AGING IN THE CONTEXT OF DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIAL POLICY Текст научной статьи по специальности «СМИ (медиа) и массовые коммуникации»

ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ

В КОНТЕКСТЕ ДЕМОГРАФИЧЕСКОГО СТАРЕНИЯ _И СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ

Ольга Бочакова

Доцент

Анжелика Дуджакова

Доктор философских наук Университет св. Кирилла и Мефодия Факультет социальных наук Словакия

AGING IN THE CONTEXT OF DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIAL POLICY doc. PhDr. Ol'ga Bocakova, PhD. Associate professor

PhDr. Angelika Dudzakova, MPH Doctor of Philosophy Ss. Cyril and Methodius University Faculty of Social science in Trnava, Slovakia АННОТАЦИЯ

В данной работе рассматриваются основные демографические показатели, в процессе старения. На основе статистических данных дает картину пожилых людей. Мы имеем в виду социальную и медико-санитарной помощи в этой возрастной группе. ABSTRACT

This paper discusses the demographic indicators in the aging process. Based on statistics gives a picture of the elderly. We refer to the social and health care in this age group.

Ключевые слова: Старение. Демография. Старший. Социальные услуги. Услуги в области здравоохранения. Непрерывное обучение.

Keywords: Aging. Demography. Senior. Social services. Health services. Lifelong learning.

According to The forecast of development of the Slovak population by 2050 made by the Statistical Office, the expected demographic development will bring along many crucial changes. The society must be prepared for an increasing number of the older people and the elderly, integration of more foreigners (often from very different cultural conditions), increasing tensions in intergenerational relations. There will be required new approaches in population, family, social, economic and migration policies in order to cope with this situation. The actions should be taken in time in order to eliminate expected negative impact on society and individuals. The effectiveness of population measures is a long-term issue. Thus, it is necessary to start with their impelmentation in advance. Furthermore, all the measures must be developed and implemented with clear objectives and in mutual interactions [3].

Quality of life of the older generation is a complex issue, not just an economic one. It is related mainly to the conversion of lifestyle of people of working age in which success is based on promoting high individualization. It forces the elderly out from their active contribution to society and also undermines the function of family. It is related to health care, with access to quality and complex social and health services. An offer of affordable, but quality special goods and services for the elderly is also very important.

Through the study of different types of transactions may effectively use the tools of communication mix as their

combination itself in the process of promoting a product or service plays an important role in the segmental market [8].

It is also related to the ability to provide and make new achievements of civilization accessable. That has to do with simple approach to practical lifelong education of the elderly. Equally important is also the issue of housing for the elderly [10].

Sustained increase in proportion of the older people in society is a global challenge. We live in a society that is aging. Countries and regions with the greatest number of seniors by 2020 will include [5]:

- Japan - 31%

- Greece - over 28%

- Switzerland - over 28%

- North America - 23%

- East Asia - 17%

- Latin America - 12%

- South Asia - 10%.

This new situation has a number of well-known reasons

[5]:

- declining birth rate,

- decreasing mortality in all age categories as a result of better health care,

- decline in infant mortality,

- increasing life expectancy,

- poverty reduction, social development, improving living and working conditions, protection of social rights,

perceived by young people, those in middle age, or in advanced age. Lincenyi stresses that public opinion is very important media exposure [4]. As indicated in Figure 1, which concerns the average life expectancy, the measured value had a tendency to increase from 1995 to 2013. From this it can be deduced that the population in Slovakia is aging.

30 -

«-

- progress in medicine and more saved lives. The Statistical Office data show that up to 21.11% of the Slovak population is in a post-productive age (55+ for women and 60+ for men) - it's more than 1.1 million of people. They represent a large proportion of people aged 85+, and that is almost 58 000. The perception of the old age is determined by several factors. It is differently

Graph 1 - Lifespan in the Slovak Republic from 1995 to 2013 Source: Statisticky urad SR [11]

Table 1

Age compossition of the population aged from 62 to 80 in period from 2000 to 2013

Obyvatefctvo к 31. 12.

