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9Раздел I. КУЛЬТУРОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ И ФИЛОСОФСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ
УДК 130.2:82-93(497.4)
VEDEZ - THE FIRST SECULAR MAGAZINE FOR CHILDREN IN SLOVENIA (1848/50)
M.M. Blazic
University of Ljubljana (Slovenia)
The article presents the characteristics of periodicals for children and young people as an essential element of literary culture in Slovenia. For example, the author examines the first secular magazine for children in Slovenia entitled Vedez (1858-1850). In addition to the magazine Vedez: casopis za mladost sploh, pa tudi za odrasene proste ljudi [Diviner: The Magazine For Youth, as well as Free Adults] (1848-1850), in the period of 1848-1918 in Slovenia the literary magazine for children Vrtec (1871-1941), with the supplement Angeljcek: otrokom ucitelj in prijatelj [Little Angel: A Teacher and a Friend to Children] (1888-1935), and the monthly magazine Zvoncek: list s podobami za slovensko mladino [Little Bell: Magazine with the Images for the Slovenian Youth] (1900-1939), the first magazine with drawings and images, were published. The magazine was founded and edited (1900-1929) by the Slovenian writer for youth, Engelbert Gangl (1873-1950).
Keywords: women authors, moral magazines for children, Vedez.
Introduction
In the period of 1780-1940, 97 selected periodical publications were published, including from 1780 to 1918 when Slovenia was first part of the Habsburg Monarchy (until 1848) and then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1848-1918). The aim of the magazine was nation-wide, then regional, international, expatriate and local. Magazines were most commonly published daily (6), several times a week (7), weekly (12), monthly (29) several times a year (2), annual-
© Blazic M.M., 2021
ly (13), while some were published in other manner or there is not sufficient data on the matter.
In the period of 1780-1799 two magazines were published: Laibacher Zeitung [1] (1778-1918) in German and the literary almanac Pisanice [2] (1779-1781) in Slovenian, both in Ljubljana. Laibacher Zeitung was the biggest and most influential daily magazine in German language in the Slovenian territory. In 1804, they began issuing the supplement Wochenblatt zum Nutzen und Vergnugen, which was renamed Illyrisches Blatt [3] in 1818 (1819-1849), altogether publishing 8,191 volumes. The aim of the newspaper was the dissemination of general knowledge. Illyrisches Blatt was the central cultural magazine (theater, literature, history) in Slovenian region, including the participation of the greatest Slovenian intellectuals, for example Matija Cop (1797-1835), Miha Kastelic (1796-1868), Franc Malavasic (1818-1863) and Janez Bleiweis (1808-1881). The newspaper is fully accessible in digital form at the National and University Library in Ljubljana and the Europeana. The publisher was Ignaz Alojz Edler von Kleinmayr (1745-1802) from the family of publishers Kleinmayr. In the 123-year history of Laibacher Zeitung (17781918) 24,912 magazines were published.
The poetry almanac Pisanice od lepeh umetnosti [Easter Eggs of Fine Arts] was published from 1779-1781, however, only two printed volumes and an additional one - the third, handwritten volume -were actually published; the editor was the priest Feliks Anton Dev (1732-1786). Pisanice included the participation of some of the most prominent Slovene members of the Enlightenment, the priest Marko Pohlin (1735-1801) and the poet Valentin Vodnik (1758-1819).
Most of the magazines which were published in the Slovenian language (74 of 97) were aimed at the general reader profiles, of which only 9 were literary magazines (Slovenske vecernice, 1860 (Celje), Cvetje iz domacih in tujih logov, 1861-1868 (Celovec), Mladika (1868-1868 Ljubljana), Slovenska Talija (1868-1896, Ljubljana), Zabavna knjiznica (1886-1913, Ljubljana), Slovenska knjiznica (1893-1913, Gorica), Anton Knezova knjiznica (18941918, Ljubljana), Prevodi iz svetovne knjizevnosti (1904-1955, Ljubljana) andModraptica (1929-1944, Ljubljana).
Tanja Zigon wrote about the German newspapers in the Slovenian region (Ljubljana; Dolenjska, Styria, Klagenfurt and Graz), high-13
lighting Laibacher Zeitung, Carniola and other German newspapers which were published in Ljubljana [4, s. 9-11].
Moral weeklies
First Slovene weekly, Lublanske novice, 1797-1800
The first Slovenian weekly - Lublanske novice [Ljubljana News] (1797-1800) - was published for four years, during which time 277 volumes were published. The weekly magazine was created on the initiative of the important member of the Enlightenment, Ziga Zois (1747-1819). The main poet, Valentin Vodnik (1758-1819), was a writer, translator and editor. Initially, the newspaper was published in hundreds of copies and had 33 subscribers. The weekly followed the example of Wiener Zeitung (1703), while conceptually it was based on the concept of Enlightenment and Slovene national movement. The weekly has published the current educational and entertainment content in the field of economy, culture and entertainment.
