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21РАЗДЕЛ 1. ЯЗЫКОЗНАНИЕ
УДК 801.82:811.512.19'04
Abduzhemilev R.R.
THE VERB REPRESENTATION IN THE CRIMEAN TATAR LANGUGE ON THE MATERIAL OF YARLYKS
Summary. The article deals with the problem of functioning in Crimean Tatar yarlyks (correspondence) of such part of speech as verb. The verb in yarlyks is an active element of grammatical system, since the very essence of writing yarlyks (official documents in the form of address) caused the widespread use of verbs. The author points out that many verbs that existed in the period of state development of Crimean Tatars have undergone significant changes over the time, while others can be still found in modern Crimean Tatar language. The essential aspect of verbs is their Turkic origin. Like in a modern Crimean Tatar language the verb formation in yarlyks is also represented by the combination of Turkic and Arabic or Persian elements. A special attention is paid to the auxiliary verbs «qilmaq», «bolmaq», «ermek/irmek» and «eken/iken». One of the remarkable aspects in yarlyks is the progressive form of the verb. Among other problems a special view is focused on the category of mood.
Keywords: yarlyks, Crimean Tatar, verb, grammar, auxiliary, tense, mood, voice.
Абдужемилев Р.Р.
РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦИЯ ГЛАГОЛА В КРЫМСКОТАТАРСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ ЯРЛЫКОВ
Аннотация. Статья посвящена проблеме функционирования в крымскотатарских ярлыках (переписке) такой части речи как глагол. Глагол ярлыка является активным элементом грамматической системы, поскольку непосредственно суть написания ярлыков (официальных документов в форме обращения) представляет собой причину широкого использования глаголов. Автор отмечает, что многие глаголы, имевшие место быть в период государственного развития крымских татар, подверглись значительным изменениям с течением времени, в то время как другие сохранились в современном крымскотатарском языке. Существенный аспект глаголов заключается в их тюркском происхождении. Также как и в современном крымскотатарском языке, образование глаголов в ярлыках представлено комбинацией тюркских и арабских или персидских элементов. Особое внимание уделено вспомогательным глаголам «къылмакъ», «болмакъ», «эрмек/ирмек», и «экен/икен». Примечательным аспектом в ярлыках есть длительная форма глаголов. Среди прочих вопросов поле зрения сконцентрировано на категории наклонения.
Ключевые слова: ярлыки, крымскотатарский, глагол, грамматика, вспомогательный, время, наклонение, залог.
A significant milestone in the history of the Crimean Tatar language is the period of the Crimean Khanate, the epoch of statehood. The Crimean Tatar language based harmoniously of the Kypchak and Oguz formations reached the high level of its development. It must be mentioned that it was not limited only by Crimea, but it covered vast territories of the former Golden Horde. An evidence of all this lies also in the official correspondence of the Crimea's rulers with the leaderships of other countries. Yarlyks (decrees and orders, XV-XVIII cc.) sent to Moscow and Poland from Crimean chancery have a great linguistic potential. Modern philologists and orientalists should thoroughly examine them in order to restore the original language of Crimean Tatars. In this respect the perspective of linguistic analysis has the large volume of yarlyks contained in «The materials for the history of the Crimean Khanate» (Velyaminov-Zernov, 1864) [8] prepared by Russian orientalist V. Velyaminov-Zernov. In this article as a basis will be used grammatical structures from the above-mentioned source.
Among the basic grammatical material of Crimean Tatar correspondence the verbs play significant role. They are represented by a diversity of words and constructions which can be found
in other Turkic languages. Among them we can found many archaic forms that in the course of time came out of the use or lost their grammatical meanings. Some of them transormed, while others - still exist in modern Crimean Tatar Language but in different styles. Nevertheless, there are various peculiarities that indicate the specifics of verb formation in the period of the Crimean Kahanate. Like in any other language, in Crimean Tatar verbs are the active grammatical units, without which sentences can't be constructed.In the work «Kirimtatar ilmiy sarfi» («The scientific grammar of the Crimean Tatar language», 1925) by Crimean turkologist B. Choban-zade (18931937) the verbs are defined by the term «i§ sozleri» (action words) [3, p. 78]. The infinitive is characterized by suffixes -maq / -mek.
According to «The Turkic-Tatar language grammar» (1839) by A. Kazem-Bek all verbs in Crimean Tatar Language are divided to simple (pervoobrazniye), multiple (vtoroobrazniye) derived (proizvodniye) and compound (sostavniye) [4, p. 160]. The decomposableverb stemsare divided into [7, p. 52]: 1) formedbythe joining of two more simpleverbbases or the noun andverb stems; 2) derived from theverbandnoun stemsthroughadding to them the specialsuffixes of word formation.