Muzi a zeny spolu

62

63

66

63

71

76

79

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 200Э 2010 2011 2012 2013

43 279 41 542

40 556

41 083

40 009 39 730

41 157 39 884 38 779 36 842 35 218 33 211 32 204 29 773

23 733 28 514 26 240

24 004 10 566

44 178 42 016 40 114

39 476 39 646 30 711

30 331 39 607 38 202 36 880 35 033 33 291

31 360 30 288 27 040 26 760 26 273 24 199 21 007

46 449 43 421 41 226 39 250 38 563 38 674 37 704

37 220

38 427 36 926 35 480 33 604 31 754 29 360 28 654 26 215 24 985 24 368 22 234

46 747 45 659 42 655 40 379 38 379 37 641 37 644 36 603

36 040

37 138 35 541 34 055 32 148 30 178 20 326 26 909 24 401 23 280 22 374

46 847 45 990 44 844 41 811 39 531 37 523 36 673 36 593 35 447

34 857

35 795 34 134 32 532 30 567 20 618 26 681 25 129 22 609 21 425

46 727 46 121 45 152 43 979 40 955 30 507 36 600 35 666 35 469 34 313

33 618

34 368 32 651 30 976 20 950 26 983 24 966 23 355 20 709

49 987 46 027 45 344 44 293 43 073 40 010 37 593 35 628 34 655 34 279 33 097 32 291 32 889 31 026 29 365 27 333 25 206 23 206 21 537

47 712 49 209 45 170 44 525 43 412 42 109 39 061 36 531 34 618 33 598 33 115 31 865

30 969

31 397 29 432 27 734 25 591 23 437 21 387

51 481 46 970 48 374 44 388 43 700 42 517 41 129 38 030 35 462 33 437 32 471 31 876 30 587 29 557 29 096 27 837 26 034 23 922 21 714

59 181 50 640

46 169

47 522 43 519 42 016 41 605 40 144 36 996 34 419 32 332 31 280 30 656 29 298 20 206 28 311 26 242 24 347 22 219

61 637 58 241 49 802

45 370

46 566 42 608 41 009 40 588 39 152 35 881 33 298 31 154 30 143 29 342 27 865 26 705 26 637 24 558 22 558

62 615 60 743 57 466 48 661

44 506

45 690 41 974 40 943 39 894 38 419 35 173 32 604 30 609 28 995 28 382 26 885 25 571 25 274 23 243

68 110 61 711 59 717 56 478 47 794

43 671

44 727 41 007 39 943 38 840 37 350 34 049 31 485 29 375 27 732 26 999 25 437 24 090 23 622

71 516 67 120 60 795 58 765 55 506 46 927

42 800

43 765 40 058 38 875 37 766 36 204 32 841 30 315 20 140 26 564 25 714 23 960 22 500

Source: Statisticky urad SR [11]

If we look at Table 1, we can assume that throughout age group from 62 to 80 is increasing. the time, i.e. from 2000 to 2013 the number of people in

Table 2

Age compossition of the population aged from 81 to 100 and over

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 201;

Dbyvatehrtvo k 31. 12.

Muzi a zeny spolu

81 16 420 16 703 19 899 20 256 20 426 19 467 19 016 19 666 19 672 20 001 20 294 21 213 21 514 21 94Ё

82 6 953 14 613 15 049 18 044 18 376 18 401 17 630 17 150 17 825 17 895 18 167 18 870 19 435 19 722

83 6 432 6 009 13 051 13 454 16 138 16 447 16 396 15 743 15 486 15 969 16 101 16 668 17 057 17 741

84 6 093 5 506 5 323 11 468 11 861 14 152 14 570 14 418 13 908 13 722 14 107 14 667 14 865 15 34Ё

85 7 201 5 236 4 847 4 626 10 013 10 308 12 382 12 685 12 615 12 163 11 977 12 700 12 950 13 212

86 9 041 6 056 4 477 4 170 3 998 8 549 8 823 10 693 10 887 10 928 10 479 10 621 11 070 11 ЗОЕ

87 7 313 7 413 5 152 3 788 3 560 3 332 7 201 7 425 9 117 9 289 9 360 9 218 9 021 9 62;

88 6 149 5 813 6 105 4 302 3 203 2 975 2 755 5 984 6 232 7 621 7 710 8 186 7 832 7 784

89 4 439 4 867 4 756 5 012 3 528 2 606 2 434 2 290 4 903 5 113 6 267 6 484 6 779 6 65Ё

90 3 687 3 518 3 940 3 788 4 034 2 814 2 103 1 944 1 898 3 901 4 089 5 107 5 310 5 539

91 3 040 2 754 2 756 3 088 2 985 3 167 2 231 1 654 1 526 1 493 3 067 3 324 4 075 4 31C

92 2 199 2 076 2 157 2 134 2 407 2 260 2 464 1 735 1 301 1 186 1 164 2 541 2 580 3 225

