Verb classes in the Yukagir language Текст научной статьи по специальности «Языкознание и литературоведение»

Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 5 (2013 6) 676-701

УДК 373.167.1:811,55

Verb Classes in the Yukagir Language

Elida S. Atlasova*

M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University in Yakutsk 58 Belinskiy Str., Yakutsk, 677980 Russia

Received 10.01.2013, received in revised form 22.02.2013, accepted 21.03.2013

The article deals with a detailed description of verb classes in the Yukagir language. Verb classes are divided in accordance with their linguistic characteristics. The author considers the characteristics of the Yukagir language verbs depending on their verb stem.

Keywords: the Yukagir language, verb stems, indigenous minorities of the North.

The work was fulfilled within the framework of the research financed by the Krasnoyarsk Regional Foundation of Research and Technology Development Support and in accordance with the course schedule of Siberian Federal University as assigned by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation.

1.1. Two classes of nouns in the Yukagir language

There are two classes of nouns in the Yukagir language which form plural by adding suffix=ro and =пул.

V.I. Jochelson noted: "The plural is formed by adding =пэ or =пул. It is quite difficult to derive a general rule when a particular form should be used. Most nouns take either one or the other of these forms". (1955, 164).

E.A. Kreinovich (1988, 40) writes about two versions of the underlying index of the plural, when the plurals for the nouns of I class are formed by adding -пэ indicator, and for the nouns of II class by adding -пул, -побуд. Nouns of I class ending with a consonant add to form the plural the suffix -пэ, e.g.: jopro "hooks", харпэ "skins", онорпэ "languages", пумбурпэ "beds", инэрпэ "holes", харбаспэ "sailboats", тааспэ "basins", пулутпэ "husbands", йоноотпэ "headboards",

© Siberian Federal University. All rights reserved

* Corresponding author E-mail address: [email protected]

HOBy^ro noses , naBy^bro seines , rory^ro "foods", aHMro "fish", Mapxu^bro "girls", Tn6a^ro "stoves", Hororo (<hohoh) "loops". TaHMMro "draft deer", Ta^aBro "wild deer", cyKyHro "garments", uroro "deer", ro^gygroro "old men", тэтннэпэ "rich people", agaHuro "Yukagirs of Alaya kin", MOHOHgbHHro "married women", anaHagaaro "old women", caBaro "skins".

Nouns of I class ending with a vowel may have stress on the first and the last syllables. This includes a small group of words ending with -3. So they get the plural suffix of -ro, and sometimes -nyg, e.g.: нyмэпэ and нyмэnyg "dwellings", эHэпэ "bows", oraro "fish weirs", мyрэпэ "deerskin boots", мэмэпэ "bears", HHH^aroro and HHH^aronyg "grouses" and etc.

Nouns of II class ending with a, э<a, э have the stress on the first syllable. They form plural by adding suffix -nyg, as in the examples:

aacs^n (<aaca) "deer", нaхagaaсэпyn (<naxagaca) "horses", Toyronyn (<ToyKa) "dogs", nOmro^n (<jomRa) "spoons", maxana^n "foxes", SMgbs^n (<SMgbs) "younger brothers, younger sisters", aHgbs^n (<aHgbs) "eyes", naMgbs^n (<naMgbs) "paddles", Mugsgbs^n (<Mugsgbs) "needles", yHyMS^n (<yнyмэ) "ears", xopo6o^fl (<xopo6o) "cows", ^BOKO^n "knives", H^OHO^n "small meal shops", upOBOgbs^n "gloves", MOHOBO^n (<mohobo) "rams", u6OBO^n (<h6obo) "backs", M^O^n (^OHgO) "money", mopoMO^n "people", H^ro^n (<Hrero) "ropes", "belts", нooyнэпyn (<HOOyro) "nets", apayro^n (<apayro) "links", nOncs^n "bells", T SMgbs^n "younger brothers", BOnOgs^n "prizes", ropyns^n "hunters", нyпнэпyn "the Chukchi", nbэмnbэпyn "chiefs", nyкyн6ypэ6эпyn "lands", nan^^n "days", nbyOpsnnbs^n "the playing (people)" and others.

E.A. Kreinovich pointed out a number of the underlying suffixes characterizing the distribution of the two (types of) classes of the primary stems. He gives the following distribution (1982, 72).

of I class are adjacent to a primary stem as a separate syllable, and suffixes of II class can be connected to the final syllable of a primary stem and form one syllable, e.g.: My|ps|-Ts|rs "big deerskin boots": but aкa|сbэт|кэ "big reindeer", My|ps|-Hbs|n-3 "big deerskin boots have-I"; but aa|cbSH|-gbs "a big deer have-I" and etc.

Some derivatives of intransitive verbs are formed from nouns by conversion: Tu6Oj "it rains" (th6o "the rain"). Most derivatives of intransitive verbs are formed from basic nouns through thematic suffixes: from stems of nouns of I class - with the help of the thematic suffix -gs- (ro^g^i "it bleeds" - ns^n "blood"), from stems of nouns of II class - with the help of the thematic suffix -g-, -t- ( uprygu, npryra'sn "it got a hole" - upry, upyry "hole"), etc. Intransitive verbs with stems of I class ending with -gs- and -h's- and intransitive verbs with stems of I class ending with -g-, -t- h -h'- ,-h- have different forms of conjugation. Transitive verbs are also divided into derivative and non-derivative. Some derivatives of transitive verbs have a common stem with the nouns.

Indicator Tundra Kolyma

I class II class I class II class

Plural -пэ -п- -пул -пэ -п-, -пул

Comitative -ньэ-й -ньи—н- -ньэ -нь—н-

Augmentative form -тэгэ-н -ткэ-н -тэгэ -ткэ

Intransitivity

Recent acquisition of an object -рэ- дэ -Р- -дэ- -дэ т-

Transitivity

Supply with an object -тэ- -с- -тэ- -ш-

Long-standing possession of an object -ньэ- -нь- -ньэ- -нь-

E.A. Kreinovich quite accurately and correctly deduced the distribution table of two classes of primary stems necessary for the analysis of the Yukagir language.

Suffixes of I class form secondary stems with an open syllable, and the suffixes of II class-secondary stems with a closed syllable. Suffixes

1.2. Two classes of verb stems with indicators -СЭМ and -СУМ

E.A. Kreinovich in his fundamental work "Studies and Materials on Yukagir" first made a deep analysis of the grammar of the two dialects of the Yukagir language. E.A. Kreinovich wrote

that one of the difficult problems in the history of Yukagir is the problem of verb and predicate. He wrote that in Yukagir there are no such auxiliary verbs as "to be", "to become", "to have", which in Russian and Western European languages form part of the nominal predicate. The role of the auxiliary verbs is played by suffixes -hoa-(E.A. Kreinovich incorrectly identified ho-, and the suffix is conjugated by the model of xydyon- "lie down" cf.), rendering the meaning "to be", Hona- "to become", apparently the suffix of inchoative action (inchoative), -n^ -"to have". E.A. Kreinovich believes that there is no evidence to suggest that these suffixes back their origin to the auxiliary verbs. New stems are formed from nouns by means of the mentioned suffixes, for example: aMano- "to be a father", aManona- "to become a father", aмanЭ - "to have a father". These stems can not be equated with predicative forms of nouns as aMan^n (тэn aMan^n "this is a father"), which cannot be conjugated. And as for the aforesaid stems, they are conjugated and should be related to the verbs. As a consequence in intransitive verb of Yukagir we have to allocate the following categories: actually intransitive verb, substantive intransitive verb, qualitative intransitive verb and quantitative intransitive verb". (E.A. Kreinovich 1957, 104).

E.A. Kreinovich notes that in Yukagir the processual forms express processual, qualitative and quantitative characteristics. The processual form has grammatical categories of intransitivity - transitivity, modes of acting, voice, mood, tense, person and number. The processual forms are divided into predicative, depending on the logical stress, participial and attributive. Intransitive verbs are divided into non-derivative and derivative.

V.I. Jochelson, E.A. Kreinovich and G.N. Kurilov did not sufficiently describe the indicators -сэм and -cy. E.A. Kreinovich

gave more or less consistent description. He considered the verbal stems exactly as the noun ones and introduced two classes of verb stems. The analysis of materials showed that verbs with suffixes -СЭМ - are alike I class (according to E.A. Kreinovich) and -СУМ - are alike II class (according to E.A. Kreinovich). Stems ending with -СЭМ will be called the "weak" stems, and -СУМ will be called the "strong" stems.

Furthermore, we will see the productive cases of contrasting two classes of -СЭМ and -СУМ, the correlation which partly, even phonetically corresponds to indicators of the plural -ПЭ and -ПУЛ nouns, the contrast which defines two classes of nouns (see the Table above).

1.3. The verbs with "weak" stems ending with - СЭМ

The verb, requiring forming causatives with -СЭМ indicator will be called verbs with "weak" stems, whereas secondary causative stems with -СЭМ indicator can be formed firstly from nouns, and secondly from verbal stems, and thirdly from complex verbal stems with good evident indicators of aspects of the (type of) multiple, one-time, continuous, intensive action, etc. Next, we will have a more detailed look at each type of stems ending with -СЭМ.

1.3.1. The verbs formed from nouns

with -СЭМ indicator

саа- сэм ("to put the stick into the pot" 416)

Мэдьиэда^анэ, мэр ат саасэй так мэт аньмил. -When we catch him, we would tie the stick to this draft. The example shows an indisputable case as the verb is formed from the noun саал "stick, wood". папаа- сэм (causative "to urinate" 368) - it can be formed from theverb, as we can note папаа- (3 person, plural папай; папаал) from intransitive "to urinate". Чамадалдьэ мархиль кивэрэдьуол пурэ папаасэнуда^а, лачилпэги пулгэйтэй.

-When the princess will be let to urinate on the chip, the fire will lit it.

1.3.2. The verbs ending with -СЭМ,

formed from the verbal stems

- Simple verb stems:

Simple verb stems with -СЭМ indicator, (not having another indicators, sp the stem if followed by -СЭМ indicator. маа- сэм ("to wait", caustive "to make someone wait" 230) Маархан сукун мэ маасэт. -1 will make wait for one winter. убаа-сэм (causative "to kiss" 482) Эльин мэт хайчиэпиэнь убаасэн. - Firstly she was kissed by the grandfather and the grandmother (of the husband).

ханьхаа- сэм ("to defecate" (only about children), causative "to defecate" 496) Хуодиир тантаасха тинэ эл хаахаасэк? -Why have not you let do a poo in this basin?

мира-сэм ("to walk", causative "to go" 242) Тудэйлэдэ мэр аньмэй, йоходилэ^а, митханэ тан мэ мирасэм. - He himself is sitting on a horse and he made us going on foot. сава-сэм ("to divide", "to share" 419) Хойниимэ ал^ан савасэтэм. - Let Mother goddess share her good.

сара-сэм ("to ask in marriage" 429) Хадьи мэ сарасэна. -1 was brought to marriage. айи- сэм ("to have a shot", causative "to shoot" 31) Тудэ ньидьэрпэй ааринлэк мэтинь эл айисэ. - He did not let me shoot using his new gun.

иви- сэм ("to suck", causative "to let suck" 81) Маархадьэн ивисэк. - Let me suck for once. ки-сэм ("to show"153) Титэйк тит курильиил мэтинь кисэник. - And you - show me your knowledge

мери- сэм ("to hear", causative "to listen to" 265) Ах мааруодьэ мврдьэ морисэрэн са^ании^ан. - Only by hearing the happy news, let [him] give life.

нэри- сэм ("to nibble", "to gnaw", causative "to make gnaw" 298) Тэт лаамэдуонинь амун нэрисиэнунк, саль^арииги варуму^ан. - Let your puppy gnaw the bones for strengthening the teeth.

вэльии-сэм ("to lift", causative "to make lift" 77)

Митинь аральадьэрукунэ эл вэльиисиэнун. -[He] did not let us lift heavy things. кии-сэм ("to show" 150) Чаманэн йвкэ льэй анаак киисэмлэ, мондэн «танут помогэрэйтэмк». - He showed (indicated) a very distant mountain, saying, "Go round it."

