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67Scientific Journal Impact Factor
TO THE PROBLEM OF TRANSLATION OF TOPONYMS FROM ONE
LANGUAGE TO ANOTHER
The article is devoted to the problem of translation of Russian-speaking urban homonyms into English and Uzbek languages in the absence of clearly defined rules of translation in this area. The article substantiates the idea that the analysis of the regularities of practical application of these techniques, taking into account the linguistic and cultural context and practical convenience can be the basis for the future creation of commonly used principles of translation of Russian urban homonyms into English and Uzbek languages. For example, abbreviations of words, special scientific terms, names of organizations and other frequently used collocations are an integral part of modern research texts. It is important not only to learn how correctly abbreviate terminological constructions, form abbreviations and acronyms, but also to master the translation of abbreviations in a scientific article.
Today you cannot do without submitting your research texts to foreign scientific publications. Therefore, it is important to know all the peculiarities of translating a text into English and Uzbek languages.
Keywords: toponymical, Russian, Uzbek, English, transliteration, abbreviations, translation problem.
Статья посвящена проблеме перевода русскоязычных городских омонимов на английский и узбекский языки в условиях отсутствия четко определенных правил перевода в этой сфере. В статье обосновывается мысль о том, что анализ закономерностей практического применения этих приемов с учетом лингвокультурного контекста и практического удобства может стать основой для создания в будущем общеупотребительных принципов перевода русских городских омонимов на английский и русский языки. узбекские языки. Например, сокращения слов, специальные научные термины, названия организаций и другие часто употребляемые словосочетания являются неотъемлемой частью современных исследовательских текстов. Важно не только научиться правильно сокращать терминологические конструкции,
(On the Example of Uzbek, Russian and English)
Nematova Iroda Ilhom kizi
Master of English Linguistics of World Languages Trainee teacher of Tashkent Institute of Financial
ABSTRACT
АННОТАЦИЯ
Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, R VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 1
educational, natural and social sciences О ISSN 2181-1784
Scientific Journal Impact Factor SJIF 2021: 5.423
образовывать аббревиатуры и акронимы, но и освоить перевод аббревиатур в научной статье.
Сегодня не обойтись без отправки текстов своих исследований в зарубежные научные издания. Поэтому важно знать все особенности перевода текста на английский и узбекский языки.
Ключевые слова: топоним, русский, узбекский, английский, транслитерация, аббревиатура, проблема перевода.
INTRODUCTION
The period of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries is characterized by a significant expansion of the volume of used scientific and technical terminology, the development of new phenomena in the phonetics, orthography and grammar of International English, including the norms of transliteration of scientific terms, anthroponomy and homonyms [2; p. 164]. These changes based on a new approach -maximum approximation to the original natural sound and orthography of the terms. At the same time, outdated or initially distorted scientific terms, anthroponomy, and homonyms of English origin still used in Russian and Uzbek in reference and training manuals published in our country.
The most recent example of incorrect Russian transliteration is the term for a computer device - a router in English it is called a router [a ru: ta], but for some reason at the instigation of "connoisseurs" of English terminology. Apparently, the same ones who rewarded us at one time with the hard to pronounce and contrary to the norm of English pronunciation "Xerox" denoting the famous company Xerox in the English transcription [ziaraks]. And also derived from this name with equally difficult to pronounce terms such as "photocopy", "xerography", "xerit", we now have the opportunity to hear and read the term "router" in advertisements everywhere in our country, although it would be correct to use this borrowed British term in the Russian transliteration as router [3, p. 507]. Another common term of British origin, constantly on your lips today, is "Viber", which refers to a mobile application for free messaging and free phone calls. The term "Viber" is an incorrect Russian transliteration of the English term Viber [vaiba]: in Russian, taking into account the British transcription, the mobile application called Viber, but not just sound Viber in Latin.