• Simple verbs are those that consist of the root and suffixes -maq, -mek of the infinitive: yaz+maq (to write), kel+mek (to come), ur+maq (to hit, beat), oqu+maq (to read).
• Multiple verbs are formed from the simple by means of adding to the root one or some letters. This group includes passive, negative, impossible, mutual, reflexive and imperative verbs.
• Derived verbs are formed in the scheme "the noun / adjective + verb suffix": ev (home) -ev+lenmek (to marry), ho§ (pleasant, good) - ho§+lamaq (to approve), yol (road) - yol+lamaq (to send), av (hunting) - av+lamaq (to hunt), i§ (work) - i§lemek (to work), qonaq (guest) - qonaqla-maq (to stay for the night).
• The essence of forming the compound verbs lies in adding the auxiliary verbs to the basis of the verbal construction (noun, verb): kun kormek (to enjoy), bina etmek (to lay the basis, to start). Such constructions of compound verbs are widely spread in Turkic Languages.
The negative verb (menfiy fiil) is formed by adding suffixes -ma/-me before the suffix of infinitive: sevmemek - to dislike; baqmamaq - do not see; haber almamaq - do not get the news; ki9ikib kelmemek - do not be late.As we can see this suffix conforms to the suffix of the infinitive.
The impossible verb has the scheme «the verb root+a/e+ma/me+maq/mek»: sevememek - to be not able to love; oqumamaq - to be not able to read.
The expression of the relations between the subject (doer, performer) and the object of the action in Crimean Tatar grammar is called «fiil dereceleri» (the degrees of the verb) [5, p. 227]. There are five degrees:
- definite degree (malum derece) - in this form the action is performed by the subject. The sentence with definite degree is called active construction. There are no special suffixes for making definite degree: siz, ulug padi§ah tahtina kegken sonra, iki yurtnin arasinda hayli bozgaqliq bo-lub, ni9e i§ler boldi - when You, came to the padishakh's throne, there were many disorders between two Yurts and many deeds; asker Tatarle biz Ozi sahrasinda idik, Lih vilayetine varmadiq ve be§ ba§ Tatarmiz dahi barmadi - we were in the Dnieper steppe with Tatar troops, we didn't go to the vilayet (land) of Poland and neither went our Besh Bash Tatars;
- indefinite degree (mecul / belgisizlik derece) which is actually the passive voice. It denotes the action where it is unknown who performed it: muhabbet hatimiz yiberilgendir - our letter about friendship was sent; hat bitildi - our letter was finished; yazildi tahtgahimiz Bag9asarayinda -it was written in our capital in Bakhchisaray; nice qanlar dokuldi - a lot of blood was spilt;
- reflexive degree(qaytim derece) where the subject and the object coincides. The action is performed by some subject (or group of subjects) and related only to this subject (or group of subjects). In forming reflexive degree take part such suffixes as -n, -in / -in, -un / -un, -lan / -len. In yarlyks: Kefe limanina dahil olundiqda - while entering the estuary of Kefe; kob salavat ve tahiy-yat qilindiqdan sonra - after saying many prayers; Ozu suyundin ketmegenleri sebeb olunmi§dir -it was the reason for them not to go away from the Dnieper; beyan olunmi§dir - it was stated; at-langan irdik - we sat the horses;
- mutual verb (fiilnin ortaqliq derecesi)expresses the meaning of the action that is commited between two or many subjects (persons). So the actions have one direction and one result: el^i ba§iniz birle soyle§ken, Quran ustunde ant i^ib bikle§ken irdik - we (together) had a conversation with your head of ambassodors and having sworn on Kuran we negotiated; tamam haqla§diq - we (together) fully established justice;
- compulsory (transitive / fiilnin yukletuv derecesi, muteaddi derecesi) verb is formed by adding suffixes -dir/-dir, -dur/dur; -r and -t; -quz/-guz: Qirim askerimiz bile atlandirgan irdik - we sent them on the horses with our Crimean soldiers; hat §eriflerin yazdirub - having written blessed letters; hatlarin oqudub - having commanded to read letters; el?ini turguzmay - not delaying the ambassador.
The quite interesting aspect of verb formation in yarlyks is tenses. Speking about the present tense, as it seen from the texts, the present tense is practically absent. It is understandable, because there was no special need for the use of present tense. The events were mainly related to the past or present. Some available forms of present tense are used in the meaning of future actions: §oyle bilesiz - know it; el^mize ria'yet ve 'itibar idesiz - you should honor and respect our messenger.