мэбии-сэм ("to stretch" , "to hold up", causative "to keep" 274) Эл мэбиисэлэк, тудэ угурчэ солльэртэмлэ. -Do not let keep [shoes near the fire to dry], you can spoil the shoes. наврии-сэм ("to watch", "to observe", causative "to make observe" 279) Г. навриичэ дитэльуо са^анэстэлэк навриисэт - мидьэк хадушаа^арут кэлуунуулльэл. - G., placed as an observer, I will ask to watch -1 wonder where [the dog] comes from.

пии -сэм ("to wrap", "to wind", "to bandage"

373) Угурчэда^анэ, чальдэда^анэ саасэрэн пиисэна. - The arms nd legs were bandaged and had a splint.

поньи -сэм ("to leave", "to keep", "to give up", causative "to make give up" 383) Тэн Аннадиэ^анэ, нон^ада^анэ эл поньисэну, тан мэтханэ хуодиир поньисэна? -Anna has not been forced to give up tobacco, and why have I been forced to give up?

пэди-сэм ("to lick", causative "to male lick" 407)

Хуодиир тэт сав^а лаамэнинь пэдисэмэк?! Эргэ эл пэддисэльэк. - Why did you let the dog lick your plate? Ugh, do not let it lick. пэри-сэм ("to let lap" 411) Лаамэн ал^ан пэрисэтэй. - The dogs will be let lap the fish soup.

хо£2-сэм ("to dig", "to root up", causative "to make dig" 515) Яблоня са^анасуол-морав лукул

ховисэлнинь. - To male dig the hole [literate -land] for planting an apple tree. чамбии-сэм ("to help", causative "to make help" 544) Таатльэр чиилэ чамбиисаанунум. - So he asked people to help.

сегиэ-сэм (сегиэ(н) "saliva", "to spit" 443)

Аруун эл пэлдэва, ах йоноват мит личилванэ свгиэсэрэн пулгэч. -Because words were not enough, he spit on the fire in anger and came out. хабугуриэ-сэм ("to get offended", "to offend", "to disappoint" 497) У оноллэн эл хабуриэсаанулльэлк, квдэн хабуриэл мэр аральалнуни. -. Even children do not offend, the offence of a man can be hard. сурэ- сэм ("to fatten" 450) «Э,угунэн сурэсэн». -Oh, good that you made them fatten. чирэ-сэм (" to drown" 552) Йалвидврдьэва лавйэдэкуу чулварэлэк, тадаа алван чиирэсэтэй. - Hollow out a hole in the middle of the lake and there drown. оо-сэм (causative "take out the water" 348) Хуодиир виэн квдиэнъ оосэлниньльэмэк? -Why are you going to ask the other person take out the water [of the boat]?

ичуо- сэм ("to look", "to see", causative "to watch" 101) Эгуойилгин-моравванэ эл ичуосэну. - They do not give an opportunity to

see where to step.

эгуо-сэм ("to arise", "to begin" 584) Тэт амаа тан чиилэ киэйэчиэр пугудьэ эгуосэрэн так аруудэврэсчэньэн кэлуни. - Your father wanting to get ahead of the people with the beginning of heat came with that matchmaker. саву-сэм ("to lose" 424) «Мэт нимэ савусэмэн», -мони паадьэдуо. -"I have lost my house". - the girl said.

йандуу-сэм ("to get asleep", "to fall asleep", causative "to make sleep", "to put to sleep" 111) Аавиива мэ кудэрэм, мэ йандуусэм. - Put him in a blanket, put [him] to sleep. уу-сэм ("to give a lift" 493) Мэтуолльэлк ат уусэн. -And I would give him a lift.

ваай -сэм ("to pull", causative "to urge" 57)

Мэт хундиэтэгэ эл ваайсаанун, маранмэ энува пввгэйнуни. - My saddle horse did not require pulling (urging), but immediately got into water [and moved across the river]. моой- сэм ("to hold", causative "to make hold" 258) Ах титтэ уорпэва илэлэ моойсаанунна, уоньэй чии. - People who had children, let only their children hold their reindeer. паай-сэм ("to beat", causative "to make beat" 360) Маархадьэдэн эл паайсаанун тудэ кэдэлванэ. - It did not make beat with the stick for once.

пуорпэй-сэм ("to need", causative "to make need" 402) Хаалич, идьиэ хойл нэмэлэдэн эл пуорпэйсэчуон саванииван. -It is scary, let God allow us to live in no need. суусэй-сэм ("to drop", causative "to make drop" 451) Мэт оорэйуол лукулва, кэйгур льэй лукунбурэбэва суусэйсэллэк, тадаат мит истадиэнь элуойинунуй. - In the place where I have noted I will command to drop the food. Then from there we carry it to the flock [by reindeer].

хай-сэм ("to curve" 502) Лалимэн йуованэ мэ хайсэм, чундидьэлэ ваай хайсаанунна. - The front of the sledge [he] also curved as the sledge runner.

йуе-сэм ("to show" 133) Тадаа эньиэги иэдьиидиэ йувсэрэн мархильнинь молльэнь: «Тэт лачилинь кэвэйк, эл анньэлэк!». - Then her mother, showing a stick saidto the girl: "Come for wood, do not talk". поно-сэм ("to lead away"381) Тан илэньэй квдэ тудэ илэ5анэ тадирэлэк, итудэ квнмэванэ танниги мэ поносаанунум (мэ кэврэйнунум). - If the groom has deer, then by giving his reindeer [ransom for the bride], he leads the bride away immediately, separates her [from the parents].

суо-сэм ("to miss" 449) Маачэлэк, аариилэк йавнуо суосэм, тан анаванэ лэгулэк туутэлэ

эл суосэт. - His lasso and gun would miss, but he wouldn't miss to fill his mouth with food. тоно-сэм (causative "to drive" 470) Ханаарэ угурчэлэк илэлэ тоносиэнунна. -During nomadic walking we were made to drive a herd".

чав-сэм (causative "to cut" 532) Эйк чавл-буньилданэн, тэтидьэ эл чавсэтчэн. -Even if you want to cut, I will not let you cut. адай- сэм (causative "to touch" 23) Ахун льэи тэт пуойэ адайсэк, таат киндигирэ. -Well, at least let me touch your cheek, if you disdain.

идьэй-сэм (causative "to compare", "to measure"

85) Мит угурчэпэ идьэйсэда, мидьэк кинльэ чамуолэл. - Let compare our feet, who has the biggest.

йэдэй-сэм (causative "to bring" 144) Тун илийэ

амучэ чайлэлэ эл йэдэйсэ. -This wind has not

brought a good, clear day.

кудиэ-сэм ("to lie down" 167) Мэт сугудьэ

анмолдинь эл кудиэсиэнун, ах квчидьир. - The

heart does not let me lie completely, so much

beating.

мойиэ-сэм ("to touch", causative "to make touch" 247) Амаа тун тудэ ньунурдонойпэданэ кинидьэн эл мойиэсаанун. -Any of his [saddlebags] bags -your father did not let anyone touch them.

ньимиэ-сэм ("to extenguish", causative "to put out" 317) Мол хадаат тиэн гвдэ ньимиэстэм, олдинь эл ньимиэсэсчиинун! - And what on earth this man let put out the light, he won't let it forever.

эвиэ- сэм ("to believe", causative "to give the hope" 579) -Мэр эвиэсэм. - He gave a hope.

эйикиэ-сэм ("to rain", "to snow" 588) Чавун-хайчиэдат илийэ пайр, мэ пвкиэнунум. Маархуонь тивэ эл эйикиэсэльэк. - When it breezes from the sea, the grandpa, it freshens. But do not let it rain.

1.3.3. The verbs formed from the complex stems (with good evident indicator), which require -СЭМ.

ама-хаа-сэм ("to become better", "to improve", "to heal" 41) Квдэн эл амахаасаанунмэк? -Мэр амахаасаанунун. - Do you heal [the ill] person? - Yes, I heal.

валь-дьа-хаа-сэм ("to turn sour", causative "to make sour" 62) Йуодаданэ, тун холодильниклэ уудэк йондичир титэ амдур вальдьахаасэна. -It seems that by opening a refrigerator all this time you let it turn sour so quickly. ньаарчэ-хаа-сэм ("to be bad", "to make bad", "to worsen" 303) Нэмэлэн эвльэтэл! ньаарчэхаасэдаданэнн нэмэ н дьиивэ эвльэт! -You can expect everything! Nothing surprising happens, even if you worsen it [health].

With the affix -хаа the verbs gain the meaning "to have any quality or characteristic", "to move from one state to another". йоно-нь-аа-сэм ("to get offended", "to get angry", "to make angry" 124) Ханирууда талдуолдэлэк кэлуунундьэмут тинэ, амаа йононьаасэллэк, халдэйрэлэк. - Having brought the father to anger,[you] fled , and were hiding [long] in the unseen place, [you] came . In this example, the suffix-aa expresses an inchoative action.

ааттэ-рэй-сэм ("to stop", causative "to make stop" 21) Ичуок, ваай мит лачин сисадаснубэда тудэ лаамэпулданэ ааттэрэйнаам, пэрэдьиэ ааттэрэйсэк. -Look, again near our woodshed he is going to stop his sledge with dogs, force [led] him to stop away.

айава-рэй-сэм ("to skin", causative "to strip off" 30) Кукупэ, ваай митинь айадарэйсэнутэм. -Devils, they again make us strip off [the skins from carcasses].

ваа-рэй-сэм ("to drag", causative "to pull out"

57) Мэ пугэч, - мондэн, - пуогэрэпхат альдалэ эл ваарэйсэ. -"It's hot," - saying so, he did not allow to pull the fish out of the cellar.

K3B-p3H-c3M ("to take away", "to drive away", causative "to make drive away" 175) Тэт aMaa эn K3ep.3uc3. -Your father did not allow to drive away.

H^HH3-p3H-c3M ("to become nasty, windy", causative "to make the weather windy" 93) Taam мэт cyKyH ju6aBacyp, maHHH^u Maapuuaaxau cyKym мэр иnиuэрэucэм. - Then Maria, having shaken my clothes out, made the weather windy. HaHYBa-p3H-c3M ("to collect, "to take away", causative "to make pack" 113) Turn мэ uануварэucэн. I have recently asked them to pack.

H\OBa-p3H-c3M ("to end", "to finish", causative "to make finish" 135) Кмaссmaвaнэ эJ UyoBap.3uc3HyoH кэepэuнa cmadaHUHb. -They have driven to the herd, have not let finish school.

K3Hg3-p3H-c3M ("to become numb", causative "to make numb" 177) Мэm yгypнэдэнbyo кэunэрэucэм myH угурнэ ax Haepyo^p. - As the shoes were narrow, he had his feet numb. -ia-iB3-p3H-c3M ("to cover", causative "to make cover" 196) -3u, nbэгэnэк, MuKau^^K nаneэрэucэк. - Ah, this Michael was asked to cover [fish] with anything. 23H-T3-p3H-c3M ("to remember", causative "to make it clear" 219) «Hэeдээ, кyдэpэнuкmuгupaa myH hobOm» - мoндbэнмэ nэuтэрэucиэнунна mummэ HbuxaupyojiBarn. - Saying: "Yevde, put the knife there," - they make it clear that [they] are in the "mutual avoiding" [i.e. when you have to speak only in the plural]. M6Mj3-p3H-c3M ("to light", causative "to turn on" 261) Hbэuкэ мэ кэJymэu, мэ MOMd9p9uc9Hym9M aHMUHb. - The light [electricity] will come, they will force to turn it on [literate - to light]. HbaMyH3-p3H-c3M ("to be red", causative "to make red" 307) Цaмyoдbэ xauJbmэгэк jaHuiBa нbамуцэрэucэмnэ, madaam maH auuuyoJBa кyдэpэм. -He made a big stone hot red and put it on the wound.

ер-тэ-рэй-сэм ("to shriek", causative "to make shriek" 359) -Нэвругэ! - Нэврэр льиэ таат вртэрэйсэм! - Oh, so unexpected! - So he made [her] shriek by startling.

палава-рэй-сэм ("to scatter about", causative "to make scatter" 364) Хуодии тан палаварэйсэмэк? - Why did you let them scatter?

поме-рэй-сэм ("to roll down", causative "to make roll" 380) Льиэ хадьир эгуойиэ, молдэлэк, йэрпэйэ чайлэдврдьэват ин помврэйсэрэн кэлуни. - So the following day they spent the night there, when the sun had just taken over in the afternoon, they came [literate - letting the sun roll down].