Kmetijske in rokodelske novice, 1843-1902
The Slovenian newspaper Kmetijske in rokodelske novice [Agricultural and Craft News] was published during the period of 18431902 and was originally published on a weekly basis (1843-1852), later twice a week (1852-1857), then again once a week (18571902). In the period of 1843-1881 the main editor was Janez Bleiweis (1808-1881). Bleiweis was a practical man and a veterinarian by profession, so many contributions consisted of practical advice for farmers and craftsmen. The weekly also published articles in the field of culture and literature. Most of its readers were farmers, craftsmen and priests, i.e. the all-Slovenian public. Beside Bleiweis', the magazine also published contributions by others, for example, by Matija Majar (1809-1892) in the field of folk literature. Kmetijske in rokodelske novice (1843-1902) were the leading magazine in the field of culture and politics, exerting a major impact on national movement and the Slovenian language, literature and culture, as most of the today's Slovenia was under the Habsburg Monarchy (until 1848), then becoming a part of the Austria-Hungary (1848-1918).
National poet France Preseren
In 1844, the greatest Slovenian poet, France Preseren (18001849), published the epic poem The Baptism at the Savica in the
newspaper, followed in 1848 by the poem A Toast which from 1989 serves as the text of the Slovenian national anthem. Collaborators of the Kmetijske and rokodelske novice were the then most prominent poets, writers, for example Fran Levstik (1831-1887), Janez Trdina (1830-1905), Simon Jenko (1835-1869), Matija Valjavec (18311897), and Josip Jurcic (1844-1881). The Novice (1864) was the shorter, popular name for Kmetijske in rokodelske novice.
Young addressees
In the period of 1848-1900, the religious periodical miscellany Drobtinice [Crumbs] was published intermittently. It was founded by the later editor, Bishop Anton Martin Slomsek (1848-1863, Graz; 1863-1869, Drobtinice (editor Bishop Anton Martin Slomsek, Maribor); 1887-1900, Drobtinice (editor Francisek Lampe). The content of Drobtinice which became known under the folcloristic name Slomsek's Drobtinice was highly educational, with religious content, at the same time serving as a school textbook. The miscellany was published annually, it was very popular and even though it was intended as a "lesson and entertainment for youth" it was also read by adult readers. Very important was the pedagogical work of Slomsek and the reader Blaze in Nezica v nedeljski soli [Blaze and Nezica in Sunday School], 1842. Slomsek was inspired by the examples of the German Christopher Schmid (1768-1854). The reader/textbook Blaze in Nezica v nedeljski soli contains extensive instructive and practical content. The reader is divided into 52 chapters, such as Kol-ikor jezikov zna, tolikor ljudi velja [The More Languages One Knows the More He/She Is Worth], Ljubo doma, kdor ga ima [Home Sweet Home], Ogenj, potrebna pa nevarna rec [Fire, a Necessary But Dangerous Thing], etc.
Women authors
In 1848-1849, the first Slovenian-Austrian female author, Fany Hausmann (1818-1853), published poems Vojaka izhod [The Soldier's Leave] etc., also love poems, in the newspaper Celjske slov-enske novine [Slovene Newspaper of Celje] (1848-1849). It is important that women authors also started publishing in the newspaper, for example, Josipina Turnograjska with Donava [Danube] (1858), Klara R. with Oda kavi [Ode to Coffee] (1864), Marjacic with Miro-slavu odgovor [Answer to Miroslav] (1864), the latter including ele-15
ments of feminism stating that if a man can choose his wife so a woman (the poet) can choose her husband; Ivanka K. with Svoji do-movini [To My Homeland] (1865). The most prominent female poet was Luiza Pesjak (1828-1898) who also began to publish in Novice, beginning with Aforizmi [Aphorisms] (1864-1865), the poems Roza [A Flower] (1864), Cvetice [Flowers] (1866), as well as articles on the emancipation Zensko zivljenje in zenska ljubezen [The Life and Love of a Woman] (1865), the play Svitoslav Zajcek: Vesela igra v enem dejanji [The Bunny Svitoslav: A Comedy in One Act] (1865). She also wrote and/or translated the fairytale Rudeca kapica [Little Red Riding Hood] (1875), while later she published the poetry collection Vijolice, pesmi za mladost [Violets, Poems for the Youth], 1889. The authors contributed a new sensibility (emotional topics, lyricism), new subject matter (family), new themes (Oda kavi) and new genres (fairy tales), as well as new addressees (children and youth). In addition to these authors, after 1862 also others started to publish.
Ode to Coffee [... ]
"I am also pleased to say:
coffee, be a sister to me,
to you, dear, I shall resort,
with you, one can live in peace" [5, s. 32].
A response to Miroslav
"Novice brought The joke of How carefully your
Wife you did choose. [...]
If a man can choose, why can't I? [...]" [5, s. 33].
In 1852, upon entering of Slovenian woman poets in literary space and the Slovenska Cbela [Slovenian Bee] newspaper, Radoslav Razlag (1826-1880) in the Zora [Dawn] magazin also used the allusion of "bees", regarding the poems as "honey", the literary space as "bee house", and their writing as "flying".
This year, in "Slov. BCela" three bees have emerged: from Turno-grad in Carniola, from Ljubljana, and from Ptuj, who willingly distribute sweet honey from their supplies. The first is: Josipina Turnograjska Urbancic, a broadly educated and enthusiastic Slavic prophetess whose writings, the children of a clear mind and sharp pen, we read with great enthusiasm again and again. [...] The second one is A.O. (Vekoslava Bolakova?), who flew from Ljubljana in the bee house of the young "BCela" [...] The third one, "Ljudmila", barely 14 years old and full of hope, is J.L.G. ...kova, who flew from Ptuj, the old town on the Styrian planes, in order to bring honey from the land that for a long time now sighs in foreign chains [6, s. 4344]. It is also important that the newspaper had a section entitled Priporocilo novih bukev za mladost [Recommendation of New Books for the Youth] (1849), in which various books were recommended to young addressees for further reading.
