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62ФИЗИКО-МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
MODERN GRAPHIC COMMUNICATION IN THE INTERNET DISCOURSE
Javokhir Komilov Kozimjon ugli
English teacher of faculty of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Kokand branch of TSTU, Kokand, Uzbekistan
Abstract. The article is dedicated to give information about novel ways of abbreviating words and usage of abbreviations in internet discourse, such as electronic messages and social cites. The main accent is made on classifying several types of common abbreviations, such as initialisms, acronyms, shortenings, contractions and lexicographic sort of abbreviations like emoticons (smileys), numeronyms. The researcher conducted questionnaire according to the usage of abbreviations in internet discourse, such as social cites among young users and utilization of abbreviated words are analyzed according to Uzbek and English context. The article consists of the introduction, literature review, research methodology, results and discussions, conclusion and the list of used literature.
Key words and phrases: abbreviation, initialism, acronym, numeronym, shortening, Netspeak, SMS, e-mail.
I. Introduction:
It is commonly known that there have been several paradigms in linguistic field and anthropocentric paradigm is predominantly accepted as a representation for investigation of linguistic studies. Under this framework, modern linguistic trends such as lingua pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, sociolinguistics, cultural linguistics, psycholinguistics, text linguistics, corpus linguistics and internet linguistics are being studied. Human factor plays a main role in the development of the language. As a modern trend, internet linguists is need for exploration, because modern cooperation means is internet and language is mainly acquired in communication. Therefore, the importance of studying internet linguistics is that most individuals communicate via internet in the globe.
For the fast communication people often want to abbreviate the words in virtual exchanging. One word and a group of words are shortened in message writing. This process is studied by different fields of linguistics such as lexicology, orthography and internet linguistics. Problem of this sphere is that sometimes author and reader cannot understand each other. However, some group of people want to abbreviate their words to keep their information as a secret. Therefore, we decided to study the usage of abbreviations in internet discourse.
The topicality of the study is defined by the importance of studying the internet linguistics as the internet is considered as a means of global communication network through which people all over the world communicate. Today, the Internet represents the network of networks, the newest, broadest and fastest way of exchanging information all over the world. However, it should be noted that the internet communication is not always appropriate or standard but it may contain some biased language or other flaws which can hinder communication. Therefore, it is topical to deal with the internet linguistics and the principles of the abbreviations and investigate the ways and conditions of abbreviating words in communication and giving suggestions at the end of the research is topical.
The aim of the work is to study the internet linguistics, and to examine the abbreviations in internet communication. We set following objectives to reach the aim: to study the main problems of modern trends of linguistics; to review and analyze the literature related to the research topic; to define the terms within the scope of the research topic; to describe main principles, characteristics and elements of the internet linguistics; to describe the principles of the internet communication and study the ways of following shortening words of the net; to describe means of abbreviating word groups or words; to discuss peculiarities of lexicographic abbreviations; to analyze the usage of lexicographic abbreviations of the internet communication in English and Uzbek.
The object of the research is lexicographic abbreviations in the internet communication. The subject of the investigation is main ways and modes of shortening words of the internet discourse. It is hypothesized that the internet linguistics is culturally, nationally, and globally specific, biased and abbreviating words can provide fast communication and save specific information as a secret. The language materials are formulated by the tweets, scripts, passages and extracts from different social networks such as Telegram, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and etc.
In the literature review of the work is devoted to the theoretical basis of the research and deals with main principles and characteristics of internet linguistics are studied. Peculiarities of abbreviations and their classifications are highlighted and studied. Research methodology informs about the process of conducting questionnaire. Results and discussion part is devoted to results of questionnaire and analysis of cyber space abbreviations in English and Uzbek languages. Particularly, lexicographic peculiarities of using words in English and Uzbek are represented. The main points and achievements of the research are clarified in the conclusion.
II. Literature review:
The results of the research have great importance to develop the theories of linguistics in general, and internet
linguistics in particular. The formulation of the models of lexicographic abbreviations in the internet communication. Moreover, based on the results of the research, the dictionary of internet linguistics can be compiled and the principles of the internet discourse can be formulated.
A lot of scholars investigated language usage in the field of internet linguistics. David Crystal (2004) in his book "Language and the internet", investigates the nature of the impact which Internet is making on language. Baron (2004) studies the problem of computer-mediated communication as a force in language change. Cherny (1999) investigates the issue of conversation and community: chat in a virtual world. Many scolars studied the issue of electronic language: a new variety of English. David (1999) investigates the problem of the Internet and ELT and Language and electronics: the coming global tongue. Borisova (2015) analyzes numeronyms as a novel sort of abbreviations in English language and other scholars investigated the field of internet discourse according to the research topic.