помегэ-рэй-сэм ("to go round something", causative "to make go round" 379) Тун

тудэ йоходилэпулванэ йавнуо тудэ хамриилинь. Окот-Бокотинь, чайлэн энмун помвгэрэйсиэнунум. - He made his employee Okot-Bokot go round the herds [of horses] daily. пон-дэй-сэм ("to separate", causative "to make separate" 381) Лайалльэ квнмэдават эньиэги пондэйсэ, ах лавбуодава. - Her mother made [her] divorce with the last of her husband to, overly fond of drinking [wine]. понхо-чэ-рэй-сэм ("to be fluffy", causative "to fluff up" 382) Энгэнэн понхочэрэйсаальэлум тудэ монильэванэ. - He made his hair too fluffed up.

порчава-рэй-сэм ("to sprinkle", causative "to squirt" 384) Амакаа, лавйэ порчаварэйсэк,

таат силниирэ учууктаайуолдэ эл йатаннайт. - My friend, squirt water [on it], it will not straighten, if ironed being not wet. потавай-рэй-сэм ("to fill", causative "to make fill" 385) Миилгэр льэйльэ потавайрэйскэ. -Make him fill [with water] the nearest [barrel].

пугу-дьэ-рэй-сэм ("to sweat", causative "to make sweat" 390) Тун эмп квдэлэ амутнэн амдур пугудьэрэйсиэнулльэлум. - It turns ouut

that this medicine makes a human sweat very quickly.

пугулвэ-рэй-сэм ("to heat", causative "to make hot" 392) Титэбандьэ кэвийийрукун чаай ноллэн хуолэ мэ пулгэвэрэйсэтэм? - Would it heat the tea, when it [the electric light] is always turning off?

пуки-рэй-сэм ("to appear", causative "to make appear" 394) Ин чиэмэ пукирэйсэрэн тидэн личуоркэ анмэ мархильчаакаан нолаай. - And then, with the appearance of blood, that she-deer became a woman. .

пулгэ-рэй-сэм ("to put out", causative "to force put out" 396) «Тэт ванар пулгэрэйк!» - Мони Эдьилвэй. Пулгэрэйсэрэн, эвэдадат мэндэлэк мэ муриттэрэйм. - "Put your tongue out", -said Edilvey. Forcing him to put the tongue out, he grabbed the tip of it and cut it off. пукирэ-рэй-сэм ("to raise", causative "to whirl" 394) Илийэ эримэлэ мэ пукирэрэйсэм. - The wind caused snow whirl.

савда-рэй-сэм ("to click", causative "to make click" 420) Тэт акаа йалмидьэ савдарэйсэм тудинь. - Your older brother let him make a triple-click [with a camera]. сальда-рэй-сэм ("to break", causative "to split" 426) Элэнь, акааги эльи эл сальдарэйсэ. -No, his elder brother did not allow to split it too. сахса-рэй-сэм ("to pour", causative "to force to pour" 431) Пунэлэ мэ сахсарэйсэм. -He forced [him] to pour the broth.

сиигэ-рэй-сэм ("to drip", causative "to make drip" 432) Ичуок, ньангуму тудэ чалдьэда лолдуодьэ ньаньирэ сиигэрэйсиэльэлум. -Look, he purposely let drip the boiling fat on his han.

сисада-рэй-сэм ("to cut off", causative "to make cut off" 437) Тадаа тиэн тэт маарльэдат сисадарэйлнинь уулда, тэт эмдьэ эл сисадарэйсэ. -And then [I] went to cut the piece off that your gauze, but your sister did not allow to cut.

тигилэ-рэй-сэм ("to overtake", causative "to make overtake" 463) Мэт ат эл тигилэрэйсэйэн тудинь. -I would not let him overtake me. тинда-рэй-сэм (causative "to take away" 466) Тэт эмдьэ йуории хуодиир тиндарэйсэмэк? - Why did you let take away a toy of his younger brother? чааха-рэй-сэм ("to freeze", causative "to make freeze" 529) Элитчиэ садуойину, эл чаахарэйсэтчэн. -Wander a bit, I will not let you freeze.

чиничэ-рэй-сэм ("to get dark", "to darken", causative "to make dark" 551) Сукун чиничэрэйсэрэн квткэчэли. -There we came when the darkness fell.

чичигэ-рэй-сэм ("to lengthen", causative "to force to lengthen" 555) Тудэ кэдэлданэ льитэгэгэсчиинунум, тудэ унумэ

чичигэрэйсэл-буньир. -"Wishing to have long

ears, he [rabbit] made [others] beat himmself". эвдийэ-рэй-сэм ("to begin blizzard", causative "to cause a blizzard" 579) «Авйаа энгэнэн врньэр, энгэнэн йахтэр, мит сукундэньуо эвдийэрэйсэмэк!» - моннутэй солдуллуур, уонинь. - Even blizzard you caused by your yesterday screaming, singing", - they will say to the child jokingly.

эму-рэй-сэм ("to surround", causative "to make surround" 598) Тиндаа йандэ эмурэйнаалэха мэ халдэйнуни эл эмурэйсиэнун. -It happened before so that geese [molting] fled, did not allow surrounding themselves when we started to surround them.

The suffix - рэй- is the indicator of one-time action.

кэвэ-й-сэм ("to go", causative "to make leave" 175) Йалдил кэвэйсэллэк, хандьалэ эл чавльэл. -Once he made the lake go [to another lake], he [dug a channel of the river] did not survived the winter [not even lived in the winter]. ньаль-ай-сэм ("to be rubbed out", causative "to make rubbed" 306) Мэ ньальайсэн. -He made so that [wool] got off.

нэр-эй-сэм ("to nibble", "to chaw", causative "to make bite" 299) Орви мэтханэ лаамэва нэрэйсэм. -He hardly did not let the dog bite

me.

тоно-й-сэм ("to chase", "to drive", causative "to make chase" 470) Илэ нимэват тонойсэк, эл йугулвэсльэк. -Make him chase a herd from where the yaranga is, do not jerk the deer.

албэ-дьии-сэм ("to lose", causative "to make lose" 33) Монур эл кэврэйнуван, амааги ньангуму албэдьиисаальэлум. - Father got [him] lose on purpose so that [son] not be taken [to the assembly].

мол-дьии-сэм ("to give the lodging for the night", causative "to make pass the night" 250)

Эл иниэльэк, Т.Н. ахун маархан чиничэлва мэ молдьиисэтэм. - Do not fear, T.N. at least for one night will allow you to have the lodging. мер-дьии-сэм ("to tell the news", "to inform", causative "to make know", "to make informed" 264) Кэлуйуол-моравдаванэ мэ мврдьэсна. -They informed of his impending arrival. мэн-дьии-сэм ("to take", "to borrow", causative "to make catch" 276) Халдэйрэ, тан ураридьил эл мэндьиисэт. - If that deer turns out without a leash, it will not let catch it. пар-дьии-сэм ("to cook", "to boil", causative "to cook by boiling" 370) Тааванэк мэ хуодэ гирчиир маархадьэн мэ пардьиисэм чуулэ. -An donce, anyway, for the unknown reason he asked [me] to cook the meat. пун-дьии-сэм ("to kill", "to slaughter", "to beat", causative "to make kill" 398) Антипин нодьэ ваавэч пэлдудиэнинь кухлянка нол виэлнинь тан йаан йэвлидьэлэ пундьиисэм. - Those three fawns he allowed to slaughter in order to make the deerskin parka for the Russian oldman, Antipin.

пурэбэ-дьии-сэм ("to make a winner" 404)

Йуодаванэ, мит уорпэванэ ньангуму эл пурэбэдьиисиэнун, харчуорэрэн. - It seems that

our children are not specifically made winners by deceiving.

пэл-дьии-сэм ("to catch up with", causative "to make catch up with" 409) Халдэйрэн молльэнь: «Маархуонь мэтул пуньир мэньтэмк». Нэмуол пэлдьиисэтэм! -Running away, he said, though: "Only by killing me, you can take [my armor, chain mail]". How can he let them catch up with him!

савуо-рии-сэм ("to let in", causative "to make let in" 424) Эньиэги анмолвинь эл савуориисэт, алвадьаа тан квдэ хуодэ банулдаванэ мэ курильии. -The mother did not allow him to let [that person] in the house to share plaguing - becauses he knows what kind of person he was.

тун-дьии-сэм ("to close", causative "to make close" 476) Форточкалэ ваай эл тундьиисэ, ваай мэ чаахартэйли чиничэлмэн. - Again, he did not allow [us] to close the window, again we will freeze at night.

чун-дьии-сэм ("to read", causative "to make read" 568) Тун мэт чайлэдьундьэньуо чундьиисэм. -[He] made this count by my calendar. эньиэ- дьи-сэм ("to ask", causative "to make ask" 603) Этуо, кукуттэгэванэ ахун маархадьэн мэр эньидьиэсэна! - Oh, once they eve forced the devil from hell to beg (ask)!

The derivative stems with affixes -дьии, -рии indicate that the verb expresses that acts were committed more than once or multiply. маа-йии-сэм ("to wait", causative "to make wait" 229)Хаалава, хуодэн квдэн таат иитнэн маайиисаанунмэк?! - It is horrible, as long as it makes a person waiting for you? нуо-йии-сэм ("to erase", "to scrape off", causative "to make scrape", "to make strip off" 295) Мони: «Эльи чуольэ побелкаги нуойиисэк тэт уорпиэнь». - He said: "So far let your kids scrape off the old whitewash ". чав-йии-сэм ("to cut away", causative "to make cut away" 532) Унньэй анньэлдьовойэлэк

чавйиисэм тудэ монильэданэ. - He had his hair cut [as it seems] by blunt scissors.

Also specialists in Yukagir see the affix -йи- as an indicator of multiple aspect (or mode of action), this affix means that the action indicated by the verb was implemented a few or many times.

куриль-ии-сэм ("to know", "to learn", causative "to make know", "to get to know" 172) Курильиисэлбуньдэ, амутнэн йатах ньиэдьик. - If you want to get [her] know, tell her everything straight.

моой-ии-сэм ("to keep", causative "to maintain" 258) Мэт йуодии мэт вадун нимэданэ моойиисэдаданэ, вадун нимэда ат льиэнуйэн -лачилги льэдада нэмэлэ хадьуутэл. - If my eyes will let me maintain Yukaghir yaranga [i.e. If the eyes will not ache], I would live in the yaranga -it will not be cold if there is wood. нугу-тии-сэм ("to find", causative "to make find" 292) Тан чодойэ нугутиисэк. -Make [smb]find that knife.

йон-нии-сэм ("to keep open", causative "to force to keep open" 123) Сэспэ эл йонниисэльэк, ханьда! -Do not allow to keep the door open, it's cold!

The derivatives stems of transitive verbs with the affix -ии render the meaning of the action or process that have been brought to the point of dynamic constant for some time. амди-чии-сэм ("to rush", causative "to force to rush" 41) Амутнэн лэвдэллэк, чаай лаврэлэк кэвэйтэй чиилэ сукинь амдичиисаальэлум. -People who, having quietly eaten, drunk, would have come out, [he] forced to rush to no purpose.

аримэ-счии-сэм ("to sole", causative "to force to sew the sole" 52) Мол мэтэйлэк ал дан ньиэдьиччэн. Анмин мэр аримэсчиисэт. -Well, I'll talk to him on my own. Anyhow I will make him sew the sole [to the deerskin boots].

пурэн-гурчии-сэм ("to lift up" 405) Тэт чуораскэ пурэнгурчиисэк. - Lift up a little bit [from the fire your pot].

урари-счии-сэм ("to teach", "to make study", causative "to force to study"488) Тудэ уоданэ эл урарисчиисэ. - He did not let his child to go to school [literary - did not let him learn]. эврэ-счии-сэм ("to go", "to walk", causative "to force to go" 581) Тан чиилэ.... эл эврэсчиисэну пудинимэдан, исэ ньаарчэ чии нолльэлнутэй монур. - Fearing that they can be bad, they do not let that people [the Americans] go from house to house [literary -

do not let someone take anyone from house to house].