Recommendation of New Books for the Youth
The praiseworthy idea of Mr. Lerher, bookseller in Ljubljana, was to have given books of the famous Jais translated into Slovenian language, entitled "Zgodbe in povesti polne lepih naukov za otroke, pa tudi za odrasle ljudi" ["Stories and Tales Full of Beautiful Lessons for Children as well as Adults"]. Praiseworthy is also the Slovenian language of Mr Cegnar, well known to the readers of Novice, who translated the books from German. We may therefore recommend them to the Slovenian youth with a clear conscience, especially as school gifts. These books were already printed 26 times in the German language; hopefully, they will also win over everyone in the Slovenian translation and that a reprint will soon be required. Also, the printer has done a good job, as 2 volumes bound in book form only cost 20 kreutzers. In addition to quality they are therefore also distinguished by a low price [7].
Sprotuletna violica, 1846
The local weekly of national importance was the handwritten student newspaper Sprotuletna vijolica. The newspaper consisted of 4 pages, with 5 written copies and 30 published volumes. The students of the classical gymnasium in Maribor wrote poems in Slovenian. The participators were Ivan Ertl, Miha Golob, Ivan Kocmut, Dragotin Polic and Luka Hleb.
Vedez magazine, 1848-1850
From 1778 to 1848, before the magazine started to be published, Slovenian youth literature began to emerge under German influence. Blaz Kumerdej (1738-1805) translated in 1796 the Vadenje za brati in vse sorte pisanja za solarje teh dezelnih sol v cesarskih kraljevih
1 Luiza Crobath Pesjak (1828-1898). Narodna galerija. URL: http://www.ng-slo.si/si/stalna-zbirka/1820-1870/luiza-pesjak-rojena-crobath-mihael-stroj?workId= 1707 (accessed: 03.06.2017).
2 Josipina Turnograjska Toman (1833-1854). URL:
http://www.dlib.si/?URN=URN:NBN:SI:IMG-3T4L2W8S (accessed: 18.08.2021).
dezelah [Tutoring for Reading and Writing of All Sorts of Pupils of These Provincial Schools in Imperial Royal Lands]. Joachim Heinrich Campe (1746-1818) translated Robinzon mlajsi: knjizica pre-dragi slovenski mladosti za uk in kratek cas [Robinson the Younger: Booklet for the Learning and Enjoyment of the Beloved Slovenian Youth], 1849. The biggest impact in the Slovenian territory was achieved by Christoph von Schmid (1768-1854), with books Prijet-ne pripovedi za otroke [Pleasant Stories for Children], 1832, and Kratkocasne pravlice otrokom v ucenje [Diverting Fairy Tales for the Learning of Children], 1835. Between 1819-1918 around 100 books by C. Schmid were translated and reprinted in Slovene lanuage. At the time around 1850, the population of the city of Ljubljana counted 17,256, while the alleged number of sold copies of the Vedez weekly magazine counted up to 500.
Publisher Rozalija Eger (1787-1871)
The beginning of Slovenian youth literature is represented by the first secular magazine for the young, Vedez, Casopis za mladost sploh, pa tudi za odrascene proste ljudi [Vedez, The Magazine for Youth, as well as Free Adults], 1848-1850. The emergence of the magazine was associated with the entry of the first women in the Slovenian youth literary science, the publisher Rozalija Eger (1778-1871). Rozalija Eger was not only the successor to the printer Janez Leopold Eger, but also herself printed around 350 prints (fine print, printed music, annual reports of societies, monographs, periodicals, almanachs). It is important that as a printmaker and publisher in the period of 1829-1871 she supported about 30 Slovenian authors of youth literature.
One of her biggest merits is the publishing of the Vedez magazine which contributed to the development of Slovenian youth literature, with the subsequent emergence of the first monthly literary magazine Vrtec [Nursery School] (1871-1945), as well as the supplement of the Vrtec magazine - Angeljcek: otrokom ucitelj in prijatelj [Little Angel: A Teacher and a Friend to Children] (1887-1934), and the magazine Zvoncek: list s podobami za slovensko mladino [Little Bell: Magazine with the Images for the Slovenian Youth] (1900-1939). The important role of Rozalija Eger who powered the development of Slovenian youth literature with the Vedez magazine (1848-1850) was researched by Anja Dular who stated that she was an important Ljubljana print-maker who was not known enough [8].
Fig. 3. Rozalija Eger (1788-1871)3
Fig. 4. Ivan Navratil (1825-1896)4
VERTEC
Fig. 5. Vertec5
The Vedez magazine contained religious content, therefore it falls within the context of the European moral weeklies movement. The magazine also had secular content which included literary subjects: translations, adaptations and original texts, which has driven the development of Slovenian youth literature.
Editor Ivan Navratil (1825-1896)
The editor of the Vedez youth magazine was the linguist Ivan Navratil (1825-1896). He was of Czech origin on
3 Rozalija Eger. URL: http://www.dlib.si/ (accessed: 18.08.2021).
4 Ivan Navratil. URL: https://plus.si.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/17677623 (accessed: 03.06.2021).
