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Khurkova D. A., undergraduate, Tarasenko V.N., Ph. D. (Tech. Sciences), Asst. Prof., Degtev I.A., Ph. D. (Tech. Sciences), Prof., Belgorod State Technological University named after V. G. Shukhov
URBANISTIC TENDENCIES OF FORMATION OF THE ARCHITECTURAL ENVIRONMENT IN
"GREEN" CONSTRUCTION
Summary: As a result of human activity the new natural environment, which has a high comfort indices for urban development and is at the same time, the source of energy for air-conditioning systems in buildings can be created. Basic principles of affordable living space with excellent quality service is a priority for the "green " construction.
Key words: environmental "green" building, minimizing the consumption of energy and material resources, energy-efficient residential buildings.
Green building can be called one of the world's trends today. It is an important part of such a thing as «sustainable development». This concept is characterized by a particular model of modern society, whose main task is to meet the needs of the present generation, without compromising future generations to fully meet their own needs [1].
The current stage of development of the built environment associated with the transition to a sustainable development strategy, provides for a significant increase in the importance of environmental factors in its formation [2].
The main component of the design of modern buildings is the understanding that the human comfort of staying at home, in the workplace and in public places is directly dependent on the environment. The driving position of architecture and construction of the XXI century - nature is not passive background of our activity: as a result of human activity the new natural environment, which has a high comfort indices for urban development and is at the same time, the source of energy for air-conditioning systems of buildings [3] can be created.
The result of long-term studies of global warming shows that one of the main sources of pollution are the cities, and more specifically buildings. In the world accounting for 67 % of electricity generated, 40 % of all raw materials, about 40 % of primary energy and 14 % of all drinking water supplies, 35 % of all carbon dioxide emissions and almost 50 % of all municipal solid waste. These data demonstrate clear opportunities to conserve natural resources and the need to optimize the cost of construction projects.
In consequence of these facts awareness in overseas construction markets a few decades ago, and now, in our country began to form new approaches to the design, production and management known as «green» construction [2, 4].
«Green» building (Green construction, Green Buildings) - an approach to the construction and operation of buildings and facilities, whose ultimate aim is to minimize the consumption of energy and material resources throughout the building's life cycle, from design to demolition, improving the quality of houses
and the comfort of their indoor environment, environmental safety for people and nature [5].
The need for sustainable development was touched upon at the beginning of the XX century. VI Vernadsky said that «humanity, taken as a whole, is becoming a powerful geological force, which defines a new geological evolutionary change of the biosphere». However, the use of alternative energy sources and environmentally friendly building materials has become widespread after the energy crisis.
As a result, it developed the concept of sustainable development and the formation of the modern principles of «green» construction and application of new building materials. Since 1974, he originated the development of energy efficiency strategies, and already in 1975 begins the construction of the demonstration of energy-efficient buildings, one of which was the office building for the General Services Administration in Manchester, New Hampshire, USA. During these years, it formed an understanding of the importance of ecological construction at the state level. In 1990, the British company BRE Global creates a voluntary standard BREEAM, and in 1992 Energy Star program is being developed in the United States. From 1993 to 1998 activities carried out to promote conservation strategies sustainable management and use of resources consumed in buildings. Through the efforts of many developers were formulated integrated approaches or «green» building standards in many countries, the policy of the Green building has become supported at the state level. From 1998 to 2005 innovative approaches were developed in the construction of the transition from comprehensive efficiency for buildings with zero impact and ejection. In 1998, the US Green Building Council developed rating system LEED, in 1999 the first meeting of the World Green Building Council is taken with the participation of 8 countries: USA, UK, Spain, Australia, UAE, Japan, Russia and Canada. In 2002 the World Green Building Council is established.
Ideas and principles of sustainable development set out in the Plan of Action of the UN Sustainable Development, called "Agenda for the XXI century". In this document, one of the main problems is considered to improve the quality of life of the planet without
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increasing the scale of use of natural resources to the extent exceeding the Earth's capabilities as an ecological system [1].
The concept of "ecological construction" is a comprehensive approach to the whole design and construction process (Fig. 1). To determine the stages and means of optimizing the impact on the environment in addition to the qualitative characteristics necessary to
consider the entire process of production of building materials, the delivery system to the construction site, approach to work and a complete set of the object, as well as the features of operation, utilization and much more. Only under certain standards and norms in each of these stages of construction can truly be called "green".
The main ways of saving energy in the energy efficiency of residential buildings
_The use of alternative energy sources_
Architectural solutions ] [ Engineering solutions
ENERGY EFFICIENT URBAN PLANNING SOLUTIONS
-Selecting the location of the building, taking into account the climatic characteristics
-Choosing a location subject areas -Selecting the location of the building, taking into account the existing development in the area of the proposed construction
-Determining the orientation of the building
ENERGY-EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURAL AND PLANNING
SOLUTIONS -Determination of the shape and dimensions of the building
-General architectural and planning concept of the building
-The choicc of spacc-planning decisions of buildings (interior layout) -Selection of the design and the exterior cladding materials
-Selecting a building glazing and solar shading
Energy-efficient designs
r
Energy efficient engineering systems
Figure 1. Basic methods of energy conservation in energy-efficient homes [6].