For example, the English name Jacob rendered in Russian as "Jacob" (or "Jakob"): thus, a television commercial for coffee annoyingly sounds like "Jacobs Monarch", although according to the English transcription ['Aeikabz monak]. it would sound more correct in the Russian transliteration as Jacobs Monark [4, p. 112],
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Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, R VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 1
educational, natural and social sciences 0 ISSN 2181-1784
Scientific Journal Impact Factor SJIF 2021: 5.423
while in the Uzbek language it is translated as "Yokub" - "E;y6" a name associated with the Prophet.
The changes that have taken place in recent years in the Russian, Uzbek and English transliteration of scientific and technical terminology, anthroponomy and toponymical represent a vast problem that deserves an in-depth study. In this paper, we will consider only a small but important part of this problem the new in English and Uzbek transliteration of Russian homonyms.
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
As already noted, the English transliteration of Russian anthroponomy and homonyms requires compliance with the principle of maximum approximation to the original sound and orthography: in the past, English transliteration ignored the soft and hard signs, the iodate Russian vowels [e, yo, ya, ye] and the letter y. The new norm requires that these features of Russian anthroponomy and place names taken into account: an example is the name of Sheremetyevo airport: the soft sign in the English transliteration necessarily reflected (Sheremetyevo, but not "Sheremetevo"). Unfortunately, in the mentioned popular English textbook (7, p. 904] for some reason the author in his wish of success to students in learning English on the proposed course signed the name "Natalia" (English transliteration of the name Natalia requires taking into account the soft sign: Natal'ya (!).
Another peculiarity of the English transliteration of Russian anthrophony's and homonyms, which is a new phenomenon for Russian students of English as a foreign language, mentioned. Therefore, for example, if we are talking about the Russian name Viktor, we should write in English Viktor, in the corresponding English name instead of the letter K the English write the letter C; this also applies to the female name Victoria (Russian Viktoriya, English Victoria). For example, Viktor Astafyev, but Victor Emmanuel. The transliteration of names and homonyms that contain the combination x (English: x) is fundamentally different in Russian and English:
x): in British anthroponomy and homonyms, it rendered by the letter x, pronounced as [gz] before the stress vowel, but in English transliteration of Russian names and place names the word combination x [ks] written Alexander Aleksandr (rus). But Alexander [relig'za:nd] Ale-zander (English), Aleksandra Aleksandra (rus), but Alexandra Alegzandra Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky (rus) Alexandria [iAlig'za:ndri] Alexandria (correct: Aleg-zandria) (port in Egypt).
English transliteration of Russian names and homonyms: Aleksey, Alekseyev, Alekseyevitch, Alekseyevka, Aleksin (but not: "Alexei", "Alexeev", "Alexeevich", "Alexeevka", "Alexin").
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The most frequent cases of incorrect English transliteration of Russian anthroponomy and homonyms, along with the aforementioned Alexei, Victor, Alexander, include such ones as "the Bolshoi" (right: the Bol'shoy); "the Maly" (right: the Malyy); "Chaikovsky", "Aivazovsky" (right: Chaykovskiy, Ayvazovskiy), "Nizhni" (right: Nizhniy), "Gorky" (right: Gor'kiy), "Grozny" (right: Groznyy).
In our opinion, according to today's standard transliteration of Russian, Uzbek scientific terms, anthroponomy, homonyms (see the table of correspondence of English letters and letter combinations to Russian letters and letter combinations types of abbreviations used in scientific papers [1, pp. 636-638].
There are different types of classifications of scientific and technical abbreviations. Let us consider the most common types of abbreviations found both in academic vocabulary and in newspaper and informational texts.
1. Initial. They are composed of the first letters or sounds of words that are part of the abbreviated phrase. They divided into letters and sounds. In the first case, the English letters read and the stress is usually on the last syllable. For example, BST (BST) - British Summer Time. Sound abbreviations read like regular words and the stress is on the initial syllable. Examples: SEM (Sem) - scanning electron microscope or UFO - unidentified flying object. Such abbreviations called acronyms.
2. Syllabic or truncated. In English-language special texts, we often find such words: rev instead of revolution, telecoms - telecommunications, comp -accompaniment. There are no clear rules of formation here. Such abbreviations commonly used because of the traditions of a particular thematic vocabulary.