5 Vertec. Ivan Tomsic, v Ljubljani, 01.01.1871. URL: http://www.dlib.si/ ?URN=URN:NBN:SI:DOC-SMWSJ4WG (accessed: 18.08.2021).
his father's side, while his mother was of Slovenian descent. He studied philosophy, was a court interpreter and a clerk. He was an author and the editor of Vedez magazine when he was 23-25 years old. The first secular magazine for young people with the full title Vedez: casopis za mladost sploh, pa tudi za odrascene proste ljudi [Vedez, The Magazine for Youth, as well as Free Adults], 1848, started to be published on the 6th of July 1848. Navratil had namely began to publish the Vedez magazine because he wanted to draw the young nearer to their mother tongue - Slovene language, as compared to the dominant German language.
"But you also, the young Slovenian girls! You need to appreciate your mother tongue more than all the others and speak it rather than any other. Do you want to be German-lovers, because you speak a little German? Oh, if you but knew how much more the Slovenian language suits you than German language, how smooth and sweet the Slovenian is and how hard and awkward German is in your small mouths! - Young men! I hope you will be honest Slovenes, and you girls sincere Slovenians. [...] Editorial Board" [9].
In 1850, he continued with the issuance of the magazine, but the magazine did not have enough subscribers, and because he also did not receive enough public support, he stopped issuing the magazine. Navratil also translated August Kotzebue's play (Der Schauspieler wider Willen: Ein Lustspiel in einem Akt, 1803, translated in Slovene as Kljukec je od smrti vstal) for the Slovenian stage. The Ljubljana Theater performed the play twice, on the 19th of June 1850, and the Ljubljana Reading Society restaged it twice in 1864. Later, he moved to Vienna, where he lived for 45 years and continued with his literary activities. He wrote biographies of famous Slavs and about the life of the famous Slovenian slavicist, founder of Slavic studies at the University of Vienna, professor, dean and rector (1854) at the University of Vienna, Fran Miklosic (1813-1891). Navratil was interested in language, literature and culture. Not only did he write himself but has also collected folk literature (Kresne ali ivanjske pesmi belo-kranjskih kresnic, Vedez, 1850, and Kres, 1886. For more than 40 years, he collected material for the monograph Slovenske narodne vraze in prazne vere, primerjalne drugim slovanskim in neslovan-skim [Slovenian Folk Superstitions and False Religions, Comparative to Other Slavic and non-Slavic Examples] (1885-1886). 21
Fig. 6. Vedez: casopis za mladost sploh, pa se tudi za odrasene proste Iju-di, 1848
Fig. 7. Vedez: casopis za solsko mladost, 1949
Fig. 8. Vedez: casopis za solsko mladost, 1850
Content of the Vedez magazine (1848, 1849, 1850)
The Vedez magazine was a pan-Slovenian magazine, although it was published in the capital city of Ljubljana. Its target audience were young people and adults as the subtitle of the first year, 1848, was Vedez: casopis za mladost sploh, pa tudi za odrascene proste ljudi [Vedez, The Magazine for Youth, as well as Free Adults]. From mid-year of 1849 to the end of the magazine's publishing in 1850 the subtitle has changed to Vedez: casopis za solsko mladost [Vedez: Newspaper for Pupils]. Editor in chief of the Vedez magazine for 1848-1850 was Ivan Navratil, who at the time of editing was 23-25 years old. The importance of the magazine was enormous, as beside the young editor other young authors also published in the magazine (Valjavec, Svetec Podgorski, Praprotnik Detomil, Tomsic et al.). Interestingly, the first mentioned in the magazine was Rozalija Eger, woman publisher - the editor therefore considered the female form of the noun - while in the second place his name was written, Ivan
Navratil. It is interesting that in the second half of the year 1849 the syntagma 'editor in chief appeared. The Vedez magazine was published once a week, while in three years altogether 134 volumes were published, each volume with 8 pages. As the number of subscribers (pupils of all primary schools in Ljubljana) has decreased (it is assumed that the circulation counted 300-500 copies), he in 1851 intended to publish the magazine twice a month himself, but did not receive enough support.
In the first year, 1848, 28 volumes were published (counting 8 pages each), in the second year, 1849, 53 volumes (8 pages each), in the third year, 1850, 53 volumes with 8 pages each. Thus, in the period of 1848-1850 altogether 134 volumes with 8 pages each were published, for the total of 1,072 pages. Notwithstanding the fact that in the Vedez magazine secular content prevailed, the share of moralizing was present throughout, including the literary units (fables, poems, stories, translations, adaptations, funny stories, puzzles). From the content, it is obvious that the Vedez magazine was also a school textbook - for young people and adults. The magazine is fully digitized and is available in the Digital Library of Slovenia at www.dlib.si [10].
Table 1. Table of publishing of Vedez
Year Volumes Number of pages per volume (8/volume) Religious content - number of units Secular content -fiction Total units
1848 28 224 135 210 597
1849 53 424 221 420 1118
1850 53 424 408 440 1325
134 1072 764 1070 3040
Findings
During the three years of publishing, in 1848, 1849 and 1850, 134 volumes of the magazine were published, together contributing 1,834 titles, of which 1,070 or 58 % were fiction and 42 % had instructive content.
