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Wschodnioeuropejskie Czasopismo Naukowe (East European Scientific Journal) #10, 2016 Ш11Ж9И
В Германии перевод автомобилей на природный газ рассматривается как одно из приоритетных направлений обеспечения устойчивого энергетического развития и экологической безопасности страны. Прогнозируется, что к 2020 году автопарк Германии, использующий КПГ в качестве моторного топлива, вырастет до 6,5 млн. автомобилей и составит примерно 30 % всего автопарка. Государство предоставляет в этой сфере льготы как автовладельцам, так и участникам бизнеса. Правительство Германии планирует добиться подобных результатов за счет снижения цен на КПГ на 25-30 % в нескольких регионах страны.
Также производятся выплаты государственных субси-дий,которые компенсируют затраты на переоборудование автомобилей для работы на КПГ или на покупку нового автомобиля, изначально использующего КПГ в качестве моторного топлива.
Рассмотрев опыт зарубежных стран можно сделать вывод, что для ускорения развития газомоторного рынка в Российской Федерации необходимо ускорить разработку Комплекса мер по развитию и стимулированию использования природного газа в качестве моторного топлива для транспортных средств с вовлечением всех заинтересован-
ных министерств и ведомств, в том числе по предоставлению налоговых и таможенных льгот и преференций.Наи-более перспективными для РФ будут являться следующие направления стимулирования государством:
• Обязательное использование бюджетными организациями автомобилей, оборудованных ГБА (до 2020 года во всех крупных городах);
• Регулирование цен на газ относительно цен на дизельное топливо;
• Снижение налоговых ставок транспортного налога для автомобилей на метане.
При этом целесообразно принять за основу принятыев других странах меры по гармонизации законодательства в сфере стимулирования строительства газозаправочных станций и применения природного газа в качестве моторного топлива по средствам налоговых льгот, мер таможенно-тарифного регулирования и субсидирования покупки газомоторной техники.
Эффективность такого многостороннего сотрудничества должна базироваться на учете интересов отдельных федеральных субъектов и возможности достижения общих позитивных результатов.
Список литературы:
1. Сурнов А. В. «Стратегия развития рынка газомоторного топлива Российской Федерации». Специальный выпуск журнала «Газовая промышленность» - Газ в моторах (728/2015 год)
2. Журавский М. А., Трибун А. Л. «Текущее состояние и перспективы использования СПГ в качестве моторного топлива». Специальный выпуск журнала «Газовая промышленность» - Газ в моторах (728/2015 год)
3. «Об использовании газомоторного топлива в государствах - участниках СНГ». Исполнительный комитет СНГ, Москва 2014 год.
PLASTER FACADE SYSTEMS IN CIVIL BUILDINGS
Tarasenko V. N.,
Ph. D. (Tech. Sciences), Asst. Prof., Denisova J. V.,
Ph. D. (Tech. Sciences), Prof.
Belgorod State Technological University named after V. G. Shukhov
The conducted analysis of the durability of plaster facade systems of civil buildings shows that the major errors appear in the first 2-3 years of operation and are most often associated with irregularities in the production process of works on warming of buildings. Also a large number of defects occurs in the early stages due to improper design consideration and architectural proposal, improper installation of additional external components on the mounted existing system and improper selection of materials of construction of the wall. The results of these studies confirmed that the insulation system with proper execution of works and competent operation have a long maintenance-free service life.
Keywords: cold insulator, building facade, defects of insulation coating, inspection of buildings, decorative-reinforcing layer.
The insulation system of external walls using plaster applied to buildings for various purposes in new construction and renovation. They protect wall materials from climatic effects, provide the desired heat and humidity regime, as wall materials and interior, and have high sound-insulating indication. The main advantage of the insulation system of external walls using plaster is the possibility of their use for façade insulation with complex architectural forms and historical buildings where you want to save the architectural appearance of stucco facade. The disadvantage of these systems is the high requirements for quality of materials and weather conditions during the work. To ensure high quality of the finished façade the installation of the system should be of high quality materials in the warm season, usually at temperatures between +5°C to +20°C, with the exception of direct exposure to rain and sunlight.
Inspection of maintained buildings facades with "wet" type insulation systems has shown that if you observe the installation technology, the choice of a competent design and proper operation, the interval between the repairs of varnish-and-paint finish on such systems is significantly greater than the intervals between working on ordinary plaster facades.