The generalized meaning of formations with the affix -чии- is close to the meaning of the transitive verbs ending with -йии, the meaning which can be translated as: "to enable anyone to being exposed to the action which is expressed in the original stem".

иэруу-сэм ("to hunt", causative "to make hunt" 103) Иэруусэнудаданэ, хуодиитэм, мэр иэруучэтчэн. -If forced to hunt, what can I do? I will go hunting.

йекуу-сэм ("to go far"; "to carry away", "to take away" 127) Тун тэт амунпэ нимэ пудилиэт йокуусэтханэн. - Carry these bones away from home.

йэрэг-уу-сэм ("to mix" 147) Сабурха нондаданэ нуолэк йэрэгууснунна. -They mix shredded tobacco leaf with the black mass out of the mouthpiece.

онд-уу-сэм ("to slightly dampen", causative "to make dampen" 338) Мэр ондуусаанунна таат силдальаальэлдьэрукунпэ андил киэйиэ. -They make dampen too wizened [ski climbers] before scraping.

мэдь-уо-сэм ("to be born", "to appear", causative "to give birth to" 274) Саамэй киндьэ ин мэдьуосэрэн, мэдьуодьэк. -With the advent of the Moon you were born.

нунни-ньиэ-сэм ("to dream", causative "to make dreaming" 294) Нэмэн ваавэч квдэнаапэк йуосиэнаануннумлэ - уорпэлэ нунниньиэсэнутэм. - What kind of person they are starting to show - children will be forced to see [it] in a dream.

мендь-иэ-сэм ("to hear", causative "to make hear" 262) Ававан, ваай нэмэноллэн эл мвндьиэсэт. - Let her sleep, she won't let hear

it again.

он-иэ-сэм ("to wear", causative "to make wear" 342) Хатэ хуодэ гурчир ониэсэм?! - What happened to him who let you wear [the boots]?! пар-иэ-сэм ("to keep in theliquid", causative "to force to keep immersed in the liquid" 370) Лаамэрава ньамучэсул-бундьэ чаватии халдаваньэй лавйэва париэсаанунна. - If they want to paint the pieces of dog skin, they force to keep them in the water with alder bark. пил-иэ-сэм ("to wipe", causative "to make smb wipe" 374) Тэт амаа тудэ ньаачэпилиэйэванэ мэтидьэ эл пилиэсиэнун. - Your father did not let me wipe with his own towel. пугулэр-иэ-сэм ("to make warm", "to heat", causative "to make smth warm, hot" 390) Консервалэ эл вктэсчии, маранмэ таат пугулэриэсэм. - He did not allow making a hole in the cans with food; he made them heat the food like this.

пэг-иэ-сэм ("to lead", causative "to bring", "to make follow" 407) Кинуоллэн эл пэгиэсэльэтаванэн, тэтидьиэ кэлутаванэн. -Come alone, don't bring anybody. туд-иэ-сэм ("to pull", causative "to make pull" 472) Хуодиир титэбандьэ иральадьэ лалимэ тэт эмдьиэнь тудиэсиэнунмэк? - Why do you make your younger brother pull such a heavy sledge?

хом-иэ-сэм ("to respect", "to feel ashamed", causative "to force to respect" 520) Эльин тудэ абучиэванэ эл хомиэ, тан мархильги хаалуур хомиэсэм. - First, he did not respect my wife's

mother, but her daughter forced to respect her thanks to the strong will of the latter. эв-иэ-сэм ("to believe", causative "to make believe" 579) Мэр эвиэсэм. - He gave the hope.

эвльи-киэ-сэм ("to negate", "to run out of smth" 580) Мит удилванэ ваай мэр эвльикиэсэна, мэннур, виэн лэвэйнбурэбэнинь кэпчир. - The number of our white cranes is reduced to zero, they were taken to other places. эгу-риэ-сэм ("to begin going", causative "to make go" 585) Тан тандьэлэ тэньи эл эгуриэсиэльэлну, маархуонь чавлааварун идьиэ эгуриэтэй. - That merchant was forbidden to go on this land, only in the north he will travel. эд-иэ-сэм ("to burn", causative "to make burn" 586) Тилэмэдэ саалэ эл эдиэсиэнунну, ньанмэлэнн эдиэнунул. - In this time of year they did not allow to burn wood, they burned basket willow.

The suffix -иэ- is the indicator of inchoative from the historical stems of the front row. сальиби-дьаа-сэм ("to hit the mark", causative "to make shoot at a target" 427) Тадаа искуолэ уорпэк сальибидьаасэтэмлэ. -There, the pupils will learn to shoot at goal [literary - will let them shoot at the target].

хан-дьаа-сэм ("to propose", causative "to make propose" 508) Тэт амаа мэннаадава льиэ, эл хандьаасэ. -When your father began to marry [to me], [my father] did not allow that [Chukchi guy] to propose.

The affix -дьаа/-дьиэ- is derived from two affixes —дьи- and -аа/иэ-. It can be defined as the indicator of inchoative form of multiple repetitions.

кечэ-гэй-сэм ("to rush from a place in a gallop", causative "to make appear rapidly" 165)

Танун киэйиэ, ин ньорил лавйэ квчэгэйсэрэн, игирэмулэн ониэнунул. - Before that, as soon as the water of puddles in the plains appear, we wear igiremul [spring fur boots].

пул-гэй-сэм (causative "to go out" 396) Малаа, -мони, -митлэмльэ, эльи тэтмархильмитньэн пулгэйсэк. - "Come on,- he says, - our boss, first let (allow) your daughter go with him".

The affix -гэй forms the stems of the completion of the action or process. It consists of two separate affixes -гэ- and -й. The affix -й renders the instant action and can be joined to the derivative stems ending with -гэ, - га, -рэ, -сэ, etc.

пил-ээй-сэм ("to wipe", causative "to let wipe" 374) Идьиэ эл пилээйсэт, энгэнэн, пугуотэй. -Now it [the lamp] will not allow wipe [itself], it is too hot.

вача-дай-сэм ("to gape", "to step over", causative "to make open", "to make step over" 69) Адун уо эл вачадайсэльэк адун хайль бурэн -ньододадильда улгэльэбуолаатэй. - If the child is not allowed to step over the stone - in the bed he begins to emit [urine].

лохо-дой-сэм ("to rise", "to come up", causative "to make come up", "to raise" 210) Йэрпэйэ ин лоходойсэрэнмэннидьиэнаана. - They began to propose early, as soon as the sun rose [literary -has come up, has got up from the horizon]. сильда-дай-сэм ("to dry", "to dry quickly and easily", causative "to make a little dry" 433) Тун тэльиэдальда силдадайсэллэк лэвтэмэк? -Letting it dry a little, would [you] eat this yukola [sun-cured Pacific salmon}? солда-дай-сэм ("to gather together", causative "to make gather together" 439) Тонаанаарэ, илэлэ мэ солдадайсаанунна. -Starting to overtake, they cause deer to come together. хальу-дай-сэм ("to dodge", causative "to make dodge/avoid" 505) Чалдьэлэк вэйр, мэ хальудайсэм. - Moving his hand, he forced [him] to avoid.

ходэл-вэй-сэм ("to bother", causative "to make bother" 517) Таатбандьэ чададьэл эл ходэйлвэйсэт, тидэн авйаадандэн мэ лавут монур чундэги мэр амуч. - Such work will not

bother, because the mood [of his] is good because of the thought of drinking in the evening.

The completion of the action and process at the time of the speech is indicated by affixes -дай (-дой) and -гэй.

поно-сэй-сэм ("to separate", causative "to force to separate" 382) «Тэн Тит мэдьуолуол-морав мааруолда тан Оконуор эньиэ тит хайчиэданэ поносэйсаальэлум» - моннуни хайчиэ Луохаа. -Luoha grandfather used to say: "Mother Okonuora your grandfather forced to separate, to your happiness [to be born]". уму-сэй-сэм ("to close", causative "to make close" 485) Тиэн квдэ тудэ пуолэкхэ мэр умусэйсэм. -That one man told to close the front of his canopy.

Ху-сай-сэм ("to jump", causative "to make jump" 526) Хусайсэрэн лахидэвчэдадан эйитэн. -Allowing the jump, he hit him on the tip of the tail.

Чэнгу-сэй-сэм ("to get smb fly", causative "to frighten the birds to fly" 576) -Хавдьаа чэнгусэйсэ, мони, вайи мэ йукуолни, чамумучиинудан. - Grandfather asked to scare, saying that they are still small, let them get older.

вада-тэй-сэм ("to send right", causative "to make direct" 59) Кинлэк вадатэйсэтэм, модьэн уттэрэлэк йавнэр йандуолни. - Who will I ask (force) to turn [deer], because being tired they all are asleep?

лэй-тэй-сэм ("to remind" 219) Тан хуруун ньамучэ анмэ тидэн тудэ апаналаатэгэ пуойэ лэйтэйсэмлэ. - That redness of the sky reminded him of his wife's cheek. тэлэ-тэй-сэм ("to turn inside out", causative "to make turn inside out" 479) Тиндаа уорпэ ноллэн тэлэтэйсэллэк аарэйнундьэли мит. -Before and making the children turn inside out [literary - making turn inside out], we stopped. хальда-тэй-сэм ("to lose, miss", causative "to make lose" 503) Тэт амаа мэннаадада льиэ,

мэт чии мэтханэ мэ халвудиильэна - сукинь халватэйсэна, монур эл мэньнуван. -When your father was going to take [me as a wife], my parents made me avoid [avoid meeting with him - and not to take me as a wife], pretended to have lost [me].

хани-тэй-сэм ("to hide", causative "to make hide" 510) Виэд-истада илэ энгэнэн эйукэгурчиидава, танудэн ханитэйсэм. - Too close came another deer herd, so he forced to hide here.

And so, in this section we considered the verbal stems that require -СЭМ indicator from all types.

1.4. The verbs with the "strong" stem ending with -СУМ

Below we will consider the verbs formed with the help of the indicator -сум which will be "strong stems" ("+"). The material supply is the same as for the model of the verb stems requiring -СЭМ.

1.4.1. The verbs formed from the nouns

with - СУМ indicator

йарха-сум (from the noun йарха - "ice", "to chop ice" 117) Tea pot йархастэлэк мэ

сэвльэнь [тан элдууньэй сааннимэва]. -Having put ice into the tea pot, he came in [the empty house].

йуора-сум (from the noun йуора - "game", "imperative "to make play" 138) Тан нимэва эньиэги эл йуораснун, сукунэ хуйаатэм монур. - And mother [his mother] doesn't allow him to play, while she is afraid that he will spoil the things and throw it all around. йоссо-сум (from the noun йоссо - "permafrost", "frost" 126) Мэ йоссостэм. - It will frost. муйбэ-сум (from the noun муйбэ- "nail", "to nail" 269) Тун саванэбул энгэнэн мудьэгэй, таатльэр муйбэсун тэньин. - This chair wobbles too much, therefore I nailed it here.

орпубэ-сум (from the noun орпубэ - a wooden plate-button put through the deer nedouzok (strap) to fix it at the head of the deer), "to put through the eyelet or the strap" 349) Тинэ орпубэсулнинь йуон. - Recently, putting the plate-button (орпубу), saw [I saw].

хайавэ-сум (from the noun хайавэ - "wound",

"to wound" 501) Мэтул эл хайавасчуон пуньк. -

Kill me without wounding.

пургэ-сум ( from the noun пургэ - "knot", "to

knot" 403) Мэ пургэсум."[He]made a tight

knot".

сэругэ-сум (from the noun сэругэ- "noise, crash", "to make a noise" 455) Пудэт чуондавва сэругэск. - Make a noise with a frying pan in the street [to frighten off the wolves]. ульэгэ-сум (from the noun ульэгэ - "grass", "to make a grassy insole" 485) Кэйпэпул ваай тэлэтэйрэлэк, смурэдэлэк чандэн, мит угурчэ ониэнунуй. Мэрульэгэснунуй, эл угурчэдуучуон ониэнунуй. -Men also wore shoes with the fur inwards. They made grassy insole [literary: underlaid with grass] and wore them without chizhy.

амудьэ-сум (from the noun амудьэ - "goods", "decoration", "to decorate" 42) Мит елкаванэ тун мархиль амудьэс. -This girl has decorated our fir tree.

