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7УХОД ЗА ПОЖИЛЫМИ ЛЮДЬМИ В РАЗМЕРАХ ГЛОБАЛЬНЫХ ВЫЗОВОВ
Ольга Бочакова
Доцент
Дарина Кубичкова
Доктор философских наук Университет св. Кирилла и Мефодия Факультет социальных наук Словакия
THE CARE FOR THE ELDERLY IN THE DIMENSIONS OF THE GLOBAL CHALLENGES doc. PhDr. Ol'ga Bocakova, PhD., Associate professor
PhDr. Darina Kubickova, PhD., Doctor of Philosophy Ss. Cyril and Methodius University Faculty of Social science in Trnava, Slovakia АННОТАЦИЯ
В статье рассматриваются старшего поколения, активного и здорового старения. В нем освещаются демографические тенденции старения. ABSTRACT
This paper deals with the older generation, active and healthy aging. It highlights the demographic trends of aging. Ключевые слова: старший, пожилые люди, активное старение, здоровое старение, глобализация, статистика.
Keywords: senior, elderly, active aging, healthy aging, globalization, statistics.
According to The forecast of development of the Slovak population by 2050 made by the Statistical Office, the expected demographic development will bring along many crucial changes. The society must be prepared for an increasing number of the older people and the elderly, integration of more foreigners (often from very different cultural conditions), increasing tensions in intergenerational relations. There will be required new approaches in population, family, social, economic and migration policies in order to cope with this situation. The actions should be taken in time in order to eliminate expected negative impact on society and individuals. The effectiveness of population measures is a long-term issue. Thus, it is necessary to start with their impelmentation in advance. Furthermore, all the measures must be developed and implemented with clear objectives and in mutual interactions [1].
Quality of life of the older generation is a complex issue, not just an economic one. It is related mainly to the conversion of lifestyle of people of working age in which success is based on promoting high individualization. It forces the elderly out from their active contribution to society and also undermines the function of family. It is related to health care, with access to quality and complex social and health services. An offer of affordable, but quality special goods and services for the elderly is also very important. It is also related to the ability to provide and make new achievements of civilization accessable. That has to do with simple approach to practical lifelong education of the elderly. Equally important is also the issue of housing for the elderly [5].
Sustained increase in proportion of the older people in society is a global challenge [6]. We live in a society that is aging. Countries and regions with the greatest number of seniors by 2020 will include: Japan (31%), Greece (over 28%), Switzerland (over 28%), North America (23%), East Asia (17%), Latin America (12%), South Asia (10%) [3].
This new situation has a number of well-known reasons:
[3]
- declining birth rate,
- decreasing mortality in all age categories as a result of better health care,
- decline in infant mortality,
- increasing life expectancy,
- poverty reduction, social development, improving living and working conditions, protection of social rights,
- progress in medicine and more saved lives.
The Statistical Office data show that up to 21.11% of the Slovak population is in a post-productive age (55+ for women and 60+ for men) - it's more than 1.1 million of people. They represent a large proportion of people aged 85+, and that is almost 58 000. The perception of the old age is determined by several factors. It is differently perceived by young people, those in middle age, or in advanced age. The boundaries of the old age are thus not fixed [7].
As indicated in Figure 1, which concerns the average life expectancy, the measured value had a tendency to increase from 1995 to 2013. From this it can be deduced that the population in Slovakia is aging.