Based on the analysis of the content in the Vedez magazine the subtitle of the magazine was highlighted, reading Vedez: revija za
mladost in sploh odrasene ljudi [Vedez: The Magazine for Youth and Adults] (1848), as the general section for dual addressees prevailed -young people and adults (Povesti in zgodbe [Tales and Stories], 19%; Razni spisi [Various Writings], 17 %; Nenavadne besede [Unusual Words], 10%; Basni [Fables], 8 %; Uganke [Riddles], 7 %; Smesnice [Funny Stories], 7 %), followed by Pesmi [Poems], 6 %; Zivljenje imenitnih Slovanov [Lives of Eminent Slavs], 4 %; discussions between students, as well as descriptions of animals and historical themes.
Funny Story
A poor farmer carried some wheat to the city on his donkey. He just fell behind a bit, as the donkey began braying or howling. Two gentlemen who went along the road toward the farmer said to the latter contemptuously: "Do you not hear the donkey calling you?" The farmer replied: "That is not true; he only laughs of joy because he met two brothers of his" [11].
In the middle of 1849, the subtitle was amended to Vedez: za solsko mladost [Vedez: for Pupils] which was justified by the increase in educational (Razlicni poduki in spisi iz zgodovine slovans-ke, domace sege, znamenite reci nase domovine [Various Lessons and Essays in the History of Slavic, Domestic Customs, the Famous Things of Our Homeland] - 20 %) and school content (Povesti in zgodbe v poduk [Tales and Stories Serving as a Lesson] - 20%), while Pesmi [Poems], with 10 %, were less numerous, and there were also funny stories (Smesnice in kratkocasnice [Funny and Amusing Stories] - 9 %); Uganke [Riddles] - 7 %; Basni in prilike [Parables and Fables] - 6 %; Popisi zivali in povesti od zivali (s podobo) [Inventory of Animals and Tales of Animals (With Images)], conversations and explanations of unknown words), as well as a new section - folk literature (Vraze in prazne vere [Superstitions and False Religions]), biographies of important people, and Modri izreki [Wise Sayings]. The biggest novelty besides the increasing educational content were the illustrations called podobe [images]. Editor Ivan Navratil often encouraged readers to subscribe to the magazine as this would mean more money "for an odd image or two" (illustration) [12].
Flags of Home
Farmer sees every time, the Emperor rarely, but God never [13]. A typical example is the poem by Matija Valjavec entitled Decek pod drevesom [A Boy Under a Tree], where the boy talks to a personalized tree that through symbolism of seasons moralises on the meaning of maturation and aging.
A Boy Under a Tree
"In the garden stands a tree, And under it there is a young child. He directs his pure glance toward the tree, Together with his gaze he lifts his head. Thus, he quietly observes the tree, Entranced, he stands below it silently. Suddenly, a voice is heard from the tree, And the hairs on the boy's head stand upright: [... ]
Pick up such treasures now
That shall lead you to heavenly paradise."
The voice now stops and falls silent,
And baby just keeps standing below it.
He takes to his heart the lesson of the voice,
And goes home with a moved heart" [14].
In the third year,1850, published under the subtitle Vedez: casopis za solsko mladost [Vedez: Newspaper for Pupils], the share of educational content increased significantly (Razlicni poduki in drugi spisi (s podobo) [Various Lessons and Other Writings (With Images)] -21 %; Povesti, pripovedke in zgodbe [Novels, Tales and Stories] -14 %; Slovnica kratka slovenskega jezika [A Short Grammar of the Slovenian Language] - 13 %. Then followed the Smesnice in krat-kocasnice [Funny and Amusing Stories] - 10 %, and a new category entitled Naravopisje in naravoznanstvo (s podobo) [Descriptions of Nature and Natural Sciences (With Images)] - 10 %, as well as other sections). The novelty, besides the increasing educational content (mathematics - 4%, natural sciences - 4 %), was also the develop-
ment of general literacy (Izgledi pisem [Various Forms of Letters] -4 %); practical-use orientation (Kmetijstvo in obrtnistvo [Agriculture and Crafts] - 5 %), while illustrations were still called podobe [images] in the third, last year.
We shall be happy to print poems that will be worth anything in Vedez. But do not despair, if you do not get lucky already the first time - possibly the second, third. The poems, however, can be sent to us unsigned, without names or, according to the established tradition, under a false name, or only signed by the first letter of the actual name. In the end, we need to remind everyone that the poems should be innocent and appropriate even for the pupils of lower grades. Editorial Board [15].
Authors of the Vedez magazine (1848-1850)
The most articles in the magazine were published by the young editor Ivan Navratil, who edited the magazine in the age from 23 to 25. He has published 185 out of 258 articles, which accounts for 72 %. Young writers, Matija Valjavec (1831-1897), France Jerisa (1829-1855), Ivan Obalo, Nace Dolinar, Bernard Tomsic (18111856), Andrej Likar (1826-1865), M. Kozuh, Luka Svetec Podgorski (1826-1921), and France Cegnar (1826-1892), were the authors of literary works. France Jerisa (1829-1855) wrote in the Vedez magazine under the pseudonym Detomil. The editor, Ivan Navratil, encouraged authors to send poems anonymously, signed only with initials or a pseudonym. Maybe this was due to the fact that writing for children was regarded as marginal compared to writing for adults.