индьэ-сум (from the noun индьэ - "tendon", "a thread made from dried tendons", "to sew" 96) Тинэ тун уо эл индьэс, тан идьиэ тун кичиэ эл индьэс-мори. - Recently this child has not let me sew and now these moscitos seem not to let me sew neither.

куодьэ-сум (from the noun куодьэ - "belt", " to tie" 171) Хуодиир идьиэтэн куодьэсиэмэк тэт суку?-Why have you started to tie together your things already?

муридьэ-сум (from the noun муридьэ -"needle" "a wooden needle made specifically for netting", "to provide with a needle" 272)

Хуодии танньэ муридьэндьэн: «О, молитэгэ,

мэр эдьитэмэк, мэ муридьэсмэк», -моннут?! - Why if one has needles, he would say: "Oh, what a delight! You've saved me providing with a needle?!" чуораскэ-сум (from the noun чуораскэ -"caldron", "saucepan", "to provide smb. with a caldron" 571) Тэн акаа чуораскэсуол, титэбандьэльэлэк чуораскэстэн, чалдьэ туултэрэн, почэсэйм. - It is my brother, who provided me with a saucepan. It was so nice of him to provide me with a saucepan, so my hands won't be empty".

аарэ-сум (from the noun аарэ - a diaper from skin with dried moss inside, "to put on a diaper"

21) Тэт уо, аарэск, ханьда. -It's cold! Put a diaper on your child!

адарэ-сум (from the noun адарэ - "breath", causative "to force to breathe" 27) Кострюля пурэн адарэсум, мондэн «танниги тэт тэнмэ йуодьэ уучиитэй». - He made me breathe over the saucepan, saying that quinsy will be over sooner. ходирэ-сум (from the noun ходирэ -"inner", "lower" (about clothes worn under outerclothes, "to double" 516) Титтэйлэдэн ат ходирэснунна - палааткалэ. -And [the newly weds] themselves doubled it: over rovduga of yaranga they would put a tent. йахтэ-сум (from the noun йахтэ - "song", causative "to sing" 120) Мэтханэ ваай мэ йахтэсум. -[He] made me sing as well. аримэ-сум (from the noun аримэ - "sole", "to sole" 52) Тиндаа модьэн «угурчэги киик, аримэсун». - [I] said long ago: "Give me his shoes, I will sole them".

унумэ-сум (from the noun унумэ - "ears", "to put ears to smth." 486) Монодаданэ мэр унумэсльэлум. -She sewed ears to his

malakhay.

чиэмэ-сум (from the noun чиэмэ - "blood", "to dirty with blood" 555) Мэйлигик, мирэ тэт сукун чиэмэсмэк. -Be careful, don't dirty your clothes with blood.

чугунмэ-сум (from the noun чугунмэ -"angle", "to make with an angle" 561) Адун дуоскэ эвчэги эл помосэсльэк, чугунмэск - мэ чугунмэсуолнуни. - Don't round the end of this board, make it with an angle, it is usually made with an angle".

эримэ-сум ("to snow" 605) Малаа, сирил эримэск, нимэ виэр мэ йуодачэли. - Snow the bottom of the tohrdokh, we've finished with paling. йоссо-сум (from the noun йоссо - "permafrost", "to frost" 126) Ивануовда йоллолэн чаахастэмлэ, танун лайаат йоссолэ виэтэмлэ... мэ йоссостэм. -On Ivanov's Day the moss gets frosted, after that frost will be done. will be frosted.

йоллэ-сум (from the noun йоллэ - moss, "to lay with moss" 123) Тэт уо ньидьэрпэй йоллэлэк йоллэск. - Put new moss into your child's diaper [provide with moss].

кейлэ-сум (from the noun кейлэ - "piece", "offcut", "to break" 158) Эл тэт мэт ньаачэ койлэс? - Was it you who broke my face? мохлэ-сум (from the noun мохлэ - "a piece of smth", "to make smth. Ball-shaped" 260) Пойуодьэ ульэгэк мохльэсльэлнумлэ тун уорпэ. - These children have put many ricks. нимэлэ-сум (from the noun нимэлэ - "letter", "inscription", "to write" 285) «Адун квдэ адаа эл саданиильэник - мондэн Сэмиэн нимэлэсльэлум. -"Don't let this man live in your house", this is what Semen wrote. чайлэ-сум (from the noun чайлэ - "light", "day", "to lighten" 540) Тун чугунмэ чайлэск, тэньи мэ нэмэ мэ сиэдай. - Lighten this corner, something is scraping there. солдольэ-сум (from the noun солдольэ -"gathering", "to gather smth. at one place" 440) Илэ маархалльэда солдольэснунуй, тади ваай «солнэй». -We gather a great number of deer at one place, this is also [called] солнэй. улгэльэ-сум (from the noun улгэльэ - "urine", causative "to make urinate" 484) Мала, тэт

уо улгэльэск. - Hey there, make your child urinate.

хаальэ-сум (from the noun хаальэ - "burnt place", "a place that appears after burning, carbonization of smth.", "to roast" 496) Чумудодьэ хаальэстэлэк лэвтэванэн. - After roasting the tendinous meat, eat [you].

The affix -льэ is a productive word-forming affix in the Yukagir language. But in these examples it is a stem, while in the Yukagir language there are no such words as солво, улгэ, хаа.

альаайэ-сум (from the noun альаайэ -"liver", "to wipe with liver" 36) Тэт савэ мэр альаайэсмэк? - Have you wiped your skin with liver?

йемгийэ-сум (from the noun йемгийэ - "fringe", "to fringe" 128) Мэ йвмгийэсум - йвмгийэлэн пандэмэн мончэлэн. "To fringe means to "fix the fringe".

йэркэйэ-сум (from the noun йэркэйэ -"tambourine", "to ask smb. to perform a shamanistic ritual" 146) Мэт хайчиэ мэ йамдьий. Чапиэн-пэлдудиэ йэркэйэсмэлэ. -My grandfather was ill. I asked the oldman Chapien to perform the shamanistic ritual.

кирийэ-сум (from the noun кирийэ - "name", "to name" 152) Тан монхэлэ ваай Идьилвэй кирийэлэк кирийэсльэлна. -That hill was also named after Idilvey.

лавйэ-сум (from the noun лавйэ - "water", "to pour water" 187) Мэт чаайньик лавйэстэлэк,

кудэриэнунун лачидэдуол Валь. - Having poured the water, I leave it [for the nighttime] near the hearth.

мирийэ-сум (from the nounмирийэ - "wife", "to make smb. marry smb." 243) Тун уогитэги тудэ льуова иэруучэ нолаай. Пэлдудиэ мэ мирийэсум. - This boy [his] has become a hunter instead of him. The oldman has made him marry.

момдийэ-сум (from the noun момдийэ - "lace", "tape", "tighten" 252) Угурчэ мэ момдийэсмэк? -Tighten your shoelace [tape]. вахчэ-сум (from the noun вахчэ - "verge", "a keen side", "to limit", "to keen" 69) Нэмэлэк вахчэстэмэк муридьэ? - How would you limit the needle?

йенчэ-сум (from the noun йенчэ - "ring", "bell", "to put a bell" 128) Тэт хундиэтэгэ йвнчэстэлэк пвчэсэйтаванэн. - Let your rideable go after putting a bell [on it's neck]. ейчэ-сум (from the noun ейчэ - "top", "apex", "end", "to sharpen" 353) Албэврэги мэр вйчэньи пайп толи, эл энгэнэн вйчэснунну. - The bottom end of the female staff is sharp, it is not additionally sharpened.

пугучэ-сум (from the noun пугучэ - "fur", " to put the underneck fur between the sutures" 391) Тэнмэн пугучэлэк пугучэстэн иириэйнунуй. "We sew putting the underneck fur [of the deer] between the sutures [literally: furring]. угурчэ-сум (from the noun угурчэ - "foot", "shoes", "to provide smb. with shoes" 483) Мала, абучиэ, мэтул угурчэск. - Grandma, come on, provide me with shoes.

чигирчэ-сум (from the nounчигирчэ - "limping", " to let wobble" (about a chair) 549). Самхараал ваай маархан угурчэги ньаарчитнэн авуолэр, чигирчидава, моннунни «эл чигирчэсльэк, амутнэн вгэтэк». - When the table is unsteady because one of the legs is installed incorrectly, it is used to say "put it right, don't let it wobble". эвчэ-сум (from the noun эвчэ - "apex", "to sharpen" 582) Э, мэр эвчэсум тудэ карандаасханэ. -Yes, [he] sharpened his pencil.

1.4.2. The verbs ending with -

СУМ formed from the verb stems

- Simple verb stems:

альаа-сум ("to melt", "to thaw (snow)" 35)

Ваавэчэпул сукунэ монни «мэр идьирэ

альаастэм». -The Russians note about this year that it will thaw [snow] quickly. мараа-сум ("to put on", "to dress" 237) Апаналаа монуолэк ньаавэй тамбакаалэкмараасна. -As the old woman told, they put on a new snow suit. айада-сум ("to pill off", "to strip off" 30) Лавл валь тан ондаатэрэлэ айа5аснульэлнудэда! -You would better strip off the muskrat instead of drinking [vodka]!

вачада-сум ("to open wide", "to open" 69) Хуодиир вачадасмэк, ат эл вачадасчиийэн. -Why do you let him open [his mouth] wide, I woudn't have done so.

йатада-сум ("to straighten" 119) Чальдьэлэк йатадасулданэ таат ульуойинуни. - When I straighten it with my hands, it tears. ладада-сум ("to lay out" 188) Ан таат лададаснурэн сукунэ сил5альэснунна, танниги амутнэн силдальэйтэй. - This is how you dry clothes laying it out, then they dry well. ланмуда-сум ("to wave in the wind" , "to swing" 198) Сатана, тидэн хадимэ мит вадуннимэ ланудэн ланмудаайнуй. Сирайкаан, мэт тудэл мэ ланмудасут. - Devil, that crow is flying to our summer yaranga. Damn it, I will show it how to swing!

либада-сум ("to tremble", "to swing", "to shake" 202) Тан квдиэ монода талдатэй. «Лэгулэн сэврэнумлэ, танньэ холльэ?» -мондэн кврэл монолэ либадаснунум. - The devil degan to move [waking up]. Little man hid in the malakhay. The devil shakes the malakhay saying "The food was brought, wasn't it?Where is it then?"

лиэда-сум ("to run around", causative "run around" 207) Амдур квчэгэсчэ квдэлэ моннунни: «Маранмэ лиэдасум». - They say about the man quickly riding [on the deer] that [he] "runs around".

лолда-сум ("to boil" 209) Тит Чаайньиктиэ лолдастэлэк кудэрэнитаданэк. - After boiling the kettle, put it [near the hearth].

льаруда-сум ("to bend elastically" 223) Ваарэчилэ льарудасмэлэ. -[He] bent elastically

a young riverside silver willow . мойада-сум ("to walk", causative, "to move" 246) Тиэн квдэ тудэ уоданэ амутнэн мойадасум. -This man made his son to work hard. нирада-сум ("to grin", multiple "to grin" 287) Йуодьэ нолльэлтэй, хуодиик - ньангуму хуодиир нирадастэм. May be it is a desease, he won't grin on purpose.

падуда-сум ("to tremble", "to snort" 361) Йоходилэ аналэ падудасмэлэ. The horse is snorting.

подьада-сум ("to gleam", "to make gleaming" 375) Йэрпэйэда титэ тудэ чо5ойэданэ подьадастэн кэлуунулльэнь, чиилэ икивиир. -He was coming with his knife gleaming in the sun to frighten people.

сабада-сум ("to show" 417) Тудэ сисхапэ сабадасмэлэ. - [He] shows his claws. савда-сум ("to beat" 420) Тудэ сисхадамунэк сэспэдан чаманэн савдасум. -He beat the door with his fingerbones.

сальда-сум ("to break" 426) «Элэнь, миринь тэт мааладур чалдьэ сальдасур, поньитэмэк». -Only whan you break both arms, you will let go. сисада-сум ("to chop" 437) Анаан лачил сисадастаданэн. - Chop a little more firewood.

силдада-сум ("to dry quickly" 433) Хадьир адунунданэ моннунни «силдадастэн сэврэм». -It is the case when they say "he brings it in after drying".

