6Chirchik State Pedagogical University Current Issues of Modern Philology and Linguodidactics
Staatliche Pädagogische Universität Chirchik Aktuelle Fragen der modernen Philologie und Linguodidaktik
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ANALYSIS OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES IN THE FRAMEWORK
PRESUPPOSITION
Jasmina Kamol kizi Egamova
Student of Chirchik state pedagogical university Supervisor: Saida Turgunovna Gaziyeva
Teacher of Chirchik state pedagogical university
ABSTRACT:
In this article, we analyzed conditionals in terms of presupposition framework both in Uzbek and English Languages. There are two approaches in studying presupposition, semantic and pragmatic presupposition. It is based on the aspect of logic and pragmatics respectively. Additionally, presupposition is a special thing in pragmatics. The thing that makes presupposition special is that various respects in which the behavior of presupposition sharply differs from other aspects of meaning. Presupposition is expressed differently in various languages. It is based on using closeness and relationships as the social distance between the speaker and the hearer. We were certain about it, through our analysis of two different cultures' very famous books Harry Potter and O'tkan Kunlar.
Keywords: conditional sentences, presupposition, framework, aspect, semantic presupposition, pragmatic presupposition, factive, non- factive, existential.
АННОТАЦИЯ:
В этой статье мы проанализировали кондиционалы с точки зрения структуры пресуппозиций как в узбекском, так и в английском языках. Существует два подхода к изучению пресуппозиции: семантическая и прагматическая пресуппозиция. Он основан на аспекте логики и прагматики соответственно. Кроме того, пресуппозиция - это особая вещь в прагматике. Особенность пресуппозиции заключается в том, что ее поведение в различных аспектах резко отличается от других аспектов значения. Пресуппозиция в разных языках выражается по-разному. Он основан на использовании близости и отношений как социальной дистанции между говорящим и слушающим. Мы были в этом уверены, проанализировав очень известные книги двух разных культур «Гарри Поттер» и «Откан Кунлар».
Ключевые слова: условные предложения, пресуппозиция, рамка, аспект, семантическая предпосылка, прагматическая пресуппозиция, фактивный, нефактивный, экзистенциальный.
April 23-24, 2024
338
Chirchik State Pedagogical University Current Issues of Modern Philology and Linguodidactics
Staatliche Pädagogische Universität Chirchik Aktuelle Fragen der modernen Philologie und Linguodidaktik
^hjrchiqdavlat^edagGgika^niversiteti^^^^^^^Za
INTRODUCTION
In many books' discussion, the concept of presupposition is treated as a relationship between two propositions. Moreover, Werth (1993) elaborates basic properties of presupposition as being embedded in referring phrases and temporal clauses, being constant even in their negated counterparts, and determining the accuracy of the assumption of a sentence. That's the assumption of a sentence is true only when the presupposition is true1. Furthermore, Yule points out that presupposition is generally described as constancy under negation. It means that a presupposition of a statement will remain constant even when that statement is negated.
a. Everybody knows that John has got married.
b. >> John has got married.
c. Everybody doesn't know that John has got married.
d. >> John has got married2.
As the example explains, sentence (a) and its negated counterpart (c) both presuppose the same meaning (b) and (d).
Theoretical basis:
There are two approaches in studying presupposition, semantic and pragmatic presupposition. It is based on the aspect of logic and pragmatics respectively. Furthermore, Grundy highlights the accommodated beliefs necessary for an utterance to make sense are known as semantic presuppositions while the accommodation needed for an utterance to be appropriate are known as pragmatic presuppositions. Presupposition has long been used as a property of language to shape the audience's ideo logy. Using presupposition triggers, the author or speaker may subject to the reader's or listener's interpretation of facts and events, establishing either a favorable or unfavorable bias throughout the text. Presupposition deals with implicit meanings conveyed by the speaker through the use of particular words. There are six types of presupposition or presupposition triggers3. Those are existential, factive, lexical, structural, non-factive, and counter-factual.
Examples below are types of presupposition or triggering elements taken from
Yule.
- Existential presupposition is the assumption of the existence of the entities named by the speaker. It is signed by the use of noun phrases and possessive construction.
1 Zare, J., Abbaspour, E., & Nia, M. R. Presupposition trigger- a comparative analysis of broadcast news discourse. International Journal of Linguistics, 4(3) pp. 734-743. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v4i3.2002(2012).
2 Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3 Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
April 23-24, 2024
339
Chirchik State Pedagogical University Current Issues of Modern Philology and Linguodidactics
Staatliche Pädagogische Universität Chirchik Aktuelle Fragen der modernen Philologie und Linguodidaktik
^hirchiq^avlat^edagOgjkaHliViiliiiii^^^^^^^Zlällliä
For example: The teacher taught Math - there is a teacher
Andy is a professor - there is a professor/ Andy is an old man
- Factive presupposition is the assumption that something is true due to the presence of some as "know", "realize", "be glad", "be sorry", "regret", "aware", "odd".