Table 2. Authors
Authors Number of contributions %
1. NAVRATIL, Ivan (author, editor) 185 72%
2. VALJAVEC, Matija 14 5%
3. JERISA DETOMIL, France 12 5%
4. OBALO, Ivan 11 4%
5. DOLINAR, Nace 9 3%
6. TOMSIC, Bernard 9 3%
7. LIKAR, Andrej 8 3%
8. KOZUH, M. 4 2%
9. SVETEC PODGORSKI, Luka 4 2%
10. CEGNAR, France 2 1%
258 100%
Discussion
The Vedez magazine that has only been published for three years, from 1848 (28 volumes), through 1849 (53 volumes) and 1850 (53 volumes), altogether contributing 134 volumes, was a weekly and each volume had eight pages, while the price for a half year was 1 florin and 5 crowns, or 33 crowns for a quarter. Based on an estimate, the Vedez magazine had a circulation of up to 500 subscribers. At the time of the publishing of the magazine, Ljubljana had 17,256 inhabitants. Within the Slovenian literary culture, the Vedez magazine holds the status of the first secular magazine for children. The addressees were also mentioned in the subtitle, as in the first year and a half the subtitle stated Vedez: revija za mladost in odrasene ljudi [Vedez: The Magazine for Youth and Adults], but later the subtitle was changed to Vedez: casopis za solsko mladost [Vedez: Newspaper for Pupils] (1849-1850). These were also signs reflecting significant financial problems facing the magazine, i.e. the publisher Rozalija Eger and the editor Ivan Navratil. At the end of each volume of the magazine, the editor invited readers to subscribe to the magazine. The magazine has brought a lot of innovations, new addressees (young people), new literary genres (tales), novelties (illustrations) for young people. Notwithstanding the fact that the magazine, even in literary texts (poems, tales), exerted a moralizing tone, it contributed to the institutionalization of Slovenian youth literature, from religious translations and adaptations to the first periodical phase. The editor, Ivan Navratil, who was in the age from 23 to 25 not only the editor but also the leading writer, has contributed significantly to the development of literature. This has been seen only in 1871, with the founding of the Vrtec [Nursery School] magazine (1871-1941), the religious supplement Angeljcek: otrokom ucitelj in prijatelj [Little Angel: A Teacher and a Friend to Children] (18881935), and in particular Zvoncek: list s podobami za mladino [Little Bell: Magazine with the Images for the Slovenian Youth] (19001939).
Title Media type Year of first publication Year of last publication Location ofpublishing
1. Laibacher Zeitung foreign language newspaper 1778 1918 Ljubljana
2. Pisanice periodic miscellany 1779 1781 Ljubljana
3. Velika pratika periodic miscellany 1795 1797 Ljubljana
4. Lublanske novice newspaper 1797 1800 Ljubljana
5. Mala pratika periodic miscellany 1798 1806 Ljubljana
6. Telegraphe Officiel des Proviences Illyr-iennes foreign language newspaper 1810 1813 Ljubljana
7. Carinthia foreign language newspaper 1811 1890 Klagenfurt
8. Illyrisches Blatt foreign language newspaper 1819 1849 Ljubljana
9. Krajnska cbelica periodic miscellany 1830 1848 Ljubljana
10. Carniolia foreign language newspaper 1838 1844 Ljubljana
11. Kmetijske in rokodelske novice newspaper 1843 1902 Ljubljana
12. Drobtince periodic miscellany 1846 1900 Graz
13. Velika pratika periodic miscellany 1846 1945 Ljubljana
14. Slovenija newspaper 1848 1850 Ljubljana
15. Vedez newspaper 1848 1850 Ljubljana
16. Zgodnja danica newspaper 1848 1905 Ljubljana
17. Ljubljanski casnik newspaper 1850 1851 Ljubljana
18. Slovenska bcela newspaper 1850 1853 Klagenfurt
19. Koledarcik slovenski periodic miscellany 1852 1856 Ljubljana
20. Slovenski glasnik magazine 1858 1868 Klagenfurt
21. Slovenske vecernice literature collection 1860 1860 Celje
22. Cvetje iz domacih in tujih logov literature collection 1861 1868 Klagenfurt
23. Uciteljski tovaris newspaper 1861 1941 Ljubljana
24. Mariborer Zeitung foreign language newspaper 1862 1945 Maribor
25. Naprej newspaper 1863 1863 Ljubljana
26. Letopis Matice Slovenske periodic miscellany 1866 1912 Ljubljana
27. Primoree newspaper 1866 1935 Trieste
28. Slovenski gospodar newspaper 1867 1941 Maribor
29. Mladika literature collection 1868 1868 Ljubljana