As the Internet language developed, along with it developed the study of computer-mediated communication (CMC), distinguished by its target on language and usage of language in virtual environment, and by its utilization, methods of discourse analysis to recall that target. In this field, discourse groups are characterized as virtual communities. They have their own language to communicate and their relation practiced by spoken or written language of the internet.
Even internet is considered as an English-based network and a lot of communicators exchange their ideas in English, still there are some difficulties related to the reasons of cultural differences. However, it becomes easier to overcome this problem with Netspeak. Because, there are such universal units of the internet, that every user, even they know basic clues of English, can understand them. These universals represent specific features of Netspeak and include lexicographic language units such as abbreviations, symbols, acronyms, emoticons, initialisms and numeronyms. They give universal meaning that every user of the internet, recognize their meaning and utilize their interaction. David Crystal mentioned that number of English language users represents three times more than before, because language of the internet based on English (2004). Therefore, internet has its own language and novel abbreviations initialisms, acronyms are added by shortening expressions. This provides faster communication, authors can send clear and short messages to their readers. Its vocabulary enriched reason of easy and simple usage and they are coined by its users. Additionally, speakers can transfer their feelings by graphic tools such as smileys, and symbols. This would be new paradigm or may start a new process in linguistic field.
Abbreviating words is complex and interesting subject in analyzing social context. Current use of abbreviation is increasing in virtual world and abbreviation is one of the leading methods of derivation (Borisova, 2015) in lexicology. Its complexity determines scholars to investigate further research. Abbreviations were created to increase effectiveness of cooperation during social development. They are the result of secondary nomination, they have the function of identification and classification. So, they could be relevant to the phenomenon of certain period of time.
Abbreviation is an unusual tool for filling lexical gaps in vocabulary system. Actually, it is a connection of meaning and sound, content and form. As a result, linguistic memory is forgotten and additional language process could be easier (Voloshin, 2005) in using abbreviations. They appear in communication as productive method of building vocabulary and represent cultural background of the author. Its problem of study has two fields: internet discourse and real (face to face) communication.
Shortening of words also happens in producing slang vocabulary of the linguistic branches such as in the IT space. For example, app (for application), comp (for computer), ctrl (for control), doc (for document) are used in electronic communication. Abbreviating words has already changed as common lexicon. Some of them are created with shortening that can be observed only in writing discourse of the internet but it is not used in speaking process. For instance: edt - program editor, Edlin - line editor, EXT - the End of Text.
Abbreviations are commonly used during the period of the World War Two. The purpose of utilizing them is to deliver the message fast and to keep information as a secret (Cannon, 2011). Initialisms were seriously studied after Baum's articles (1955) and ESL applications of Hargreaves (1957). Initialisms had no theoretical importance and they were ignored in various dictionaries, because a few of them were related to common vocabulary. At the end of twentieth century there were listed only 18 works dedicated to abbreviations and acronyms and 7 of them were dictionaries.
Actually, there are two reasons of the lack of developing abbreviations. The firs reason is that they may confuse the language users, because some initialisms were similar to ordinary words. For example, there are several occasional acronyms such as GARP "global atmospheric research program", is the initial letters of word group and it is structured into pronounced lexicon. Gale published the largest collection of initialisms and added complication of abbreviations that he described the blends motel, brunch, and smog-as acronyms. With the influence of virtual world, they had been separated like initialisms and acronyms.
The second reason is practicing the dictionary. European or American dictionaries listed the abbreviations as legitimate abbreviations such as D.B.S., contractions, clippings and visual tools. Nowadays, abbreviations include any sort of shortened words, but it has a complication with word-formation procedure.
According to Noah Webster (1850), there are three types of abbreviations:
- Gen. (Genesis);
- USA (United States of America);
- $ (dollar).
However, Webster did not give the names and he did not clearly defined subdivisions of these abbreviations. After the explanations of Bloomfield (1933) and Wells (1956), such as they described the abbreviations like doc, lab, ad, vet and prof, the types of abbreviations were confused.
According to Cannon three experienced inspections have developed (2011):
1. Abbreviations and acronyms are various categories;
2. Abbreviations are a subclass of acronyms;
3. Acronyms are a subclass of abbreviations.
Abbreviations and acronyms have formal differences. According to Heller and Macris (1968) initialisms are classified as a type of shortening. However, Algeo (1982) divided whole abbreviations in five types: loanwords, shortenings, composites (affixations and compounds), blends, and shifts.