The basis of ecological construction is a number of principles:
1. Construction materials are an important component of green building. Environmentally friendly and safe materials do not emit harmful volatile substances which contain toxic or carcinogenic compounds, they are safe for the environment at all stages of a building's life cycle. The use of such materials can improve the comfort of staying in the room, and reduce the negative impact on the environment. The use of local building materials minimize pollution by vehicles in transit. This approach does not involve large construction equipment to the site, as well as after the end of the life of the waste disposed of quickly and efficiently. In this case it is advisable to use materials with high energy efficiency and conservation.
2. The amount of waste should be minimized. Creating a resource-efficient designs and the use of resource-saving materials can optimize the functionality and use of natural resources. One purpose of resource-efficient construction is the reduction of waste at the site. Through recycling and efficient use of materials it is possible to reduce the amount of waste, which will also reduce the cost of construction.
3. Optimal use of water resources. Very often, the concept of «green» building is laid principle of rational use of water.
4. Energy efficiency. Energy efficiency criterion applies to all systems in the building. Windows, insulation, sealing, ventilation and air-conditioning, heating, etc. must be energy efficient.
5. The use of renewable energy sources (solar, energy of air masses, etc.). Heat, hot water and electricity should be generated from renewable sources of
energy, the excess of which must be stored in heat accumulators.
6. Ensuring the quality of ambient air in the building. Increasing respiratory diseases and allergies are often associated with indoor household chemicals and materials that emit harmful to humans. With the construction of «green» building provides systems that can reduce the effects of possible contamination, including control over the sources of pollution and air filtration.
7. Proper operation and maintenance of buildings necessary for the proper functioning of all embedded ecological systems.
8. Intelligent design, preparation and land development. Thoughtful and effective design of the site and its buildings can reduce the impact of buildings on the environment and improve the energy characteristics of the constructed structures. In the design special attention is paid to the preservation of trees, storm sewer system with infiltration / retention features and orientation of the house to get the maximum amount of solar energy.
9. Cost. Most «green» buildings cost more than simple buildings not more than 2-4%, and in the near future, the use of such technologies will be the most effective means to reduce the construction costs. Currently, additional cost can be amortized during the operation of the building, and is usually compensated within the first three -five years by reducing operating costs. Reduce the cost of maintenance of the building is also achieved due to the higher quality of modern management, effective monitoring and optimization of all systems.
Design principles can be divided into 4 categories: urban, architectural-planning, design, principles of the use of renewable energy sources.
Figure 2. The basic principles of the design of energy efficient residential buildings of low and medium-rise [6].
Town planning principles:
1. The principle of choice of location of the building, taking into account the climatic characteristics. Location building affects the amount of radiation, wind speed and direction.
2. The principle of choice of location of the building with a view of the landscape. On the energy efficiency of buildings is directly influenced by the terrain and the presence of water bodies and the nature gardening.
3. The principle of choice of location of the building, taking into account the existing development in the area of the proposed construction. Evaluation of existing buildings, is necessary for any building especially in urban areas, as it has an impact on the microclimate of a new building.
Architectural and planning principles:
1. The principle of compact shape of the building. The smaller the building, the less heat loss, which means less energy consumption.
2. The principle of selection of general space-planning solutions. When choosing a space-planning decisions are determined by events that increase the thermal and energy efficiency.
3. The principle of the interior layout of the building. Planning should not only ergonomic, but also rationally combine the warm and cold zones, to consider the appointment of the premises and their orientation.
4. Architectural and compositional principle. By means of compositional techniques to create a complete image of the building, which includes in its structure the elements of power systems and wildlife.
Design Principles:
1. The principle of choice of designs and materials of the exterior cladding of the building. The principle of sustainability is fundamental under the choice
of building materials. But in addition to its high-quality properties, exterior cladding should have an architectural expressiveness.
2. The principle of choice of glazing and shading of the building. When choosing glass should take into account the type and orientation of the skylights, glazing area and the binding material, and measures were taken to sun protection.
The principles of the use of renewable energy sources:
1. The principle of choice of renewable energy source. An analysis of renewable energy sources should take and choose a more suitable option.
2. The principle of taking into account the temporal characteristics of renewable energy sources. The demand for energy and its thickness varies throughout the day, so power plants must consider both of these factors.
"Green" building focuses on creating not only eco-friendly buildings, but also energy efficient, which through the implementation of a set of functional and planning, design and engineering solutions, renewable energy, energy expended less accepted regulatory standards while providing the necessary level of environmental and sanitary-epidemiological safety.