30. Slovenska Talija literature collection 1868 1896 Ljubljana
31. Slovenski narod newspaper 1868 1943 Ljubljana
32. Besednik newspaper 1869 1878 Klagenfurt
33. Zvon magazine 1870 1880 Vienna
34. Soca newspaper 1871 1915 Gorizia
3 5. Koledar Druzbe svetega Mohorja periodic miscellany 1873 1991 Klagenfurt
36. Slovenec newspaper 1873 1945 Ljubljana
37. Slovenski tednik newspaper 1873 1875 Ljubljana
38. Slovenska pratika periodic miscellany 1875 1918 Ljubljana
39. Deutsche Zeitung foreign language newspaper 1876 1937 Celje
40. Edinost newspaper 1876 1928 Trieste
41. Gospodarski list newspaper 1881 1901 Gorizia
42. Kres newspaper 1881 1886 Klagenfurt
43. Ljubljanski zvon newspaper 1881 1941 Ljubljana
44. Slovan newspaper 1884 1887 Ljubljana
45. Dolenjske Novice newspaper 1885 1919 Novo mesto
46. Zabavna knjiznica literature collection 1886 1913 Ljubljana
47. Dom in svet magazine 1888 1944 Ljubljana
48. Domoljub newspaper 1888 1944 Ljubljana
49. Slovanski svet newspaper 1888 1899 Vienna
50. Rimski katolik newspaper 1889 1896 Gorizia
51. Domovina newspaper 1891 1908 Celje
52. Glas naroda expatriate newspaper 1893 1963 New York
53. Primorec newspaper 1893 1935 Gorizia
54. Slovanska knjiznica literature collection 1893 1913 Gorizia
5 5. Anton Knezova knjiznica literature collection 1894 1918 Ljubljana
56. Zora newspaper 1895 1921 Vienna
57. Katoliski obzornik magazine 1897 1906 Ljubljana
58. Slovenka newspaper 1897 1902 Trieste
59. Rdeci prapor periodic miscellany 1898 1911 Trieste
60. Novi akordi periodic miscellany 1901 1914 Ljubljana
61. Nasi zapiski magazine 1902 1922 Ljubljana
62. Slovan newspaper 1902 1917 Ljubljana
63. Casopis za zgodovino in narodopisje newspaper 1904 Maribor
64. Domaci prijatelj newspaper 1904 1915 Prague
6 5. Gotscheer Zeitung foreign language newspaper 1904 1941 Kocevje
66. Prevodi iz svetovne knjizevnosti literature collection 1904 1955 Ljubljana
67. Proletarec expatriate newspaper 1906 1935 Chicago, Illinois
68. Ameriska domovina expatriate newspaper 1908 1908 Cleveland, Ohio
69. Mentor magazine 1908 1941 Ljubljana
70. Prosveta expatriate newspaper 1908 1908 Chicago, Illinois
71. Ave Marija expatriate newspaper 1909 1909 New York
72. Zarja newspaper 1911 1915 Ljubljana
73. Glasilo kranjsko slovenske katoliske jednote expatriate newspaper 1915 1946 Cleveland, Ohio
74. Casopis za slovenski jezik, knjizevnost in zgodovino newspaper 1918 1931 Ljubljana
75. Enakopravnost (Equality) expatriate newspaper 1918 1957 Cleveland, Ohio
76. Svoboda magazine 1919 1920 Ljubljana
77. Jutro newspaper 1920 1945 Ljubljana
78. Mladika magazine 1920 1941 Celje
79. Kres magazine 1921 1923 Ljubljana
80. Mladinski list expatriate newspaper 1922 1922 Chicago, Illinois
81. Socialna misel magazine 1922 1927 Ljubljana
82. Zenski svet magazine 1923 1941 Ljubljana
83. Gruda newspaper 1924 1941 Ljubljana
84. Kriz na gori newspaper 1924 1927 Ljubljana
85. Mladina magazine 1924 1929 Ljubljana
86. Nova doba expatriate newspaper 1925 1978 Cleveland
87. Domaci prijatelj newspaper 1927 1941 Ljubljana
88. Modra ptica magazine 1929 1941 Ljubljana
89. Modra ptica literature collection 1929 1944 Ljubljana
90. Slovenski tednik expatriate newspaper 1929 1937 Buenos Aires
91. Svoboda magazine 1929 1936 Ljubljana
92. Zarja expatriate newspaper 1929 Cleveland, Ohio
93. Knjizevnost magazine 1932 1935 Ljubljana
94. Duhovno zivljenje expatriate newspaper 1933 1933 Buenos Aires
95. Sodobnost magazine 1933 1933 Ljubljana
96. Slovenski list expatriate newspaper 1937 1946 Buenos Aires
97. Vzajemna svoboda magazine 1937 1940 Maribor
Table 4. Moral weeklies/Spectator-type magazines in Slovenia in German language
Title Year of first publication Year of last publication Location ofpublishing
1. Wöchentliche Ordinari -Laybacher Zeitungen 1707 1709 Ljubljana
2. Wöchentliches Kundschaftsblatt des Herzogtum Krain 1775 1776 Ljubljana
3. Wöchentlicher Auszug von Zeitungen 1783 1783 Ljubljana
4. Laibacher Zeitung 1784;1821 1807; 1918 Ljubljana
5. Merkische Laibacher Zeitung 1788* 1797 Ljubljana
6. Degotardische Laibacher Zeitung 1799 1800 Ljubljana
7. Leopold Egerische Laibacher Zeitung 1800 1807 Ljubljana
8. Vereinigte Edel von Kleinmayer sche und Leopold Eger sche Laibacher Zeitung 1807 1809 Ljubljana