Specifically, there is a unique type of abbreviation that is called numeronym - number based words. The pronunciation of these type of abbreviations is characterized as words, but some numbers are added in writing forms of the vocabulary to make it short. For example, K9 (canine), gr8 (great), 10x (thanks), 4u (for you) and 2day (today) are used to making faster communication. Obviously, it is often observed in e-mail accounts such as in44me@gmail.com, gr8base@gmail.com as well. There are another sorts of numeronyms that they are not commonly used and they consist of only numbers, like 911 (for help), 411 (for information), 101 (for basic introduction to the subject) and 212 (for New Yorker). Therefore, according to Borisova (2015), there are two general types of numeronyms: full (212, 101) and partial (2day).
In this type of abbreviation numbers transfer the sounds like 2 - to, too, two ([tu]) or 4 - four, for ([fo:]). It is also related with the amount of letters in words. Usually, about ten-lettered-words are often shortened by numbers according to their letter quantity. For example, the word improvisation could be shortened like "i11n" in written discourse of the internet and other letters are omitted. Image of English shortened words, borrowed abbreviation from other languages, using the closest corresponding letters, representation of phonetic structure of English abbreviations, illustrative interpretation, inventing a novel native abbreviation and the way of the straight borrowing are broadly used among abbreviations (Baloneva, 2004).
To sum up, there are 6 types of abbreviations in modern English language. They are: initialisms, acronyms, shortenings, contractions, numeronyms and symbolisms. Numeronyms and symbolisms are modern types of shortening words and we can call them as lexicographic abbreviations.
III. Research methodology:
To reach the goal of the study the researcher conducted questionnaire among young language learners and internet users. They are fourth year students of Uzbekistan State World Languages University. The researcher has chosen the groups 414 and 424 to hold questionnaire and their major is Foreign language and Literature (English). The ages of the subjects are from 22 to 25, most of them are females and their levels are B1 and B2. They are asked that how long time they had been using social network and how they abbreviated words during their communication. As an alternative they have been given various types of abbreviations that could be used in internet discourse.
IV. Results and analysis:
Questionnaire results
According to the results of questionnaire most of the students spend their at least 1,5 hours in social networks. Actually, some students of the group 424 use social networks during 3 or 4 hours. It shows the result that girls are often utilize social cites. However, some male students of the group 414, spend their 1 or 2 hours in communicating with people in the internet. And the average result shows that young internet users spend their 2 hours in social network.
The formation of the next questionnaire was structured as following:
What types of abbreviation do you often use in social network?
a) Dr. Mrs. Mr. Ms.
b) SMS, ASAP, UNDP, UK, USA
c) NATO, UNESCO, ZIP, RAM
d) comp, app, ad, Feb, Sat
e) he's, let's, we're, you'll
f) gr8, 4u, 10x, 2B, 2u, 4eva
The results of multiple choice test about the usage of abbreviation in internet discourse shows the following indications:
Table 1
Results of questionnaire
Abbreviations Group 414 Group 424 Overall percentage
Dr. Mrs. Mr. Ms. 6% 5% 5.5%
SMS, ASAP, UNDP, UK, USA 5% 9% 7%
NATO, UNESCO, ZIP, RAM 4% 8% 6%
comp, app, ad, Feb, Sat 15% 17% 16%
he's, let's, we're, you'll 20% 21% 20.5%
gr8, 4u, 10x, 2B, 2u, 4eva 50% 40% 45%
Group 414 consists of 4 males and 9 females. Group 424 have 13 females, no males. Overall percentage of using contractions like Dr., Ms., initialisms and acronyms show equal numbers at about 6%. The total usage of contractions such as he's, let's show 20,5% and shortenings 16%. The most commonly using abbreviations among young learners of English show 45%.