тунда-сум ("to take away" 466) Кин хайчиэтэгэ мэ ньийуони, мэ лайнаани, пайпэ ньадат тиндасур. - Two bears have met taking away a woman from each other.

чисчада-сум ("to splatter water" (when carrying it in a bucket) 552) Эбэу! Адун чаайньик чисчадастэн нэмуол кэчиинунмэк?Why do you carry this kettle splattering the water around?

чихава-сум ("to creak", "to make creak" 554) Самхараал угурчэ эл чихавасльэк. - Don't make the table legs creak. ханмива-сум ("to kill" 510) Йэвлугэ, аварэндьэрукунпэлэ таат йугулвэстэн ханмиваснунна. - Poor breathing men are killed tormenting..

The affix -ва (-во) denotes such processes or acts which are measured and monotonous and do not have any variations or changes. Herewith they are stems and therefore are included as nonderivative.

миара-сум ("to grind" (with a file), causative "to make grind" 239) Мэтул Эл эвиэр, Гошиэнь миарасум. - She didn't trust me and made Gosha grind with a file.

йуула-сум ("to get upset", "to make upset" 141) Тороходиэ мэтханэ мэ йуулласна. - Torokhodie [proper name] made me upset. чааха-сум ("to let freeze" 529) Мэт тэтул эл чаахастэйэн. -1 won't let you freeze. кэльгудэ-сум ("to pull deer with a halter", "to pull" 179) Тинэ тэт хуньэпэ кэльгудэсмэк модьэн, ураричир. - At that time he pulled his two-year-old deer bucks taming them. эндэ-сум ("to kindle", causative "to make kindle" 599) Эл эндэснунну саалэ. -They didn't allow to kindle the firewood.

мендьэ-сум (multiple from мендьэсэй- "to wake up" 262) Квдэ мвндьэставанэн эл мвндьэйл-будьэ квдэлэ ваай моннунни, «аавэги энгэнэн човуонь». - We say about a peson who cannot get up even when someone is waking him up, that he "has sound sleep".

ча5адьэ-сум ("to move", "to work" 536) Адуги эл ча5адьэсльэк, адуги мэ пугочань. - Don't move this one, it is light.

турхандьэ-сум (reflexive "to catch a cold" 477) Ан палааткэва турхандьэсмэк. - He caught a cold in the tent.

аавэ-сум ("to sleep", causative "to make sleep"

17) Мол арууги эл мвндьиэльэк, вэрвэлэк

аавэск. -Don't listen to him, he will make you go to sleep.

авальвэ-сум ("to make laugh" 25) Хаалич, хуодиир чиничэл ланудэн уон авальвэсаамэк?! Эл авальвэсльэк тандаальэ дьии мэ ньаньинунна. - For God's sake, why have you started to make the child laugh by night?! Don't allow him to laugh, old men considered it even sinful.

йугулвэ-сум ("to be tormented", "to suffer", "to make suffer" 129) Квдэ нолдэ хурууд-уо эл йугулвэсльэк, сэв-морирэ сэвк. - If you are a man, don't torment God's son, come in if you like.

ньаавэ-сум ("to be white", "to whitewash" 302)

Тун мэт нимэ ат ньаавэсмэн, эл ууттэй-морийэн. - I need to whitewash my room, but I can't manage it.

киэйэ-сум (causative "to make anticipate" 156)

Тан хандьаачэ кэлуйуол-моравванэ тэт амаа мэ киэйэсум. -Your father wishing to anticipate the arrival of that [other bridegroom] sent matchmakers.

норово-сум ("to creak", "to crunch" 290) Пукульуулэ мэ норовосум. - He crunches the cartilage.

литэгэ-сум ("to stare" 206) Мол тэт йуодии эл литэгэсльэк, эл иниэнаатэйэн. - Don't stare at me, I won't get frightened anyways. льитэгэ-сум ("to hit" 226) Экыэ Аннап анмолвинь эл льитэгэснунну уолэ. - In the elder sister Anna's family they don't hit children at all.

мудьэгэ-сум ("to shake", "to wobble" 269) Мэ мудьэгэсум влдьэлэ, истуоллэ. - The shuttle is shaking, the table is wobbling. муйигэ-сум ("to bite" 269) Мэ муйигэсум. "He is biting a piece".

пэдугэ-сум (causative "to say" 408) Нэмэноллэн пэдугэск. - Make him say something. пулгэ-сум ("to get out", "to go out", "to take out" 396) «Тит лахульпэ мэ пулгэсут, титул

мэ лэгут! - Мони. -"I will take out your lungs and eat you! - he херу Devil] said. тибэгэ-сум ("to make dull sounds", " to click" 461) Пойуойнэ таат паайдудада, моннутэй «мэ тибэгэсум». - If they strike many times, they would say "they make many dull sounds with striking".

ньаньбэ-сум ("to feel bad" (from the excessive amount of fat food eating), causative "to make eat a lot of fat food and sweets" 309) Нумунэ модьэн, мирэ пвлчэнмэ муоха лвгитэр ньанбэсмэк тэт уорпэ. - I've told you if you make them eat chir [fat food] they will feel bad [because of eating fat food].

амду-сум ("to hurry", "to hurry somebody" 41) Мол эл амдусльэк, илэ вайи коральда эл сав. -Don't hurry the deer, the animals have not got into the yard yet.

пунду-сум ("to tell" 397) Эл пундуснулльэк

кинуоллэн, таат ураатэй. - Don't let him copy anyone, it will become a habbit.

G. Kurilov considers the affix -ду delivering the meaning of a repeated act. But in the modern Yukagir language we consider it as a stem. эйкири-сум ("to swim across", causative "to make swim across" 590) Йоходилэлэк мэр эйкирисун. - He swam across on his horse [literally: he made it swim across]. альдурэ-сум (causative to "make a noise" 37) Амутнэн иитнэн альдурэсна титтэ уорпэданэ. - Oh, how late it is to allow your children to make a noise [to play around]. иэрэ-сум ("to pasture", causative "to make pasture" 103) Квлтэл чиничэлда виэн квдэ алдан иэрэстэй. - We will ask another man to pasture this coming night. кивэрэ- сум ("to plane", causative "to make plane" 149) Мэтинь эл кивэрэс... -He has not allowed me to plane.

кунгэрэ-сум ("to pluck out", causative "to make pluck out" 170) Ульэгэлэ анмин мэ кунгэрэсум. -Nevertheless [he] made her pluck out the grass.

пиирэ-сум ("not ot get", "not to achieve", causative "to make wild deer go around not letting them out of the encirclement" 373) Пиирэсмуол... Тун йалдилда талавлэ сэврэллэк, туниэрэлэк (пиирэстэлэк) пуннунльэлна. - Пиирэсмуол... After driving the wild deer to the lake, they didn't let them get away (made them go around [literally: rush around]) and killed them. сугурэ-сум (causative "to make stick" 445) Чумурги анмэльэй ньамучэндьэ чуулэн. Эньиэги тадаа киэчэн кудэриик сугурэсмэлэ. -The back [of the glutton] is sheer red meat. Mother made the rovduga stick there. чугирэ - сум ("to whistle", "to din", "to lash" 561) Ньиниэдигийэлэк амутнэ чугирэсум тудэ адуоданэ. - He lashed his son well with the belt. уттэгэврэ - сум ("to rest", causative "to make rest" 489) Хайчиэпул, митул эдьитэник, уттэгэврэсник. - Grandfathers, help us, give some opportunity to rest.

эврэ-сум ("to walk", "to go", causative "to force to walk" 581) Амаа эврэснун... - The father drove accompanying him. иисэ-сум ("to suckle", causative "to make suckle" 90) «Эл иисэсльэк, эл иисэсльэк!» -мондэн оориньаануни. - "Don't let suckle, don't let suckle", - [she] said crying. лайсэ-сум ("to bark", causative "to make bark" 195) Тиэн апаналаа йохоннимэ тудуруу льэр эл моринулльэлут, таатльэр сукинь лайсэснунум. - That old woman, who sits in the wooden house, does not hear and may be that is why she does not allow [her dogs] to bark. савасэ-сум ("to chare", "to divide", causative "to make divide" 419) Таат модьэн тиэн квдэ тудэ иэруулданэ эл савасэстэда. - ... [I] said so, when that man had not allowed to divide his prey.

сахсэ-сум ("to pour out" 431) Этуо, мэ ходольэсльэлум тудэ биэдэрэн лавйэданэ, ах сахсэсур. - Oh, you made you buckle almost empty by pouring the water out.

пиисэ-сум (causative "to make wrap" 373) Хадьир тидэн тудэ тивавайрукунванэ уудэк мэтинь пиисэснунум, маарльэлэк-нэмэлэк. -She was constantly making me wrap this twinkling thing [a doll] into gauze... пупсэ-сум ("to teach a good lesson" 401) Хадьир титул мэ пупсэсут. -1 will teach you a good lessson.

антэ-сум ("to touch" 47) Эгуойи илэва эврэрэ, исэ, мэ нэмэн дьиивэ мэ йуотэмк. Тави эл антэсльэнитаванэк. - Tomorrow, when you are with the flock, you may see something unusual. Don't touch it.

вэлтэ-сум ("to hang", causative "to make hang" 76) Элэнь, тэт эмдьэ тадаа эл вэлтэсут,

мэтуолльэлк эл вэлтэсчиитэйэн. - No, your sister won't allow to hang it there, and I won't let neither.

кеткэ-сум ("not to be sure" 164) Мэт тэн квдэ дитэ балльэлдьэ тидаа ат мараасун. Ах квткэсур эл мараасчэн. - If I was a normal [not ill] man, I woud have dressed the child long time ago. I didn't dress the child, because I was not sure that I could make it.

елкэ-сум ("to run", causative "to make run" 355)

Кинэк чугуолэл, эну чичиркинь влкэснунна, монур йанрэн эл хуудэйван. - The fast one was made running along the river not to let the geese come up to the river bank. кэрильэ-сум ("to cut", "to break up" 181) Ньаавэл -пэлдудиэ апаналааги чуулэ кэрилэстэлэк, йуодурубулва тадинунум тан пэлдудиэтэгинь. - The oldman Nyaval's wife gave the meat to that oldman having cut it. лавальэ-сум ("to skin" 190) Човойэлэк квниэм хонморавдаванэ, мэ лавальэсум. - He skinned kamas with a knife.

кэриэ-сум ("to take off", "to undress" 182)

Апаналаа чуораскэлэ мэ кэриэсум, саан саввак кудэрэмлэ, лэгунмэндьэк мэньмэлэ. - The old woman took off the cauldron, put a wooden plate and took a hook for taking out the meat.

ньимиэ-сум ("to put out the fire" 316) Эльи лачилэ эл йуован, лачил ньимиэск. -Don't let him see the fire yet, put it out.

We should also refer here the case with a complicated verbal stem (with a difficultly isolated word-forming affix) пан-аа-сум ("to brew (about tea)", "to make tea" 365).

1.4.3. The verbs formed from

complex stems (with a well determined

indicator), which require -СУМ

пал-аа-сум ("to come off", "to get untied" (if speaking about a tie), " to take off", "to pull off" 363) Тудэл мэ моойм тудэ лаамэдуованэ, игийэдаванэ йуодаван палаастэлэк, мэ квчидьиснум. - She held her dog, which was nervous, having taken off the collar over the [its] head.

понь-аа-сум ("to stay", "to leave" 383) Мэт йуодьуолнол ат поньаасун. -Leave it to remember you by.

тэтчиэ-нол-аа-сум ("to become rich", "to make rich" 482) Квдэд-эврэл титханэ мэ тэтчиэнолаасэтэм. - Guest in your house [visits of people] makes you rich [therefore, always be hapy when people come to your house].

хан-аа-сум ("to migrate", "to move to a new place" 507) Нимэпэдаванэ мэ ханаасум. - All the people from their house moved [to a new place].