For example: She didn't realize he was ill - she was ill We regret telling him - we told him.
- Non-factive presupposition is an assumption referred to something that is not true.
For example: I dreamed that I was rich - I was not rich.
We imagined we were in Hawaii - we were not in Hawaii.
Discussion and results:
Moreover, let us analyze Conditional clauses in the framework of other presupposition examples taken from the book, "Harry Potter":
Context: The Dursley family had everything they wanted. They had a son. However, they had a secret that they always were afraid of and their greatest secret was that somebody would discover it.
Writer: "They did not think they could bear it if anyone found about the Potters "
a) Everyone knows the Potters, but does not know that Mrs. Potter was Mrs. Dursley's sister.
b) The Dursleys know they cannot bear if everyone finds about the Potters.
Presupposition triggers: "think", "anyone".
Presupposition type: Factive
Context: Professor McGonagall is very nervous, and she heard some rumorous about returning of You - Know - Who (Voldemort). Thus, she is talking with Professor Dumbledore about it. But Professor Dumbledore is very calm about it. In addition to this, he thinks it is not anymore logical no to pronounce his name as Voldemort but You- Know-Who.
Dumbledore: "It all gets so confusing if we keep saying "You- Know- Who". I have never seen any reason to be frightened of saying Voldemort's name."
a) Professor McGonagall and Professor Dumbledore know who is You -Know- Who. They both know it is Voldemort;
b) Everyone knows You- Know- Who;
c) Professor McGonagall knows that Professor Dumbledore is not afraid of saying his name as Voldemort;
Presupposition triggers: "confuse", "say", and "be frightened", "You- Know-
April 23-24, 2024
340
Chirchik State Pedagogical University Current Issues of Modern Philology and Linguodidactics
Staatliche Pädagogische Universität Chirchik Aktuelle Fragen der modernen Philologie und Linguodidaktik
^hirchiq^avlat^edagogjka^niVBBiitiii^^^^^^^^lSllli
Who;
Presupposition type: Factive and Existential;
Now, let us analyze other examples of presupposition in Uzbek language
also.
Context: Kumush's mother want to take her daughter back to home as she was very upset with living her husband's second wife. There were often rumors and fights between Kumush and the second wife Zaynab. But Kumush did not want to go back to her home in Kokand.
Kumush: "Agar Zaynab manga kundashlik qilabersa, kuyavingiz uning javo-bini bermakchi..." (If Zaynab does something bad for me again, your son in law is going to divorce with her)
a) Everyone in her house knows that Zaynab is always rude with Kumush
b) Kumush's mother knows who is Zaynab;
Presupposition type: Factual and relative
Context: O'zbek oyim and Kumush went into their room after dinner with Otabek's family. O'zbek oyim was very upset that her daughter was very far away from her. And told about it to Kumush:
O'zbek oyim: "Agar qo 'limdan kelsa achib va yonib turg 'an yuragimni senga ochib ko 'rsatar edim ". (If I could, I would open my heart and show you how it is torturing)
a) Both O 'zbek oyim and Kumush know that it is impossible;
b) Kumush knows that her mother is very sad;
Presupposition type: counter factual - it is impossible to open your heart and show it.
So, based on the analysis above, we can note that, in the book of Harry Potter every type of presupposition structure can be seen while, it is mostly factual or counter- factual presupposition type observed in the book of O'tkan Kunlar.
CONCLUSION
While doing the analysis we found out that, politeness categories in conditional sentences are more less than presupposition in English, while, it is very different with Uzbek. For both analysis we chose the same books, Harry Potter and O'tkan Kunlar. There are a lot of examples of conditional clauses, however, a few of them were used to show respect in the book of Harry Potter. Presupposition category is commonly found in O'tkan Kunlar by Abdulla Qodiriy. So, we came to the the conclusion that presupposition is mostly expressed by conditional sentences.
341
April 23-24, 2024
Chirchik State Pedagogical University Current Issues of Modern Philology and Linguodidactics
Staatliche Pädagogische Universität Chirchik Aktuelle Fragen der modernen Philologie und Linguodidaktik
REFERENCES:
1.Zare, J., Abbaspour, E., & Nia, M. R. Presupposition trigger- a comparative analysis of broadcast news discourse. International Journal of Linguistics, 4(3) pp. 734743. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v4i3.2002(2012).
2.Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3.Harry Potter. J.K.Rowling.
4. O'tKan Kunlar. (1992). Abdulla Qodiriy.
5. Grundy, P. Doing pragmatics. London: Hodder Education. (2008).
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