CC BY
33
Protistology 9 (2), 75-78 (2015)
Protistology
A new Thecacineta species (Ciliophora, Suctorea) on Desmodora pontica (Nematoda, Desmodorida) from a seagrass bed in Taiwan
Jian-Xiang Liao1 and Igor Dovgal2
1 Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
2 Simferopol, Crimea, Russia
Summary
A suctorian ciliate Thecacineta urceolata sp. nov. is described from the sediment specimens collected in a seagrass bed at Ludao, Taiwan. The suctorian was found colonizing the body surface of nematode Desmodora pontica. The new species differs from relatives, Thecacineta cothurnioides and Thecacineta oregonensis, in the lorica structure, which characteristic by the urceolate apical part.
Key words: ciliate, epibiont, nematode, suctorian, Taiwan, Thecacineta urceolata
Introduction
Suctorian ciliates are discovered as epibionts on diverse benthic invertebrates (Jankowski, 1981; Dovgal, 1996, 2002, 2013; Dovgal et al., 2008). A number of suctorian species have been recorded attaching to the cuticle of various nematodes, in particular those with cuticular ornamentation (Allgen, 1934; Murphy, 1965).
For instance, members ofthe family Desmodo-ridae are commonly infested by suctorian epibionts (e.g., Fisher, 2003; Dovgal et al., 2009a; Ingole et al., 2010). To our knowledge, only two cases have been reported on halacarid mites in the Taiwanese waters, i.e., Praethecacineta halacari (Schulz) on Copidognathus mite and Thecacineta calix (Schroder) on Agauopsis mite (Dovgal et al., 2009b; Chatterjee et al., 2011).
This paper describes a new species of Thecacineta Collin, 1909, Thecacineta urceolata sp. nov.,
collected on nematodes from a seagrass bed at Ludao, Taiwan.
Material and methods
Cores of 2 cm diameter collected sediment samples on 17 March 2012 from a seagrass bed of Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenberg) Ascherson at Shihlang (22°39'08"N, 121°28'25"E), Ludao, Taiwan. Salinity was 20 PSU in the water depth of 30 cm during the sampling occurrence at low tide. The sediment has the average median grain size 537 ± 51 ^m with low silt/clay content (<1%). All the meiofauna retained on a 42-^m sieve were fixed, stained with Rose Bengal, and sorted under a stereomicroscope. The details were reported in Liao et al. (2015).
For permanent slide preparation, infested nematodes were transferred into glycerol and mounted. Terminology and systematic position of
© 2015 The Author(s)
Protistology © 2015 Protozoological Society Affiliated with RAS
A B Vv\ \L C D
20 |jm
Fig. 1. Thecacineta urceolata sp. nov. A, B, D — side view; C — budding stage.
suctorian ciliates followed Dovgal (2002, 2013). The measurements of ciliates were conducted using the AxioVision software for processing of digital images. Permanent slides of infested nematodes were deposited in the Biodiversity Research Museum, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
Results and discussion
Systematics (after Dovgal, 2013):
Class SUCTOREA Claparede et Lachmann, 1859 Subclass EXOGENIA Collin, 1912 Order VERMIGEMMIDA Jankowski, 1973 Family THECACINETIDAE Matthes, 1956 Genus Thecacineta Collin, 1909
Thecacineta urceolata Liao et Dovgal, sp. nov. (Figs 1-4).
Etymology: The specific name reflects the urnlike shape of the lorica apertural part in Thecacineta urceolata.
Diagnosis: Marine loricate suctorian. Cell body attached to the bottom of lorica. The apical part of body narrowed and just protruded from lorica aperture. Up to 15 capitate tentacles placed at apical body surface. Macronucleus spherical or ellipsoid, located at the bottom of body. Contractile vacuole small, single, and near to macronucleus. Lorica smooth or with 1-3 weakly ribbed transversely (Fig. 1, C). The mouth of lorica has characteristically urceolate structure (Figs 3; 4). Lorica aperture ridged. Stalk long and curved, with apical widening (physon). Reproduction by vermigemmic budding with formation of laterally vermiform protomit (Figs 1, C; 4).
Fig. 2. The distribution of Thecacineta urceolata sp.
nov. on Desmodora pontica from Ludao, Taiwan.
Scale bar: 100 ^m.
Dimensions (in ^m): Lorica length 56-70, lorica width 26-36, width of lorica mouth 10-18, height of lorica neck 10-20, body length 48-66, body width 16-26, width of body neck 6-12, tentacle length 14-24, tentacle thickness 1, macronucleus diameter 6-8, stalk length 8-30, stalk thickness 2.
Differential diagnosis: The new suctorian species is probably close related to Thecacineta cothurnioides (Collin, 1909) and Thecacineta oregonensis (Murphy, 1965) where recorded on harpacticoid copepod Cletodes longicaudatus (Boeck, 1872) from Banyuls-sur-Mer at Mediterranean coast of France (Collin, 1912) and nematode Tricoma sp. from Ratnagiri, west coast of India, Indian Ocean (Dovgal et al., 2009a) and on Desmodora sp. from Yaquina Head, Oregon, Pacific west coast of USA (Murphy, 1965), respectively. They are similar in the shape of lorica, tentacle number, and the stalk widening (physon). However, the lorica in T. cothurnioides is smooth without folds and T. oregonensis has single fine striation apparent midway in lorica, whereas the mouthpart of lorica in T. urceolata has shaped like the neck of the jar.