чав-аа-сум («"to cross the river", "to let swim across the river" 535) Тэньитэ Апанаачи амаа чаваасут, энулэ. - From here on the father of Afoniya will help [them] to cross the river. порча-ва-сум ("to splash", "to spill around" 384) Эбэу, адун чааньик порчавастэн нэмуол кэчиинумэк? - Why do you carry this teapot spilling the water around? хам-да-сум ("to hack for smb", causative "to make hack for smb" 505) Курилэу-пэлдудиэ Сэвиэт-пэлдудиэванэ ваай хамдасум маархан

хандьэда. -The oldman Saviete made the oldman Kurileu to hack for him during one year. хонда-да-сум ("to bend" 521) «Тэт папаайуол мврэйк! Эл амуч тэт папаайуол?» - мондэн нододадильгининь хондадаснунуй. - "Here, smell your urine! How does it smell?"- we say bending him to the bed.

The derivative stems with the affix -дьии-are close in meqning with a transitive verbs ending with -йии.

пан-ди-счэ-сум ("to put smth", "to provide with prey (for one dinner)" 366) Насиилэй пандисчэстэм - альдаги таат алдамлань тан йалдил. - We get hardly provided with food [for one dinner]: there is almost no fish in the lake".

кечи-дьи-сум ("to struggle", "to rush about", causative "to make break away", "to make rush about" 166) Кочидьистэн мит ньаачинь нирадастэн кэлуй. -He drove to us a horse rushing from one side to another and rising on its hind legs.

ньиэ-дьи-сум ("to speak", causative "to make speak" 325) Эйк хуодэбандьэ квдэ ноллэн ньиэдьистэм. - He will make anybody speak.

сар-уо-дьи-сум ("to come in a harnessed narta around the house of a bridegroom and his parents three time (about a bride with her head covered)", " to let go around the house of a bridegroom" 429)

Танут хадьир моннуннумлэ «саруодьисна». -We say about this: "they let go around the house of the bridegroom".

тэну-бун-дьи-сум ("to starve", causative "to make starve" 481) Танниги уорпэлэ амутнэн тэнибундьисна. - In those times the children were starving.

хуу-дьи-сум ("to climb", causative "to make go up" 527) Аннадиэнь модьэн: «Ичуотаданэк, уорпэ эл хуудьисльэтаданэн аньибэда» - [I] told Anna: "Be careful, don't let the children to climb the child's narta".

эгуу-дьи-сум ("to look for", to look at smth", causative "to make look for smth" 585) Тэт уо эл эгуудьиснулльэлк, идиэнунк. - Don't let

look for putting the head out, forbid [literally: to lecture somebody].

йуо-дьэ-сум ("to wound" 136) Йуодэстэ,

эгуойиэ эгуорэлэк, лаамэндэн уунундьэли. - If they wound, then tomorrow morning they will go with a dog.

лодо-дьэ-сум ("to wash oneself", causative "to make wash oneself" 207) Танниги баанньикха чиилэ лододьэснумэн. - In those times I worked in sauna [literally: I made people wash themselves].

мер-дьэ-сум ("to inform", "to let know", causative "to make know", "to make inform" 264) Кэлуйуол-моравдаданэ мэ мордьэсна. -They let us know about his arrival. пун-дьэ-сум ("to let get cooked" 399) Пундэстэн лэвтэмэк [албэврэги пуниэдада лэвнурэн]. -You will eat as the food is cooked [i.e. eating the part, which is ready].

The affix -вэ participates in the formation of verbs with the meaning of "somebody or something being in the process of transition from one state into another".

пан-дэ-сум ("to set", causative "to make set" 366) Илийэ мэ хаалич, эл пандэсмори, саабандьэлэ. - The wind is horrible, it won't let us set the nets.

перин-дэ-сум ("to kick", causative "to make kick" 389) Тэт кэдэл уонинь эл пориндэсльэк, чуольэ чии мэ ньаньдиинунна. - Don't let your child get kicked, old people considered it sinful. чулда-дэ-сум ("to crush ice", causative "to make crush ice" 564) Авйаа амаа мэтэк чулдадэсмэлэ. - Yesterday my father let me crush ice.

пемо-гэ-сум ("to walk around smth", "to go around" 379) Имдалдьэсчэ хайль помогэстэлэк эл мэнчуон Мони: «Мэт вэрвэ мэ танньэл». -Having walked around the fifth stone he even

didn't take it and said "This is all the power I have".

пэн-гэ-сум ("to return" 410) Монтинэн кудэриэнаарэлэк эл пэнгэсльэк. - If you've started to put [the shotglass] on the table, don't return it.

сава-нэ-сум ("to seat" 423) Тигираа саванэстэлэк лвгитэк. - Seat [the child] there and feed.

пай-ду-сум ("to beat", causative "to force to beat" 363) Средньэйва ураанулэха маархадьэн йэркэйэлэ пайдуснудава мэ пайдунаай льэй маранмэ. - We simply started to beat [the tambourine], when durin our studies in the town Srednekolymsk we were forced to beat the tambourine.

тану-ду-сум ("to go", "to chase", causative "to force to chase" 460) Таат, хабунчайлэван танудуснунум. - Thus he forced [him] to chase

fro several days.

вати-льэ-сум ("to lay out", "to spread out"

68) Савадэньуо вэдэгэрэйрэн силвальэсур моннутэй «мэ ватильэсун». - When the skin is dried being straighten, they say: [I] have spread it out.

ланда-льэ-сум ("to tousle" 198) Идьиэ монойдьилпэ титтэ монильэванэ ланвальэснунна. - Now women tousle their hair [i.e make their hair curly]. лети-льэ-сум ("to make oneself dirty" 213) Исэ ньангуму лвтильэсльэлтэм, нэмэлэн эвльэтэл. - May be he made himself dirty on purpose; things happen.

саба-льэ-сум ("to stop doing" 417) Хадьир илэн-буньил ноллэн сабальэсна. - [They] have even stopped killing deer.

саби-льэ-сум ("to stretch on the ground" 418) Хуодии сабильэсмэк? - What for have you stretched [the skin]?

силва-льэ-сум ("to dry" 434) Савалэ эл йатавасчуон, чиэмэгин оллэн эл виэчуон силвальэсльэлум. - She was drying skins

not having straightened them, not even having cleaned the blood.

солво-льэ-сум ("to gather many things at one place" 440) Илэ маархалльэва солвольэснунуй, тави ваай «солнэй». - We also gather a lot of deer together at one place,

it is [called] solney.

солхо-льэ-сум ("to build up" 441) Тидэн самнай савалэ солхольэсум, монур пурэн банван. -[Edilvey] has built up [under himself without drawing attention] the skin spead out in front of him to make it a lit bit higher. сохо-льэ-сум ("to lasso" 443) Маачэ сохольэск. - Make a lasso [before catching the deer]: Мэ сохольэсум. - He made a lasso. паду-льэ-сум ("to loosen", "to make loosen" 362) Оу, модьэн энгэнэн падульаальэнь, тэт нондавйэ игийэ! Ньангуму титэ падульэсмэк? - Your bow string has loosened so much! Have you done it on purpose? помди-льэ-сум ("to grease" 377) Тудэ пуойэванэ мэ нэмэлэк помдильэсльэлум, моннуни. - They say he has greased his cheek with something. помо-льэ-сум ("to adz" 379) Саан халдававанэ поводэ дитэ помольэсльэлум. - He adzed the bark as a copeck.

помпи-льэ-сум ("to make too short" 381) Тун

уон мавилванэ энгэнэн помпильэсльэлум. -She made it too short, [she] made this child's dress short.

поти-льэ-сум ("to fill in" 385) Чааньик энгэнэн эл потильэсльэк. - Don't fill the kettle with too much water.

пункэ-льэ-сум ("to put in a form of a heap" 398) Эдьилэй савалэ тудэ ал пункэльэстэлэк саванаальэнь, самхараал бурэн чэндэйлнинь. -Edilvey having put the skin under him in form of a heap wanted to jump [literally: to fly] over the table.

пэтэ-льэ-сум ("to sew on with large stitches" 413) Мэт эньиэ маархуонь квйлуупэлэ, мит сукунпиэ иириэнунмэлэ, пэтэльэснунмэлэ. -

My mother sewed only torn places; she sewed them on with large stitches. тилба-льэ-сум ("to flatten out", "to make flat" 464) Мэ тилбальэсум. - [He] flattened it out. тэнму-льэ-сум (causative "to starve" 480) Илэлэ, лаамэлэ мэ тэнмульэсум, эл лвгитэр. - [He] made the deer and the dogs starve by not giving them food.

тэпи-льэ-сум ("to make dirty" 481) Тудэ йолданэ мэ нэиэлэн тэпильэсльэлум. - [He] made his nose dirty with something. хаба-льэ-сум ("to bare", "to have hair shaved off" 496) Амутнэн хабальэсльэлна, иньуори виэн гвдэ дитэ куричиильэнь. - He has his hair shaved off, now he looks like a completely different person.

харпи-льэ-сум ("to ruin", "to break" 512) Нимэги харпильэсльэлмэлэ тидэн квдэнинь ньаарчуул кэрэвэн личиэ. - A bad bull attacking people has ruined his house. ходи-льэ-сум ("to dig a pit" 515) Эримэлэ анаан ходильэсльэлум. -It's so great that he has dug a pit in the snow.

ходо-льэ-сум ("to make not full", "to reduce" 515) Эттуо, мэ ходольэсльэлум тудэ биэдэрэн лавйэданэ, ах сахсэсур. - Oh, you have made your bucket not full by splashing the water out. чари-льэ-сум ("to make notches" 548) Ньавньиклиэрава пайдулнинь ваай сальдарии дитэльуо саалэ чарильэснунна. - [For this purpose], after shaking off the polar fox skin, they make notches on the stick, which look like teeth.

чунгэ-льэ-сум ("to pull trousers down" 566) Адун тэт уо ньангуму чунгэльэсмэк ? -Have you pulled the trousers of your child on purpose?

With the help of the affix -ньэ the verbs with the meaning "to own smb/smth" expressed by the nominal stem.

ан-ньэ-сум ("to speak", causative "to make speak" 46) Мэтул эл анньэсльэк, йононьаарэ

тэт амаань адундьаатэйэн. - Don't make me speak, if I get angry I will complain about it to your father.

оори-ньэ-сум ("to cry", causative "to make cry" 346) Кврэл монтэй: «Хуодиир оориньэснумэк?» - Tha Devil said: "Why do you make cry?"

ер-ньэ-сум ("to shout", causative "to make shout" 358) Эл орньэсльэк, иимулгэ! - Don't make him shout, it is so tiresome! тудэ-ньэ-сум ("to be loaded on nartas for transportation", "to put on the narta for transportation" 474) Куодьэстэлэк, тудэньэстэн, мэ ханаани, Кулума ланудэн. -They tied [Edilvey's] hands and legs and having put him on the narta, they directed to Kolyma. уо-ньэ-сум ("to have a child", causative "to make calve" 490) Малаа, йоходилэ йоньэск. -Ok, make the horse calve. элэн-ньэ-му-сум ("to be lazy", "to make lazy" 596) Титэ уорпэданэ нэмэданэн эл чададьэсур, таат элэнньэмуснунна. - It happens so, that they make their children lazy by not making them work somewhere.

пан-иэ-сум ("to hold nets", causative "to net" 367) Квнмиэ дьии, квдэ ноллэн паниэстэн льиэнунни тан Черскайда. - In tha [village] Chersky some people live by giving others to set their nets.

пэл-иэ-сум ("to catch up", causative "to allow to catch up" 409) Кинидьэн эл пэлиэсэ. - He does not allow anybody to catch him up [in

running].

йуе-сэ-сум ("to see", causative "to force to show" 134) Бууттэ уорпэнинь эл йуосэснут тан киинэлэ. - It seems like kids are not allowed to see that movie.

пил-иэ-сэ-сум ("to towel", causative "to make towel" 374) Тэт амаа тудэ ньаачэпилиэйэлэк мэтинь эл пилиэсэснун, йуодииги йуодьэндада. - Your father didn't allow me to use his towel while his eyes hurt.

помэ-сэ-сум ("to roll" 380) Хуодэн чадаатуок, ваайлги хайльэн помосэсмэлэ! -How will we cross [the river], the current rolls the stones.

эд-иэ-сэ-сум ("to burn", causative "to make burn" 586) Йандэн йуоданэ... лачилда эл эдиэсэсчиинунну. Хуодэн эдиэсэснутэм, мит лэвэйнбурэбэ чуулги?! - They didn't allow us . (didn't let us) to burn the geese's heads. How would they allow to burn when it is the body of our earth?!