In Crimean Tatar yarlyks the past tense (ke9ken zaman) is used on a large scale, because documents mostly contain the information about the events that have already happened. So there's a reson of the events and their consequences. There are two types of past tense in Crimean Tatar verbs: definite and indefinite. The definite form of past tense is formed by adding suffixes -di / -di, -du / -tu: ciberdim - I sent; biyurdum - I ordered; aviz cevablarimizni aytganda - when we answered in oral way. The suffixes -mi§ / -mi§ (Oguz) or -gan / -qan (Kypchak) form the indefinite form: qulumiz irsal olunmi§dir - our servant was sent; 9apqunimiz Mustafa konderilmi§dir - our messenger Mustafa was sent; her ne yazilgan bolsa - whatever was written; agiz cevabimiz el9imizge ismar qilingandir - oral answer was ordered to our ambassador; tapqandin sonra - after having found; yurtuna keldigimizde artqan - increased after the arrival to the Yurt.
Likewise in past tense, the future tense (kelecek zaman) also has two forms. The first one which is called the continuation form (daimiylik §ekli) expresses the future action in progress. Another definition for this form is «keni§ zaman» (extended time) [6, p. 61]. The speaker understands that the action must be done, but doesn't know whether it will be done for sure. The means of its forming are the suffixes -ar/-er; -ir/-ir, -ur/-ur: sozlerinuz i§ke yarar - your words will correspond with the work; kun ilkeru bildirer - he will inform you the day before; Ali biyni inandirirmiz - we will convince Ali bey; Azaga varurim - I will go to Azov; eksiklerni tamam ciberurler - they will send the shortages completely. The second categorical form (qatiy §ekli) is intended to render the meaning of firmness in committing an action. The suffixes -caq and - cek are the tools in process of formation: vilayetinuzge cavlay varacaq - they will come to your vilayet (lands) making raids; zarar ve ziyan itmeyecekler - they won't cause harm and damage.
Progressive or continious form is a widespread phenomenon in the use of Crimean Tatar verbs. The action is incomplete and it is in progress. Frequently it is formed by adding the auxi-lary verb «turmaq» to the main notional part expressed by participle (with the suffixes -a/-e or -ip/-ip, -up/-up, -may/-mey): yazgan hatlarni oqumay turgan bolsaniz - suppose You haven't been reading the letters written; sozinuz9e butun bolub turgaysiz - You should fully keep Your word; dostluqda uzun-uzaq omur ahirga9e taymay turarmiz - we will be in frienship for long till the end; bari§may turarmiz - we won't be tolerating (making peace); ne yazganin bilmey turarmiz - we won't know what is written; hazir bola turarlar - they will be ready; qolitqayibere turgan irdinuz -You were sending the tribute; ti§ ala turganlar - they were receiving inner comings; padi§ahlarga alqi§lar qila turar irdiler - they were greeting padishakhs; qalaycibereturgan bolsanuz - however you were sending.
As was mentined before, the compound verbs are formed by adding the auxiliary verbs to the main semantic (notional) verbs. An auxilary verb is a verb that is subordinate to the main lexical verb in a clause. The auxilaries («yardimci fiiller») can convey distinctions of tense, mood, person and number. They are used as purely grammatical means to form analytical forms of the verb; their lexical meaning is completely lost, therefore they may combine with the verbs whose mean-
ing would contradict the meaning of an auxiliary if the latter mattered in any way. There are four main types of auxiliary verbs in Crimean yarlyks: qilmaq, bolmaq, ermek/irmek and eken/iken.
qilmaq
The word «qilmaq» is used in combination with nouns and adjectives. It is worth mentioning that there are many Arabic loan words among them. «Qilmaq» itself means «to make, to do, to produce, to commit» and it is of Chagatay origin [2, p. 104]. This word can't be used separately, independently, out of connection with the main semantic verb. Thus, from the one hand this auxiliary verb performs the function of supplement, from the other - it appears to be the inseparable part of the compound verb. Some examples from yarlyks: sual qilmaq - to ask for smth, to inquire; malum qilmaq- to inform; §ikayet qiladurlar - they complain; 9insizliq qilasiz - you make insincere things; teslim qilgaysiz - You should give smth; yamanliq qilmaslardir - they will not do bad things;beyan ve a§ikare qilarmiz - we will expoun and make it clear; qabul qilind i- it was accepted; yardim qildiq - we helped; sefer qilurlar - they will take the field, they will start campaign; hayal qilamiz - we dream; emir qildilar - they ordered; hidmet qilursiz - you'll serve; ant qildiq - we sworn; emir qildilar - they ordered.
