languages. Ed. 2nd. M.: LKI, 2008, 328 p.
5. Minkin V.I. Introduction to nanoscience and chemical nanotechnology. URL: http: // rec. ipoc.rsu.ru/sbor/lectures.htm.