3. Combination of abbreviations with the whole word. A letter for convenience replaces a technical term, and a more common word used as a whole: email - e-mail, H-bomb - hydrogen bomb.
4. Mixed. For example, the initial-letter and syllable truncated type used together: Rt. Hon - Right Honourable.
Rules for writing and using abbreviations in English.
Abbreviations in English have specific spelling rules. First, when initially using an abbreviated word combination it is necessary to write it in full. The abbreviation in a scientific article may come either before or after the abbreviation:
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)...;
TLAs (tunable laser assemblies)...
Secondly, sound acronyms and letter abbreviations consisting of capital letters not punctuated electron-probe microanalyses (EPMA). However, there are exceptions:
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U.S. as the adjective "American" or, for example, the common abbreviations with dots - R.I.P.
Third, it is important to use definite and indefinite articles in front of abbreviations correctly. They used when they refer to nouns following an abbreviation: a NATO member.
Peculiarities of translation of abbreviations in scientific and technical literature.
The methods and rules for translating abbreviations depend on whether the abbreviation is a common or authorial one. In the first case, it is not difficult to translate an abbreviation. It is on the lips of the researcher dealing with a particular scientific field.
If necessary, it is possible to check the correctness of spelling or find the correct translation in special dictionaries. The problem, however, is that technical terminology constantly being updated. Not yet record even terms that generally accepted today in an officially published academic dictionary.
It is even more difficult to formulate ways to translate acronyms that are of an author's origin. The specifics of using such abbreviations depend on the subject matter, stylistics, and terminological saturation of each particular text. Thus, it is important that the author himself explain in detail the scientific concepts and categories that he subjects to reduction, abbreviation, and symbolic use.
Another difficulty associated with authorial abbreviations is that they may coincide with other abbreviations found in the texts of other authors. At the same time, their meaning is completely different. Therefore, it is important to indicate separately what a particular abbreviation means.
List of abbreviations with transcription and translation
To perform the latter task, it is advisable to compile a separate list of abbreviations used in the article. When compel your own abbreviations and putting them in a separate explanatory list, it allowed to use any methods of formation:
Translation of the full form;
Transliteration;
Transcribing;
Combined methods.
It is important to achieve the key goal: the reader should not encounter additional difficulties and misunderstandings when seeing these or those author's abbreviations.
Abbreviations frequently used in academic texts
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The list of abbreviations frequently used in academic articles includes the following groups.
The names of educational, scientific institutions. RI (Research Institute) - RI (research institute), HEI (higher education institution) - HEI (higher education institution). Such abbreviations are not common in English, so you should first write the whole phrase and then give the abbreviated version in brackets.
Names of international or well-known national organizations. Names of international or well-known national organizations a written in the accepted English version: NATO, UN, UNESCO, NASA, etc.
Commonly used technical terms. It is not customary to change, for example, technological names in the computer field: HTML, CDROM, DVD.
CONCLUSION
Thus, we can say that the search for an adequate way to translate this or that cultural element into English, Uzbek or Russian is currently difficult, since there are still no universal reference manuals that could give unequivocal answers to the numerous questions that arise when description of homonyms in Russian, Uzbek and English. There are also no strict standards governing the use of English and Uzbek languages when describing Russian-language words, including place names, in literature or in the system of urban toponymical. In many cases, we can only talk about which option is currently preferable, since it is language practice and common sense, in our opinion, that are the final factors influencing the choice of the optimal way of the Uzbek-speaking, English-speaking and Russian-speaking names.
LITERATURE
1. Ermolovich D.I. Proper Names at the crossroads of languages and cultures. [Imena sobstvennye na styke yazykov i kul'tur]. Moscow, 2019.
2. Fedorov A.V. Foundations of the general theory of translation (linguistic problems): For institutes and faculties of foreign countries. Languages. Textbook. -M.: FILOLOGIYA, 2019. pp. 416.
3. Romanova S.P., Koralova A.L. A guide to translating from English into other languages. - Moscow: KDU, 2011. pp. 176.