Graph 1 - Lifespan in the Slovak Republic from 1995 to 2013 Source: Statisticky urad SR
Table 1
Age compossition of the population aged from 62 to 80 in period from 2000 to 2013
Obyvatel^tvo к 31. 12
fvluzi a zeny spolu
62
63
64
65
66
67
6B
6Э
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
60
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
43 279 41 542
40 556
41 063
40 009 39 738
41 157 39 884 38 779 36 842 35 218 33 211 32 204 29 773 28 733 28 514 26 240 24 004 18 566
44 173
42 016 40 114 39 476 39 646 38 711
38 331
39 607 38 202 38 880 35 033 33 291 31 360 30 288 27 840 26 760 26 273 24 199 21 807
46 449 43 421 41 226 39 250 38 563 38 674 37 704
37 220
38 427 36 926 35 480 33 604 31 754 29 860 28 654 26 215 24 985 24 368 22 234
46 747 45 659 42 655 40 379 38 379 37 641 37 644 36 603
36 040
37 138 35 541 34 055 32 148 30 178 28 326 26 909 24 401 23 280 22 374
46 847 45 990 44 844 41 811
39 531 37 523 36 673 36 593 35 447
34 857
35 795 34 134 32 532 30 567 28 618 26 681 25 129 22 609 21 425
46 727 46 121 45 152 43 979 40 955 38 587 36 600 35 666 35 469 34 313
33 618
34 368 32 651 30 976 28 958 26 983 24 966 23 355 20 789
49 987 46 027 45 344 44 293 43 073 40 010 37 593 35 628 34 655 34 279 33 097 32 291 32 889 31 026 29 365 27 333 25 206 23 206 21 537
47 712 49 209 45 170 44 525 43 412 42 109 39 061 36 531 34 618 33 598 33 115 31 865
30 969
31 397 29 432 27 734 25 591 23 437 21 387
51 481 46 970 48 374 44 388 43 700 42 517 41 129 38 030 35 462 33 437 32 471 31 876 30 587 29 557 29 896 27 837 26 034 23 922 21 714
59 181 50 640
46 169
47 522 43 519 42 816 41 605 40 144 36 996 34 419 32 332 31 280 30 656 29 298 28 206 28 311 26 242 24 347 22 219
61 637 58 241 49 802
45 370
46 566 42 608 41 889 40 588 39 152 35 881 33 298 31 154 30 143 29 342 27 865 26 705 26 637 24 558 22 558
62 615 60 743 57 466 48 661
44 506
45 690 41 974 40 943 39 894 38 419 35 173 32 604 30 609 28 995 28 382 26 885 25 571 25 274 23 243
68 110 61 711 59 717 56 478 47 794
43 671
44 727 41 007 39 943 38 840 37 350 34 049 31 485 29 375 27 732 26 999 25 437 24 090 23 622
71 516 67 128 60 795 58 765 55 506 46 927
42 800
43 765 40 058 38 875 37 766 36 204 32 841 30 315 28 148 26 564 25 714 23 960 22 588
Source: Statisticky ürad SR
If we look at Table 1, we can assume that throughout age group from 62 to 80 is increasing. the time, i.e. from 2000 to 2013 the number of people in
Table 2
Age compossition of the population aged from 81 to 100 and over
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 201-
Obyvateliätvo к 31. 12.
Muzi a zeny spolu
81 16 420 16 703 19 899 20 256 20 426 19 467 19 016 19 666 19 672 20 001 20 294 21 213 21 514 21 946
82 6 953 14 613 15 049 18 044 18 376 18 401 17 630 17 150 17 825 17 895 18 167 18 870 19 435 19 722
83 6 432 6 009 13 051 13 454 16 138 16 447 16 396 15 743 15 486 15 969 16 101 16 668 17 057 17 741
84 6 093 5 506 5 323 11 468 11 861 14 152 14 570 14 418 13 908 13 722 14 107 14 667 14 865 15 346
85 7 201 5 236 4 847 4 626 10 013 10 308 12 382 12 685 12 615 12 163 11 977 12 700 12 950 13 212
86 9 041 6 056 4 477 4 170 3 998 8 549 8 823 10 693 10 887 10 928 10 479 10 621 11 070 11 ЗОЕ
87 7 313 7 413 5 152 3 788 3 560 3 332 7 201 7 425 9 117 9 289 9 360 9 218 9 021 9 62;
88 6 149 5 813 6 105 4 302 3 203 2 975 2 755 5 984 6 232 7 621 7 710 8 186 7 832 7 784
89 4 439 4 867 4 756 5 012 3 528 2 606 2 434 2 290 4 903 5 113 6 267 6 484 6 779 6 658
90 3 687 3 518 3 940 3 788 4 034 2 814 2 103 1 944 1 898 3 901 4 089 5 107 5 310 5 539
91 3 040 2 754 2 756 3 008 2 905 3 167 2 231 1 654 1 526 1 493 3 067 3 324 4 075 4 Э1С
92 2 199 2 076 2 157 2 134 2 407 2 260 2 464 1 735 1 301 1 186 1 164 2 541 2 530 3 225