Another morphologically relative species, Praethecacineta halacari (Schulz, 1933) has been reported on a mite (Copidognathus sp.) from He-Ping-Dao (Dovgal et al., 2009b). It resembles to T. urceolata by the pyriform body. However, the stylotheca of P. halacari is smooth and without ribbing. In addition, P. halacari was placed into the family Praethecacinetidae Dovgal, 1996, based on the semi-circumvaginative exogemmic budding with formation of laterally positioned ciliate protomit, which differs from the vermigemmic budding of the Thecacinetidae (Dovgal, 1996).
Protistology
77
Fig. 3. Thecacineta urceolata sp. nov. Scale bar: 20 ^m.
Type locality: Shihlang (22°39'08"N, 121°28'25"E), Ludao, Taiwan.
Type host: Desmodorapontica Filipjev, 1922.
Type material: A hapantotype slide (registration number: ASIZ01000008) has been deposited in the Biodiversity Research Museum, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan. The Thecacineta ciliates (n=26) are still attached to seven specimens of nematodes and mounted in glycerol.
Host specificity: Thecacineta urceolata is only observed on the type host, Desmodora pontica (previously identified as Pseudochromadora in Liao et al., 2015), and absent on the other meiofauna (including harpacticoid copepods, halacarid mites, nematodes, and even the other Desmodora species) from the same collection. A total of1,680 specimens of nematodes belonging to 63 genera were isolated from the meiofaunal samples, and D. pontica (87 individuals) accounted for approximately 5.2%. Among these, 31 out of 87 (35.6%) of D. pontica were infested with suctorians. Among the infested D. pontica, 13 were male and 18 were female. A total of 100 individuals of suctorian ciliates were found on the nematodes, from 1 to 11 individuals for each host individual. If divided the nematode into three equal sections, 26, 39, and 35 ciliates attached to the head, middle, and tail regions, respectively. Thus, T. urceolata were not obviously situated close to the cloaca of nematode hosts as the other species (e.g., Fisher, 2003; Ingole et al., 2010). D. pontica is characterized by the coarser striated cuticle in the anterior region but finer at the middle and posterior parts (Armenteros et al., 2014). Considering the heavily cuticular ornamentation may provide proper attached points for the ciliates, the head region
Fig. 4. Budding specimen of Thecacineta urceolata sp. nov. Scale bar: 20 ^m.
possibly has equal benefit with the cloaca of hosts for these ecto-commersals.
Acknowledgements
Thanks are due to Dr. Shu Fang and Miss Meng-Min Hsueh, Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, for supporting the preparation of the materials.
References
Allgen C.A. 1934. Die Suctorien der Spirina parasitifera (Bastian). Z. Parasitenkd. 7 (1), 118—120.
Armenteros M., Ruiz-Abierno A. and Decraemer W. 2014. Revision of Desmodorinae and Spiriniinae (Nematoda: Desmodoridae) with redescription of eight known species. Eur. J. Taxon. 96, 1—32.
Chatterjee T., Fernandez-Leborans G. and Chan B.K.K. 2011. New record of the ciliate Thecacineta calix (Ciliophora: Suctorea) epibiont on Agauopsis halacarid mite (Acari, Halacaridae) from Taiwan. Scripta Scientiarum Naturalium. 2, 121-127.
Collin B. 1912. Etudes monographiques sur les Acinetiens. II. Morphologie, physiologie, sitematique. Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale. 51, 1-457.
Dovgal I.V. 1996. Keys for identification of tentaculous infusoria (Ciliophora, Suctoria) of the Ukrainian fauna. Vestnik Zoologii, Suppl. N2, 1-42 (in Russian).
Dovgal I.V. 2002. Evolution, phylogeny and classification ofSuctorea (Ciliophora). Protistology. 2, 194-270.
Dovgal I.V. 2013. Fauna of Ukraine. Vol. 36: Ciliates — Ciliophora. Issue 1: Class Suctorea. Naukova Dumka, Kiev (in Russian).
Dovgal I., Chatterjee T. and Ingole B. 2008. An overview of suctorian ciliates (Ciliophora, Suctorea) as epibionts of halacarid mites (Acari, Halacaridae). Zootaxa. 1810, 60-68.
Dovgal I., Chatterjee T. and Ingole B. 2009a. New records of Thecacineta cothurnioides and Trematosoma rotunda (Ciliophora, Suctorea) as epibionts on nematodes from the Indian Ocean. Protistology. 6, 19-23.
Dovgal I., Chatterjee T., Subba Rao D.V., Chan B.K.K. and De Troch M. 2009b. New records of Praethecacineta halacari (Schulz) (Suctorea: Ciliophora) from Taiwan, Tanzania and Canada. Mar. Biodivers. Rec. 2, e136, 1-3.
Fisher R. 2003. Ciliate hitch-hikers—nematode ecto-commensals from tropical Australian sea grass meadows. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 83, 445-446.
Ingole B., Singh R., Sautya S., Dovgal I. and Chatterjee T. 2010. Report of epibiont Thecacineta calix (Ciliophora: Suctorea) on deep-sea Desmodora (Nematoda) from the Andaman Sea, Indian Ocean. Mar. Biodivers. Rec. 3, e46, 1—3.
Jankowski A.V. 1981. New species, genera and families oftentacled infusoria (class Suctoria). Proc. Zool. Inst. 107, 80-115 (in Russian).
Liao J.-X., Yeh H.-M. and Mok, H.-K. 2015. Meiofaunal communities in a tropical seagrass bed and adjacent unvegetated sediments with note on sufficient sample size for determining local diversity indices. Zool. Stud. 54, 14.
Murphy D.G. 1965. Praethecacineta oregonensis, a new species of suctorian associated with a marine nematode. Zool. Anz. 174, 395-399.
Address for correspondence: Igor Dovgal. Simferopol, Crimea, Russia; e-mail: [email protected]