9. Illyrische Provinzen, Offizieller Telegraph 1811 1813 Ljubljana
10. Vereinigte Laibacher Zeitung 1810;1814 1820 Ljubljana
11. Laibacher Wochenblatt zum Nutzen und Vergnügen 1804;1814 1810;1818 Ljubljana
12. Illyrisches Blatt 1819 1849 Ljubljana
13. Politisches Blatt 1848 1848 Ljubljana
14. Laibacher Kirchenblatt 1848 1848 Ljubljana
15. Blätter aus Krain 1857 1865 Ljubljana
16. Carniolia 1838 1844 Ljubljana
17. Theologische Zeitschrift 1849 1849 Ljubljana
18. Triglav. Zeitschrift für vaterländische Interessen 1865 1870 Ljubljana
19. Laibacher Tagblatt 1868 1880 Ljubljana
20. Laibacher Wochenblatt 1880 1893 Ljubljana
21. Laibacher Kneipzeitung 1893 1984 Ljubljana
22. Illustriertes Unterhaltungsblatt. Belletristische Wochenschrift für 1911 1914 Ljubljana
die Abonnetnen der Laibacher
Zeitung
23. Neue Montagpresse 1929 1929 Ljubljana
24. Mitteilungen des historischen Vereins für Krain 1866;1889 1907 Ljubljana
25. Carniola 1908 1919 Ljubljana
26. Mitteilungen des historischen Vereins für Krain 1846 1868 Ljubljana
27. Argo. Zeitschrift für krainische Landeskunde 1892 1903 Ljubljana
28. Correspondent für Untersteiermark 1862 1866 Maribor
29. Marburger Korrenspodent 1865 1866 Maribor
30. Marburger Zeitung 1866 1928 Maribor
31. Mariborer Zeitung 1929 1945 Maribor
32. Südsteirische Post 1881 1900 Maribor
33. Südsteirische Presse 1901 1905 Maribor
34. Südosterreichische Stimmen 1906 1907 Maribor
35. Die Arbeit 1885 1885 Maribor
36. Volksstime 1919 1936 Maribor
37. Marburger Presse 1906 1907 Maribor
38. Klagenfurter Zeitung 1770 ? Klagenfurt
39. Kärtnerische Zeitschrift 1818 1835 Klagenfurt
40. Stimmen aus Innerösterreich 1861 1863 Klagenfurt
41. Draupost 1863 1866 Klagenfurt
42. Kärtnerblatt oziroma Kärtner Volksstimme 1869 1883 Klagenfurt
43. Klagenfurter Nachrichten 1919 1920 Klagenfurt
44. Carinthia 1811 se izhaja Klagenfurt
45. Blätter für Landwirtschaft und 1832, 1833, 1832, 1833, Klagenfurt
Industrie 1837, 1839 1837, 1839
46. Mitteilungen über Gegenstände der Landwirtschaft und Industrie 1839 ? Klagenfurt
Kärntens
47. Karnisch-Julische Kriegszeitung 1916 1918 Klagenfurt
48. Cillier Wochenblatt 1848 1848 Celje
49. Cillier Zeitung 1848; 1883; 1929 1848; 1883; 1929 Celje
50. Deutsche Wacht 1883 1919 Celje
51. Deutsche Zeitung 1929 1937 Celje
52. Cillier Anzeiger 1874 1877 Celje
53. Deutsche-jugoslawische Illustrierte Zeitung 1936 1936 Celje
54. Flugblatt der evangelischen Gemeinden Cilli und Laibach 1919 1940 Celje
55. Gottscheer Bote 1904 1919 Kocevje
56. Gottscheer Zeitung 1919 1941 Kocevje
57. Gottscheer Kalender 1921 1941 Kocevje
58. Der Genossenschafter 1920 1921 Kocevje
59. Wirtschaftliche Rundschau 1926 1927 Kocevje
60. Die Wahrheit 1927 1929 Kocevje
61. Pettauer Wochenblatt 1878 1878 Ptuj
62. Pettauer Lokalanzeiger 1889 1889 Ptuj
63. Pettauer Zeitung 1890 1904 Ptuj
64. Deutsches Wochenblatt für Untersteiermark 1901 1901 Ptuj
65. Der Aufmerksame 1812 1842 Graz
66. Steiermärkische Zeitschrift 1834 ? Graz
67. Mitteilungen des historischen Vereins für Steiermark 1850 1903 Graz
68. Adria Illustrierte 1944 1945 Trieste
69. Deutsche Adria Zeitung 1944 1945 Trieste
70. Sloveniens Blatt 1848 1848 Novo mesto
71. Vorwärts 1923 1924 Krsko
72. Karawanken Bote 1941 1945 Kranj
References
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VEDEZ - ПЕРВЫЙ СВЕТСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛ ДЛЯ ДЕТЕЙ В СЛОВЕНИИ (1848-1850)
М.М. Блажич
Люблянский университет (Словения)
В статье представлены характеристики периодических изданий для детей и юношества как существенного элемента литературной культуры Словении. В том числе, автор исследует первый светский журнал для детей Vedez (1858-1850). Помимо него, в период 1848-1918 гг. в Словении выходил литературный журнал для детей "Вртец" (18711941) с приложением "Ангелчек: "Маленький ангел: учитель и друг детей" (1888-1935), и ежемесячный журнал "Звончек: список с изображениями для словенской молодежи" (1900-1939), первый журнал с рисунками и изображениями. Журнал был основан и редактировался (1900-1929) словенским писателем для молодежи Энгельбертом Ган-глом (1873-1950).
Ключевые слова: женщины авторы, морализаторские детские журналы, Ведеж.