93 1 563 1 41В 1 597 1 619 1 638 1 307 1 709 1 913 1 333 960 904 953 1 964 2 006
94 1 246 947 1 055 1 177 1 234 1 238 1 340 1 267 1 423 1 022 740 764 723 1 497
95 917 632 654 744 870 912 928 1 009 962 1 059 776 585 576 561
96 740 504 448 479 544 629 652 689 747 723 782 552 450 446
97 582 326 363 330 325 394 459 484 497 572 560 476 398 ЗЗЕ
98 485 188 228 259 238 236 289 355 363 382 464 330 341 ЗОС
99 379 153 123 170 195 171 167 234 262 286 312 259 239 24;
99 a viae
100 a viae 750 249 327 367 451 540 609 663 791 937 1 090 321 444 531
Source: Statisticky ürad SR
Analogical is table 2 which focuses on number of people in individual age categories from 81 to 100 and over from year 2000 to 2013. Graph 2 shows that the category
of women over 55 and men over 60 is increasing in the mentioned period of time.
Graph 2 - Number of women over 55 and men over 60 together within the population of the Slovak Republic from 1996 to 2010
Source: Statisticky urad SR
Graph 3 shows the number of people aged 85 and see that this number has been rapidly increasing since over within the population of the Slovak Republic. We can 2003.
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Graph 3 - Number of people aged 85 and over in the population of the Slovak Republic from 1996 to 2013 Source: Statisticky Orad SR
Graph 4 - Average age of the citizens of the Slovak Republic from 1996 to 2013 Source: Statisticky urad SR
Graph 4 shows that the average age of the citizens of the Slovak Republic is gradually increasing.
The most frequently discussed are the consequences of population aging in the economic and social sphere including health care. Social security has a big impact to how the health of the population. The fact that an increasing number of chronically ill people, high injury rate of workers, all this leads to increased spending on social security [2]. With the increase of the number of the elderly in the population there are closely connected to it also higher costs of services in social care, health care and pension scheme. In economic terms there often appears a need
to raise the retirement age, which is actually lower here than in Western European countries. Another problem is restructuring of pension schemes. The economical burden is also increasing due to the increasing number of the elderly, although a total economic burden, expressed by Billeter index, is decreasing. It is caused by the influence of fertility decline and by transfer of strong year classes of the 70s of the 20th century into the productive age. In the period until 2010 the economic burden was on the lowest level in last 50 years. After 2010, however, it can be expected to increase due to the already mentioned shift in the post war year classes into a post-productive age [4].
Graf c. 6 Vekova struktura obyvatei'stva SR. SODS 2001,2011
PhI u г I
ZENY
(Mi мнпяям
^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ <5^ <5*
rnufri Ï01 1 TiuJ.' 5QQ1
Лспу ЯП 1
Graph 5 - Age structure of the citizens of the Slovak Republic: comparison of years 2001 and 2011 Source: http://www.mamatata.sk/node/451431
Graph 5 compares different age groups separately for men and women between 2001 and 2011 and also indicates that in 2011 there were more older people than in 2001, and vice versa, less children and young people.
Bibliography
1. Europa starne. Euractive.
http://www.euractiv.sk/zdravotnictvo/danok/europa-
starne
2. DÂVIDEKOVÂ, M. 2016. Sociâlna pomoc pri rieseni nezamestnanosti v sùcasnosti. In Fenomén zmien v spolocnosti a jeho dopad na sociâlno-kultùrnu a ekonomickù dimenziu. Brno : Tribun, s.r.o., 2016. s. 48-62. ISBN 978-80-263-1032-7.