Moreover, in the modern sense of ecological construction is perceived as an interdisciplinary approach that includes not only energy efficiency, clean materials and the environment, but also management, saving drinking water, transport access, collection and recycling of waste, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, health and wellbeing.
References
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4. International Forum "Strategy of development of housing construction in Russia" [electronic resource]. Requirements: AdobeAcrobatReader: http: //www.stroy-conference.ru.
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Mazorchuk Mariia
PhD, Assistant Professor of Informatics Department, National Aerospace University "Kharkiv Aviation Institute "
Dobriak Viktoriia PhD, Assistant Professor of Informatics Department, National Aerospace University "Kharkiv Aviation Institute"
Chumachenko Dmytro Teaching Assistant of Informatics Department, National Aerospace University "Kharkiv Aviation Institute"
ADAPTIVE TESTING TECHNOLOGY IN R Summary. Currently much attention is paid to distance learning. The problem of design and development of adaptive testing systems that are effective not only in assessing the level of training, but in organizing a flexible process of distance learning based on the student's individual abilities is relevant. Existing systems of computer adaptive testing are quite expensive. Open-source software environment R allows implementing a number of features of adaptive testing and mirtCat package based on functions of such packages as shiny and mirt, allows realizing the mechanism of input-output test items through the web interface, and doing a test analysis possible on the basis of one-dimensional and multidimensional IRT models theory.
Keywords: distance learning, massive open online courses, computer adaptive testing, test items, test quality
Statement of the problem and analysis of recent research and publications. Currently, in connection with the development of massive open online courses and distance learning systems, computer-based testing technology is used widely [1-2]. This caused by that computer testing is effective, and often
is the only possible way to control the distance learning process. Methods and approaches of computer adaptive testing (CAT) are paid a lot of attention [35]. Basically CAT methods are based on the models of modern IRT testing theory [6-8], based on the calculation of the model parameters by maximum likelihood.
In works [9-12] usage of spline models, which allows obtaining the characteristics of the test tasks in an automated mode with higher accuracy, is proposed for the implementation of the CAT. However, despite the rapid pace of development of methods and approaches in pedagogical testing, the use of methods of computer adaptive testing is still limited. This is due to several factors:
- difficulty in understanding and implementation of computer adaptive testing techniques based on models of modern IRT testing theory;
- need to create surround bank of calibrated test items;
- absence of effective methods of adaptive testing for a variety of academic disciplines and different test populations.
This is not the whole list of problems that lead to difficulties in the use of adaptive tests at computer evaluation. Also, there are problems of identification of students passing the test. There are problems associated with the contextual characteristics of students (gender, age, country of residence, education level, etc.), which lead to low results of passing the tests and the preschedule termination of training exist in the massive open online courses. The basic problem with CAT using is the complexity of the mathematical and algorithmic models and methods forming the basis of operation of the adaptive test, which, in turn, makes it impossible to implement a CAT process to conventional instructor, for example, to their distance courses. For example, some of the problems associated with the use of models in the CAT process are presented in [13-16].
Therefore the rationale for the selection of tools, as well as the development of methods of computer
adaptive testing that will allow quick and efficient realization of the CAT process on the basis of modern computer equipment is relevant.
The objective of this paper is to analyze the modern tools that allow implementing the mechanism of adaptive testing, and development of methods of launching CAT-based HTML-interface on the example of tests on computer science.
Materials and Methods. General algorithm of CAT is shown in Figure 1. The process of CAT can be realized only on the basis of the calibrated bank of test items (BTI) and can be divided into 4 main stages. The first stage is the initial and involves selecting of one or more appropriate test items as the first item in the testing process. Medium difficulty items are selected usually. The second stage is the direct testing, which consists of the fact that items are sequentially selected from a bank of test items and the level of ability of the test-subject are re-assessed after each response. At this stage, if the subject does not respond to the question, he is given an easier task, and if he answers, the given task is more complicated. These steps are repeated until the stop test criterion is reached. The rules of termination of testing are determined at the stopping test stage. The final stage provides the final assessment of the abilities of a test-subject, and possibly other information about the student.
Many IRT models are used in CAT process. In this article we focus on the multidimensional four-parameter logistic models (M4PL) for dichotomous item (0 - incorrect answer, 1 - correct answer). The probability Pj (y = 1| 9) that a examinee positively answer the j-th dichotomous item (y = 1) with an M4PL [15, 16] structure is
Pj(y = 116) = Pj(y = l\e,aj,dj,gj,uj) = gj+-
uj~9j
(-{a)e+dj))
(1)
where 6 - D-dimensional vector of random ability or latent trait values; aj - vector, which determine discrimination parameter of test item (this parameter influences the probability function); dj - difficulty
parameter of test item; gj and Uj - parameters are restricted to be between 0 and 1 and determine parameters of guessing and inattentiveness respectively.