External finishing layer on the insulation systems experiences a much smaller load connected to the alternating processes of "freezing" materials rather than finishing layers on "just plastered" walls (with all other things being equal walls). However, despite the results of these studies, it is shown that the errors committed in the process of installation and operation of such systems can lead to injuries, which greatly affect the integrity and, accordingly, the durability of not only the thermal insulation coating of buildings and enclosure structure in general.
Wschodnioeuropejskie Czasopismo Naukowe (East European Scientific Journal) #10, 2016
Monitoring of facade systems of buildings showed that the main errors occur in the first 2-3 years of operation and are most often associated with irregularities in the production process of works on heat insulation of buildings. Also a large number of defects occurs in the early stages due to improper design consideration and architectural proposal, misplacement of additional hookup element on the existing mounted system, etc.
The results of these studies confirmed that the insulation system with proper execution of works and competent operation have a long maintenance-free service life. Regular cosmetic and maintenance work on such fronts is necessary. During operation pay attention to the elements that affect the system as a whole and its constituent parts (casts, overfalls, hookup constructions, plinth wall parts, water isolation, and roofing elements, etc.).
In practice, primer materials that must be handled by high-porous and unclean wall surfaces before bonding insulation boards, do not apply or apply with violation of technological
requirements. Also, obligatory processing of the surfaces of in-situ reinforced concrete constructions is not performed. As a result the delamination of the glue array occurs together with the installed insulation boards.
Often, the environmental conditions of the work site are not considered even when using properly sized primer material. For example, in dusty conditions and relatively high summer temperature regulation of processing of the walls should differ from the standard that must be specified in project on the facade works.
Isolation joints left without the necessary fill insulation material or a filled adhesive cement, glue putties, sealing foams and other inappropriate materials in a relatively short period of time lead to appearances on the surface decorative and protective layer of destruction in the form of randomly distributed cracks with subsequent local collapse of the system (fig. 1).
Figure 1. Defects in the installation of glass-fibre wrapping material under the plaster base.
often the defects of insulation coating are used in the operations of gluing of insulation boards. Such defects include the use of materials not intended for insulation systems; irregularities in the preparation of adhesive materials; adding in the adhesive compositions of foreign materials, incorrect application of the adhesive masses on the different types of boards etc.
The use of materials that are unsuitable and not intended for certified systems, often reduce the cost or just through ignorance, leads to serious destructive consequences. In practice there were cases on inspecting buildings when the bonding was carried out on cheaper adhesives, e.g., adhesives for ceramic tiles for interior decorating. There were cases of the use as adhesive layers of conventional cement-sand compositions or lime plasters. In all these cases, during operation the cracking of the mounting adhesive layer occurred with the consequent loss of low-conductivity coat.
The uncontrolled application of the adhesive materials (when the adhesive layer is applied around the perimeter of the board) leads to a separation and warping of the edges of the insulation is influenced by temperature fluctuations. In turn, the absence of adhesive dots in the middle of the board can lead to blowing of the central part. Such deformations are easily transmitted through the insulating layer on the decorative-reinforcing and lead to the emergence and propagation of local cracks.
Reinforced layers in insulation systems provides the necessary mechanical characteristics, stability and strength of the external coating. Glass-fabric required for reinforcement of this layer, the withdrawal and redistribution of stresses, prevent cracking arising from temperature and humidity influences. The correct orientation of reinforcing mesh fibers and their respective position in the "thickness" of the adhesive layer for effective work of reinforcing mesh on perception and redistribution of the occurring loads is very important. That is why the lack
Wschodnioeuropejskie Czasopismo Naukowe (East European Scientific Journal) #10, 2016
of specifically targeted additional items from the grid in the corner areas of openings in the process of operation the buiding inevitably leads to the formation of cracks in such places.
It is obvious that the material of meshes is experiencing increased chemical exposure, residing in cementogenesis adhesive layer, and must have a high alkali resistance. Quite often, for one reason or another, when the device "wet" facades for reinforcement of decorative and protective layer are applied to the mesh with insufficient degree of alkali resistance or mesh for indoor decoration.
In the work investigated sands of local origin for the purpose to study their properties and a further possibility of using in the manufacture of exterior plaster systems.