93 1 563 1 418 1 597 1 619 1 638 1 807 1 709 1 913 1 333 960 904 953 1 964 2 ooe

94 1 246 947 1 055 1 177 1 234 1 238 1 340 1 267 1 423 1 022 740 764 723 1 497

95 917 632 654 744 870 912 923 1 009 962 1 059 776 585 576 561

96 740 504 448 479 544 629 652 689 747 723 782 552 450 446

97 582 326 363 330 325 394 459 484 497 572 560 476 398 ЗЗЁ

98 485 188 228 259 238 236 289 355 363 382 464 330 341 30C

99 379 153 123 170 195 171 167 234 262 286 312 259 239 243

99 a viae

100 a viae 750 249 327 367 451 540 609 663 791 937 1 090 321 444 531

Statisticky ürad SR [11]

Analogical is table 2 which focuses on number of people in individual age categories from 81 to 100 and over from year 2000 to 2013. Graph 2 shows that the category

of women over 55 and men over 60 is increasing in the mentioned period of time.

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2000 2007 2008 2009 2010

Graph 2 - Number of women over 55 and men over 60 together within the population of the Slovak Republic from 1996 to 2010

Source: Statisticky urad SR

Graph 3 shows the number of people aged 85 and over within the population of the Slovak Republic. We can see

that this number has been rapidly increasing since 2003.

Graph 3 - Number of people aged 85 and over in the population of the Slovak Republic from 1996 to 2013 Source: Statisticky urad SR

Graph 4 - Average age of the citizens of the Slovak Republic from 1996 to 2013 Source: Statisticky urad SR

Graph 4 shows that the average age of the citizens of the Slovak Republic is gradually increasing.

The most frequently discussed are the consequences of population aging in the economic and social sphere including health care. Pawera states that in today's world, where countries are dependent on the economies of other countries and are therefore not able to be a separate isolated "island", there is an overlap markets. In the social field, particularly in the health sector increases spending on the elderly population [7]. Vojtech emphasizes that with the increase of the number of the elderly in the population there are closely connected to it also higher costs of services in social care, health care and pension scheme [12].

Also Pavelkova writes that in the context of today's complicated world in which the adult population is hard to confess, seems the most astonished generations of citizens - the elderly. Democracy and formed a new sense of freedom, in fact, living under the pressure of the consumer society, brings with it the urgent crisis

in personal life, where just for this age group is difficult because of the reduced ability - on their own to handle their situation [6]. Davidekova draws attention to the fact that the solution to the problems of families or groups of citizens to influence the climate of the whole society, social service and therefore have a place in the social policy of the state, local governments and non-state actors [2]. In economic terms there often appears a need to raise the retirement age, which is actually lower here than in Western European countries. Another problem is restructuring of pension schemes. The economical burden is also increasing due to the increasing number of the elderly, although a total economic burden, expressed by Billeter index, is decreasing. It is caused by the influence of fertility decline and by transfer of strong year classes of the 70s of the 20th century into the productive age. In the period until 2010 the economic burden was on the lowest level in last 50 years. After 2010, however, it can be expected to increase due to the already mentioned shift in the post war year classes into a post-productive age [9].

Graf с. 6 Veková struktura obyvateí'stva SR. SODB 2001h2011

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Graph 5 - Age structure of the citizens of the Slovak Republic: comparison of years 2001 and 2011 Source: http://www.mamatata.sk/node/451431 [1]

Graph 5 compares different age groups separately for men and women between 2001 and 2011 and also indicates that in 2011 there were more older people than in 2001, and vice versa, less children and young people.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Age structure of the citizens of the Slovak Republic. Available at: http://www.mamatata.sk/node/451431

2. DÂVIDEKOVÂ, M. 2014. Sociâlne sluzby. Trnava : Univerzita sv. Cyrila a Metoda, 2014. s. 180. ISBN 978-808105-579-9.

3. Europa starne. Euractive. http://www.euractiv.sk/zdravotnictvo/clanok/europa-

starne

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7. PAWERA. R. 2016. Nové podmienky pre vyuzitie manazmentu rozmanitosti. In Fenomén zmien v spolocnosti a jeho dopad na sociálno-kultúrnu a ekonomickú dimenziu. Tribun s.r.o., 2016. s. 137-146. ISBN 978-80-263-1035-7.

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9. POTANCOKOVÁ, M. 2012. Starnutie populácie Slovenska. Available at: <http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/pdf/ StarnutieVDC.pdf>

10. Programové vyhlásenie vlády SR, 2012. Available at: <http://www.vlada.gov.sk/programove-vyhlasenie-vlady-sr-na-roky-2012-2016/>

11. Statisticky úrad SR. Available at: http://www. statistics.sk/

12. VOJTECH, F. 2013. Globalizacné procesy. Trnava : Univerzita sv. Cyrila a Metoda v Trnave, 2013. 204 s. ISBN 978-80-8105-470-9.