анда-рэ-сум ("to scrape" , causative "to force to do scraping" 45) Мэтуолльэлдьэ анминь мэр ат андарэсун тан тит мархиль. - If I were you I would have forced that giral of yours to do scraping.

аньмэ-рэ-сум ("to bestraddle", causative "to force to bestraddle" 49) Адун тэт ураридьилпэ эльи кинидьэн эл аньмэрэснулльэлк. - Don't let anybody bestrabble these just tamed riding horses.

ворпэ-ри-сум («сторожить», «караулить», побуд. «заставить сторожить» 73) Ньумудьэл энмун (кин вадуд-уок льэл) танпэк ворпэриснунннумлэ. - В каждую стоянку заставляли сторожить тех [двух парней юкагиров].

йуо-ра-сум («играть», побуд. «заставить играть» 138) Тан нимэда эньиэги эл йуораснун, сукунэ хуйаатэм монур. -А дома мать [его] не дает играть, оапсаясь, что вещи истопчет, разбросает.

лайа-рэ-сум ("to guard", causative "to make guard" 192) Мэт эмдьэ пуньдэ, мэтул ваай пуньтэданэк. Мэтул лайарэсулданэ, мэтэйлэдэн эл энтэйэн. -If you kill my sister, kill me too. If you let me live, I won't live. лодо-рэ-сум ("to wash", "to launder", causative "to make wash, "to make launder" 208) Тануллэк лодорэснунна идьиэнэн, квчэйк кинуолдан. They make one wash with it even now, anyone would хин nationality].

нинда-ра-сум ("to growl", causative "to make growl" 286) Эл ниндарэсльэк, таат ниндарэр мэр ураатэй, лаамэдуо. - Don't allow to growl: the puppy will learn to growl this way. оо-рэ-сум ("to indicate", causative "to force to indicate" 347) Эльин титтэ йавулданэ оорэсчуон кэвийиэни. - At first we dicided to go without any indication [literally: not having received any indication] about our way. пу-кирэ-сум ("to help out" 394) Пупсэдан, пукирэснудан таат туридьиэ. -Let him suffer, let him help out [komiars] all by himself. сэв-рэ-сум ("to bring in", causative "to make bring in" 453) Мотинэн пулгэсуодьэ сукун хуодэ сэврэстэм. - How will I make them bring in back the things they have brought out? тонно-рэ-сум ("to go", causative "to force to go" 470) Мэтэйлэк поньаасчиильэлут хуодиик. Танньэлэ тонорэсмэн. - It seems like she made him left it herself. She forced to go for that [thing].

холли-йуо-ри-сум ("to envy", causative "to make envy" 519) Нэмуол холлийуорисмэк? -Why do you make me envy? чэнгу-ру-сэм ("to fly", causative "to make fly" 577) Тиэнуорпэ йорондаапэлэ уудэк понориина, чэнгурусна. - Children frighten the snipes all the time making them fly away. эв-дьии-рэ-сум ("to understand, to get to know that somebody is going to die soon", causative "to let know that someone will die" 579) Даша Черскайинь кэвийиэда5а вчиэдиэ тудэ кэдэлэданэ Дашиэнь мэр эвдиирэсум. - When Dasha dicided to go to [the village] Chersky, her uncle let her know that he will die soon.

Derivative stems with the affix -тэ exspress the meaning of completeness of an action or a process leading to some physical, psychological, spatial or other changes of an object of the action (in a wide meaning).

аат-тэ-сум ("to stop" 21) Митханэ, кэвэйтэй чииданэ, мэ хуодиир йавнуо ааттэсна. - Al of

us who wanted to leave were stopped for some reason.

ави-тэ-сум ("to hide", causative "to make hise" 28) Ханьинэгэ, ах пэлдудиэги ванчидава авитэсльэлтэм. - Of course she made me hide

it, may be because her husband constantly asked her to do so.

вальи-тэ-сум ("to pay", causative "to make pay" 65) Хандьэлэ мит лачил5анэ тудинь мэ вальитэсна. - They made him pay for the wood for winter.

нада-тэ-сум ("to fall", causative "to make fall" 280) Пвриндэр мэ наватэсум. -He made him fall by kicking.

егэ-тэ-сум ("to put", causative "to make put" 352) Тэн чуольэ авуолуодава вгэтэсльэлнудава мэтэйлэдэн мэт нимэ ат виэн. -1 would have put [yaranga] myself, if they let me put it in the old place.

пахуль-тэ-сум ("to fasten buttons", causative "to make fasten buttons" 371) Ичуок, сатана, ваай тудэ мавилванэ эл пахультэсчуон пукирэч! -Look, devil, [he] went out again not having fastened the buttons on the coat. пэт-тэ-сум ("to ride", "to trot" 412) Пэттэсу-ум! - He is riding trotting [his horse]! эйи-тэ-сум ("to get", causative "to make smb get somewhere" 588) Таатльэр эл эйитэсльэл. -Then [he] didn't allow to elect her [i.e. he didn't allow her to get into delegates]. йуку-му-сум ("to decrease" 130) Тадаатэ льиэ, хадьираа, йукумусхан тудэ лавйванэ. - And then enough, let him decrease [make rare] the use of the herbs.

лайа-му-сум ("to leave", "to do so that something is left" 192) Мэт ваай титинь мэ лайамусут. -I will also do something, so they leave for you [some broad whitefish in the cellar]. лугу-му-сум ("to get older", "to look older" 214) Квнмэ гвдэванэ варайнэн ньаавэмулльэлдьэ монильэги лугумуснунул. - Some people look older due to early white hair.

пугоча-му-сум ("to become lighter", "to make lighter" 389) Йугуллавандьэ ньунурдонойги мэ пугочамус-моримэк. - You will have to make

the right bag lighter [about the bags hanging over the saddle]

пукульу-му-сум ("to be fusible", "to make fusible" 395) Чуолэ пукульумусулнинь лачилва моойнунна. - Iron should be held in the fire to make itfusible. пойу-му-сум ("to increase" 376) Виэн чии илэ мэннур таат пойумусум-дави. -Having collected the deer from other herds [here: people] he may be increased [the smount of his herd].

чэв-ну-сум ("to sneeze", causative "to make sneeze" 574) Пэрэн! Эл чэвнусльэк уон? - Get away! Don't make the child sneeze! чаврэ-му-сум ("to be narrow", "to make narrow" 532) Тудэ туурии албэврэванэ энгэнэн чаврэмульэлум. - You made the bottom of your trousers too narrow, too tight. чаму-му-сум ("to grow up", "ti bring up a child" 544) Тануолэ ваай тудэ кэдэлва чамумусхан. -And let her bring up the child at her place. чэкчэ-му-сум ("to become skilful", "to make skilfully, neatly" 575) Арууги чакчэндьэ гвдэ маархад-аруу таат чэкчэмуснунмэлэ. - A person with figurative language so skillfully uses one word by changing it.

чуорху-му-сум ("to become hard", "to make hard" 572) Тэн мэт човойэ чуо мэ муньуонь, чуорхумуск. - The iron of my отшау is too mild, make it hard.

The indicator of the repeated type (or way) of an action is the affix -йи-, which means that the action indicated by the verb has been repeated several times.

савуо-йи-сум ("to get lost", causative "to make lose one's way" 424) Амутнэн митул савуойисмэк, тун нимэлэ эл курильиийэ чии, нэмэ чунур митэйлэк нуутуок! - You made us lose our way [in the city], how would we find [your house] if we don't know how to read!

ик-чи-сум ("to leash", causative "to make leash"

92) Пуньуотэй илэ мэр эйуокэгурчиильэнь, лаамэпэлэ таатльэр икчиска. - The deer for slaughter have come close [to the village], so they made them leash the dogs.

1.5. Conclusions for the analysis of distribution of the indicators -СЭМ and -СУМ

The examples are given above in sections 1.3.1. The verbs formed from the nouns with -СЭМ indicator and 1.4.1. The verbs formed from the nouns with -СУМ indicator. In section 1.4.1. one can easily note a lot of examples with the suffix -СУМ if compared to the examples with the suffix -СЭМ. Apparently, it is connected with the fact that a part of the verbs requiring -СЭМ has been transferred into the verbs with -СУМ.

In the cases with verb stems there are two classes of producing stems characterized by different end vowels.

the short vowels -а, -е. The stems ending with -СЭМ have mainly long vowels, among short vowel stems for -СЭМ there is only - и.

Analysis of examples shows that the indicator -сэм gets the position after the productive suffixes with long vowels at the end: -ии-/-иэ- (the indicator of a starting action); -уо- (the indicator of the passive voice); -аа (the indicator of a starting action).

Simple verb stems with the short vowels -а-, -э- have the indicator -СУМ. Complex verb stems with these vowels require -СУМ.

Simple verb stems with the short vowel -и-require -СЭМ (like it is ий-сэм, but complex verb stems ending with -и- regularly have -СУМ.

Complex verb stems ending with the short vowels -о-, -у- regularly have -СУМ, among simple verb stems ending with -о-, -у- both -СЭМ and -СУМ have been determined.

Simple verb stems ending with long vowels normally have -СЭМ, but we met two exceptions with -СУМ.

Vowels -СЭМ -СУМ

Simple verbs Complex verbs Simple verbs Complex verbs

a - - + +

э 2 times - + +

и + ! - - +

o 2 times - 1 time +

y 1 time - 2 times +

e - - - -

aa + + 2 times -

иэ + + 2 times 3 times

ии + + - 1 time

y° + - - -

ye 1 time - - 1 time

yy 2 times + - 1 time

The given examples show that the stems with Complex verb stems with long vowels have,

the consonant -й- always get - сэм, and no -сум as a rule, the indicator -СЭМ, cases with the has been noted. There are no stems -СЭМ with indicator -СУМ were recorded only 3 times.

References

1. Kreinovich E.A. Yukagirskiiyazyk [The Yukagir Language]. M.-L., 1958.

2. Kreinovich E.A. Issledovaniya i materiallypo yukagirskomu yazuky [Research and Materials on the Yukagir Language]. L., 1982.

3. Kurilov G.N. Yukagirsko-russkii slovar' [The Yukagir-Russian Dictionary]. Yakutsk, 1991.

4. Nikolaeva I.A., Khelimsky E.A. Yukagirskii yazyk//Yazyki mira:Paleoaziatskie yazyki [The Yukagir Language // World Languages: Paleo-Siberian Languages], Moscow, 1997, pp. 155-168.

5. Spiridonov V. Russko-yukagirskii slovar' [Russian-Yukagir Dictionary]. Zyryanka, 1997.

6. Nikolaeva I.A., Shalugin V.G. Slovar'yukagirsko-russkii i russko-yukagirskii (Verkhnekolymskii dialect) [Yukagir-Russian and Russian-Yukagir Dictionary (Upper-Kolyma Dialect)]. Educational Materials for the Primary Schoolchildren - 2nd edition, updated. Saint-Petersburg: Drofa Publishing House, 2002. 224 p.

7. Atlasova E.S. Slovar' yukagirsko-russkii i russko-yukagirskii (Tundrennyi dialect) [Yukagir-Russian and Russian-Yukagir Dictionary (Tundra Dialect)]. Educational Materials for the Pupils of the 5-9 years of Study of the Secondary School - Saint-Petersburg: the branch of "Prosveshchenie" Publishing House, 2007. 143 p.

Классы глаголов в юкагирском языке

Э.С. Атласова

Северо-Восточный федеральный университет

им. М.К. Аммосова Россия 677000, Якутск, ул. Белинского, 58

Статья посвящена подробному описанию классов глаголов в юкагирском языке. Классы глаголов разделяются по лингвистическим характеристикам. Рассматриваются характеристики глаголов юкагирского языка в зависимости от глагольной основы.

Ключевые слова: юкагирский язык, глагольные основы, коренные малочисленные народы Севера.

Работа выполнена в рамках исследований, финансируемых Красноярским краевым фондом поддержки научной и научно-технической деятельности; тематического плана СФУ по заданию Министерства образования и науки Российской Федерации.

Работа выполнена в рамках исследований, финансируемых Красноярским краевым фондом поддержки научной и научно-технической деятельности, а также в рамках тематического плана СФУ по заданию Министерства образования и науки Российской Федерации.