bolmaq
The function of the auxilary verb «bolmaq» - to be, to become (Chagatay) [1, p. 290] is mainly revealed in hypothetical situations and it expresses some state or condition. The word itself in such phonetical form (the initial phoneme [b]) is a representation of the word «olmaq» in the Turkic languages of the Kypchak group and peculiar to Northern and sometimes to Middle dialect of the Crimean Tatar Language. The auxiliary verb «bolmaq» mostly occurs in the construction expressing subjunctive and imperative moods. The examples: varub kelur bolsalar - if they could go and come;yurur bolsalar - if they could walk; zarar ve ziyan qilar bolsalar - if they could make harm and damage; sorar bolsaniz - if you would ask;i§bu sozlerni bilmegen bolsanuz - if you haven't known this words; hazinesin ve tiyi§lerin berir bolsaniz - if you give their money and prop-erty;bilmi§ bolsunlar - let them know;§art uzerine turar bolsalar - if they can observe shart (the agreement); bu sozge qayil bolmay - not being plesed by this word; dost bolurday bolsaniz - if You would be like friends; varmaqni tilerday bolsaniz - if You would wish to go; zarar bolguday bolsa - if there would be harm; ol kelgen ki§ilerin yiberur bolsaniz - if You would send the men that came; §ayqalar bile denizge 9iqar bolsa - if he would go out to the sea by chaykas; bazirgan-lar kilur bolsalar - if the traders would come.
ermek / irmek
The auxilary verb «erdi» [1, p. 186] along with the main verb renders the meaning of the continuous action that statred in the far past. It is unknown whether the action is finished or not. In the modern Crimen Tatar Language this verb represented otherwise - «edi». The form is called «ke9ken devamli zaman fiilinin vastasiz §ekli» (direct form of the past continuous tense). The samples in the yarlyks: kelurler erdiler - they were coming; alqi§lar qila turur erdiler - they were greeting;yiberirler erdiler - they were sending;zarar ve ziyan ederler erdi - they were mayking harm and damage;biyurmi§lar erdiler - they were ordering; soz qilmi§ erdi - he was saying;ayan ve beyan qilgan erdi - he was making it clear; bildirgen irdik - we were informing; biyurgan irdik -we were making orders; tayin qilgan irdik - we were making arrangements; tilek qilgan irdik - we were wishing; bol-cal itken irdik - we were making abundant; atlangan irdik - we were being set on the horses; hazir bolgan irdiler - they were ready; kilgen irdiler - they were coming; yazgan irdinuz - You were writing;9apqunlarinuz kelurler irdi - your heralds were coming; Qirim koy ve kentlerimizge kildiler irdi - they were coming to our villages and towns in Crimea; Masqva vilayetine yibergen irdik - we were sending to the rigeon of Moscow; korgan tugil irdik - we weren't seeing.
eken / iken
By means of the auxiliary eken / iken the indirect (vastali §ekli) or unobvious form is constructed. It means that the speaker is uncertain about the reliability of the action. The action itself is retold by someone. An auxiliary eken / iken is used both in past and future tenses. From yarlyks: Qazaq dahi Qara Denize 9iqgan ikendir - Cossacks should have went out to the Black
Sea; mektubleri bargan-kilgen ikendir - their letters should have been sent and came; bu tarafqa 9iqub kelur iken - they are likely to come to this side.
In grammar mood is a category that reflects the speaker's view of an event's reality, likelihood, or urgency. Often marked by special verb forms (inflections), moods include the indicative, for factual or neutral situations; the imperative, to convey commands or requests; and the subjunctive. The subjunctive's functions vary widely. It may express doubt, possibility, necessity, desire, or future time. It often indicates a condition contrary to the fact.
The indicative mood (hikaye meyli) as was already mentioned shows the action or state expressed by the verb as a fact: on qolumiz ile efendim han hazretlerine ni9ik hidmet etsek, sol qolumiz ile siz eyamiz qiral hazretlerine hidmet qilurmiz, §oyle malum ola - whatever service we would provide for his Majesty khan by our right hand, in the same way we will provide service for for his Majestythe king by our left hand, know this; yazildi tahtgah Qirimda ve §eher Bag9asarayda bin toqsan bir senesi §aban ayinda - it was written in the capital of Crimea and the town of Bakhchisaray in 1091on Shaban.