3. MALiKOVÄ, E. 2011. Pece o seniory v pobytovych socialnich zarizenich. Praha : Grada Publishing, 2011. ISBN 978-80-247-3184-3.
4. POTANCOKOVÄ, M. 2012. Starnutie populacie Slovenska. <http://www.infostat.sk/vdc/pdf/StarnutieVDC. pdf>
5. Programove vyhlasenie vlady SR, 2012. <http:// www.vlada.gov.sk/programove-vyhlasenie-vlady-sr-na-
roky-2012-2016/>
6. REITZLER, R. 2001. Versicherung für Senioren: Perspektiven für das Zielgruppen-Marketing. Wiesbaden : Springer Fachemedien, 2001. ISBN 978-3-8244-9054-7.
7. SENI, 2013. <http://seni-sk.sk/starostlivost-o-blizkych/podoby-staroby/>
8. Statisticky ürad SR. www.statistics.sk
СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА И СОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ СЛУЖБЫ _ДЛЯ МИГРАНТОВ, БЕЖЕНЦЕВ
Яарослав Венджр
Докторантуры: Социальная политика Университет св. Кирилла и Мефодия Факультет социальных наук Словакия Slovakia
SOCIAL WORK AND SOCIAL SERVICES FOR MIGRANTS, REFUGEES
PhDr. et Mgr. Jaroslav Vendzur, doctoral studies: Social policy Ss. Cyril and Methodius University Faculty of Social science in Trnava, Slovakia АННОТАЦИЯ
В нашей работе мы описываем миграции кризис. Отметим миграционной политики с акцентом на социальной работе и социальных услуг для мигрантов. ABSTRACT
In our paper we describe the migration crisis. We point to migration policy with an emphasis on social work and social services for migrants.
Ключевые слова: мигрант, миграция, социальная работа, социальная сфера, социальный работник. Keywords: migrant, migration, social work, social services, social worker.
An important role for the integration of migrants into the society plays a social work and social services with the refugees.
According to Matousek [2] a social worker for the client - refugee may be the only contact with the new world, with a new environment where the refugee is located. The social worker has to know very well the environment of his country, applicable laws, legislation. He should know one of the world languages and the culture of the client. As Matousek [2] writes, the social worker can be:
• Information provider
• Material aid provider
• Accompanying person
• Mediator and negotiator
• Defender of client's rights
• Therapeutic listener
• Law adviser
• Contact with the society behind the walls of a refugee camp
Social worker works with various experts, but in particular with lawyers and psychologists. They can also create, organize or transform capabilities and resources in the social environment of the client so that they are operational. [5]
Free legal consulting is currently provided by NGOs helping the refugees. They regularly visit refugees' environments, legal consulting is primarily aimed at getting to know the client, his rights and obligations according to the act on asylum. A quality legal aid plays
a major role in obtaining the asylum. When working with refugees, a psychological assistance plays an important role Psychologists who are actively working in the refugee camps, are staff of the Ministry of interior of the Slovak republic or non-governmental organizations. Significant sessions are group activities, where actual problems of life in the refugee camp are discussed, getting to know the culture, traditions. When working with refugees, the doctors and other health professionals, the officials of different departments, workers in the field of employment and social benefits, also teachers play a significant role. Also the volunteers represent an important role in working with refugees. Economy affects the population, but we can also say that the population is significantly influenced by the economy. [4]
If the basic life needs of the clients are secured, the main focus of social work should be the provision of a good quality consulting, which should focus on:
• Submission of information on the asylum procedure
• The rights and obligations of the asylum seeker
• Providing of orientation in the political and social system of the Slovak republic
• The provision of assistance during the progress of the application for asylum
• Integration into society, which means that they should have living, work, education, to know the Slovak language, be balanced with the past, and be involved in the society [1]