For researches were selected quartz natural sand of the quarry of Kursk (M = 1,8) and natural quartz sand of Novaya Tavolzhanka field (Mc = 0,8 and 1,5). Residue on the sieve of the sand quartz № 063 up to 10 % by mass, the content of sand grains of size more than 10 mm does not exceed 0.5 % by mass, of the grains larger than 5 mm is not more than 10 % and smaller than 0,16 mm and not more than 20 % by mass. The content in the sand pulverized and clay impurities does not exceed 5 %, and clay in lumps is not more than 0,5 %. Bulk density of sand in the
range of 1350 kg/m3. The sand is resistant to the chemical action of alkalis of cement.
When geological exploration Novaya Tavolzhanka deposits were conducted laboratory studies properties of mined sand: granulometric composition, content of dust and clay particles, the fineness modulus of and a dredger compiled. The data were analyzed by one of the quarries with an area of over 1000 m2. The selection and preparation of sand samples for quality control were carried out in accordance with the requirements of National Standard 8735-88. Were selected spot samples, from which by mixing was received single united sample. Selection of point samples was carried out by drill rig at a certain depth of sand. According to the results of the screening have identified private and full remains on the sieve, the fineness modulus of and the content of grains of less than 0,16 mm. As the analysis of the results of determination of granulometric composition and fineness modulus of sand of this field mostly belong to small and very small according to the classification of National Standard 8736-93. The proportion of types of sand according to a preliminary assessment of the data obtained in laboratory tests, the 30 wells (6 samples each) is presented in figure 2 characteristically for a given career is mainly very fine sand.
Figure 2. The ratio of groups of sand Novotavolzhanka field.
For these groups of the sands was built the curves of sieving. Sand of this type can be used for the manufacture of masonry, plaster for the finishing layer of plaster for the production of dry construction mixtures. The results of the tests of the sand were processed by statistical methods. For each group, sand, the
statistical processing was performed separately. Constructed the histogram distribution for fineness modulus of sand in the tested samples. The results of statistical processing of fine sand Novaya Tavolzhanka field is shown in figure 3 [5 - 6].
Figure 3. The histogram distribution of the content of grains of size less than 0.16 mm in fine sands (A) and distribution, content of dust and clay particles in fine sands (B).
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By referring to histograms of the distribution we can state the low quality of sand, however the percentage of samples that pass a test in compliance with the requirements of National Standard 8736 for this group of sand above and the content of grains less than 0,16 mm and the content of clay and dust particles. Sands, mined in the quarry, need to be wash before use for reduce the content of clay and dust particles (see fig. 3) that will improve the quality of extracted sand. For a more complete assessment of
the quality of the sand Novaya Tavolzhanka field must conduct additional studies including chemical composition, content of organic impurities, the true density of the grains of sand and others [5].
Thus, conducted research have shown that the sand of this type can be used for the manufacture of plaster and masonry mortars, and for the production of dry construction mixtures.
REFERENCES
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2. Y. L. Bobrov, E. G. Ovcharenko, B.M. Shoykhet, E.Y. Pegukhova (2003). "Insulating Materials and Construction: the Textbook for Secondary Vocational Schools". - Moscow: INFRA-M, p 268;
3. E.G. Ovcharenko, V.M. Artem'yev, B.M. Shoykhet, B.C. Zholudov (1999). "Thermal Insulation and Energy Saving". -Moscow: Energosberezhenie №2, pp 37-42;
4. B.M. Shoykhet, L.V. Stavritskaya (2000). "Effective Insulation in the Enclosing Structures of Buildings". - Moscow: Energosberezhenie №3, pp 39-42;
5. J.V. Denisova, E.S. Chernositova(2012). "Statistical Analysis of Quality of Sand at Geological Exploration of New Deposits" - Belgorod: Vestnik BSTU named after V.G. Shukhov №3, pp 37-40;
6. J.V. Denisova(2013). "The Choice of the Effective Heater in the Design of Ventilated Facades" - Belgorod: Vestnik BSTU named after V.G. Shukhov №4, pp 26-30;
7. J.V. Denisova, V.N. Tarasenko(2013). "Soundproofing in Homes and Offices" - Belgorod BSTU: Obrazovanie, nauka, proizvodstvo i upravlenie, T. II, pp 15-17;
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