The imperative mood (emir meyli) expresses command and order and it is formed by adding suffixes -sun/-sun in the 3rd person: o§lay maluminiz bolsun - know this; §ayqalar birle Qara Denize 9iqmasunlar - don't let them to sail out to the sea by chaykas (boats); sozinuz yalgan bol-masun - don't tell lies; hisarlarini cavlamasunlar - don't let them besiege; Qirim koy kenlerimizni urmasunlar - don't let them strike a blow against our villages and towns in Crimea; bazirganinuz bizim vilayetimiz Qirimga kelsunler - let your merchants come to our vilayet of Crimea; zararsiz-ziyansiz yursunler - let them go harmless and without damages; bizim bazirganlarimiz dahi sizin vilayetinuze varsunlar - let our mercahts go to your regions; bilmi§ bolsun - let him know.
The subjunctive mood is relating to, or constituting a verb form or set of verb forms that represents a denoted act or state not as fact but as contingent or possible or viewed emotionally (as with doubt ir desire).
The way of forming subjunctive mood is adding the suffix -day (suffix of likeliness) to the main verb and then adding the auxiliary verb bolmaq in the conditional form: eger 9iqmasday bolsa - suppose he would not go out; sozimizni tutmasday bolsalar - suppose they wouldn't keep our word; aytgan sozlerin tinlamasday bolsaniz - suppose you woluldn't listen to their speech; dost-qarda§ bolurday bolsaniz - suppose you would be friends and brothers; bildirmasday bolsalar - suppose they wouldn't inform; ahd ve imanni bozmaq tilarday bolsanuz - suppose you wish to violate oath and faith; ku9 zarar bolguday bolsa - suppose there would be force and harm; koy-kentlerni 9apturarday bolsanuz - suppose you would raid towns and villages.
The condidional (§art meyli) can be also formed in two ways: 1) by adding the suffixes -sa/se to the verb [6, p. 68]: sozinuzde 9in bolsaniz - if you are sincere in your words; el9inuzden tilay barsalar - if they come wishing from your ambassador; bar9a soz ve murad ne bolsa - whatever woud be all words and intention; ol sozlerge qayil bolmas bolsaniz - if you wouldn't be satisfied by these words; hurmetsizlik itilse - if disrespected; bulay alay dinelse - when all is said in a such way; 2) by adding the auxiliary word irsa - if [1, p. 187] to the verb in past or future tense: dostluq qildilar irsa - if they would make friendship; yazgan irsa - if he had written; kilur irsa - if he comes. Very often pronoun qalay (whatever) precedes to this constructin: qalay ahd ve aman itdiler irsa - whatever oath they made; qalay cavli§dilar irsa - whatever raid they made.
The suffixes -gay and -gey help to form optative mood (istek meyli) expressing something desired or indicating a wish or hope: qusursiz yibergeysiz - you should send without defects;qiral vilayeitga barmagaysiz - you shouldn't go to the king's land;sozimizga inam qilgaysiz - you should trust our word;yamanliq kilturmegeysiz - you shouldn't cause bad things, tamam virgey irdiler - they should have given fully; zahmet tartmagay - it shouldn't cause trouble; tinlap algaysiz - You should listen; bari§-yari§ bolgay irdi - there should be peace and quiet; uru§-tala§ bolmagay irdi - there shouldn't be fights and discords; bizim rizamiz bolgay - there should be our agreement (consent); tileb algaysiz - you should wish; teslim qilgaysiz - you should give;saysizliq bolmagay irdi - there shouldn't be disrespect; hata bolmas bolgay - there shouln't be mistakes; dost ve qarda§ bolgay irdinuz - you should have been friends and brothers; azad qilib yibergey irdinuz - you should free them and send; yagma qilgaysiz - yo should have made raid;
daim saht ve selâmet bolgayis - you should be safe and sound constantly; qardaçimizdan ya-manliq bolmagay - there shouldn't be misdeeds from our brother.
Conclusion. The Crimean Tatar yarlyks (official documents) of the Khanate's period as a linguistic material represent a rich scale of verb diversity. As we can see from the different examples in the process of forming compound verbs the auxiliary verbs perform the function of supplements to the main verbs. In general this principle of verb formation is typical for all Turkic Languages. The roots of it lie in historic development. The main auxiliary verbs that are widely used in yarlyks are those: «qilmaq», «bolmaq», «ermek/irmek» and «eken/iken». The progressive form of verbs has its own features that at the same time common for some other Turkic languages (especially Kypchak). The use of the imperative mood is explained by the very essence of the yarlyk's content, since there were some arrangements, instructions, commands, permissions and prohibitions in the texts. So yarlyks were the means of their expression. Concerning the subjunctive mood it renders the possible and hypothetical situations.
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