Analysis of abbreviations in English internet discourse
In our viewpoint, it is important to consider basic Internet discourse features before analyzing the examples of the internet abbreviations. Below, we will outline some internet discourse rules for the internet users to follow:
a) Never give any personal information: This is the first suggestion for the internet users to follow. According to this, the net users should not give any personal information such as address, phone number, Social Security Number, or credit card because they can be used to steal your identity and/or your money. This also means don't give your password to anyone. Passwords are intended to protect you, if you tell someone what it is, you've lost that protection. It can be said that giving or writing personal information such as address, phone number, Social Security number or credit card can contribute to the sharing personal information.
b) Another point to consider when analyzing internet discourse is connected with " Take care when posting photos/videos" regulation of using the internet or social networks. Uploading some videos representing political, sexual, cultural bias or posting photos including such elements can lead to the violation of the use of the internet or the use of social networks such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Telegram, What's up, Linked-in, одноклассники and etc. Therefore, it is advised to be careful of not only where you post pictures/videos, but think about the picture's content. Is this a picture/video you would want your parent or child to see? Would you want a future employer to see this picture/video? Think of the consequences before posting any photo/video. Because once it's online it's there forever and millions of people will have access to it.
The usage of abbreviation in internet discourse can be classified into some categories such as methodological, content, grammatical, semantic and pragmatic.
1) Methodological issues are connected with stylistic features of the problem: stylistic generalizations, stylistic changes, repetition, styles of writing, register, social-cultural context are central to methodological concerns.
2) Content issues are connected with a message element of the communication: shortening techniques and strategies such as the use of contractions, logograms, abbreviations, the use of single spaces at sentence ends, emoticons, shorter nonstandard respellings, traditional punctuation conventions, elliptical sentences, a range of relevant but vague avoidance principles, such as 'leave out unnecessary words' or 'omit unnecessary punctuation marks.
3) Grammatical issues: the internal grammatical structure of tweets. They were especially noticeable in advertisements and announcements. While several of these fragments display coherent structure at phrase or clause level, words are sometimes juxtaposed in a way which makes an immediate interpretation impossible. Grammatical issues related to the violation of the internet etiquette are often connected with the following areas of grammar:
• conjunctions: &, bt, cos, btwn
• connecting adverbs: ASAP
• response utterances: lol, 10x, hahaha, :)
• clarificatory utterances: U meant . . ., really?
• anaphoric forms: that is gr8, it's one of my favs
• direct address forms: 2u, u, ur
• commands: let's go, we'll do
• direct questions: is that some kind a different language?
4) Pragmatic issues: Appropriate use of language, they deal with what factors govern a person's choice of utterance? What are the effects of that choice on an addressee? Pragmatic issues deal chiefly with purpose and tone.
It can be observed all types of abbreviation in internet discourse. They have already been changed to internet language as well. For instance, all addresses of e-mails and web cites of names.
Initialisms. The usage initialisms are often observed in the internet discourse as presented in the following example: Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal (ASTESJ)
Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal (ASTESJ) is an online - only journal dedicated to publishing significant advances covering all aspects of technology relevant to the physical science and engineering communities (https://astesj.com).
Acronyms. In the internet comments of social network, the usage of acronyms is illustrated in the following example:
"Could you please return the signed agreement ASAP?"
"Can you send me that contact ASAP?" (https://blog.hubspot.com).
Contractions. This type of abbreviations are usually seen in the spoken discourse as well. As an example we have found the alternatives in the internet discourse in the following dialogue:
Iona certain that Dr. Campbell told me it and I gave particular attention to it, being myself a lover of... Set a merchant's clerk now to write, and he'll do better (by James Boswell, John Wilson Crocker, cited in https://books.google. co. uz).
Symbolisms. They are characterized different symbols of the keyboard with some kind of meaning. For
example,
The meaning of <3 is "Love (heart shape) "
Additionally, other many symbols are observed in the internet. For instance, :) is used to express happiness or ;) is used to express wrinkling emotion of people. Users prefer to transfer their feelings by symbols to provide fast exchanging opinions and shorten their messages.
Numeronyms. Furthermore, it can be illustrated numeronym by the following example of English internet discourse:
Journals for Free (J4F) provides a large database of links to technology and engineering free scientific journals (www.journals4free.com).
Journals for Free (J4F) provides a large database of links to free scientific journals available on the web (www.journals4free. com).
As can be seen from the examples, numeronyms are used in scientific internet discourse as well.
Analysis of abbreviation in Uzbek internet discourse
The usage of abbreviations in internet discourse is often observed in social networks. They are illustrated in different situations of the internet discourse.
In monologues. Now, let's pay attention to the following monologue appeared on Facebook: different types of shortening words are reflected in this monologue as described below:
Guyoki dustlikdan voz kechish kuyini 4alayotgan "farishtalarga" agar qizlar "Bu rasm fqt sn u-n tushiladi-rozimisan?" deb taklif kiritsa, ular uzlari "hayosiz" deya baholayotgan bu qizlarni rad etolmaydi.
Ular= ong ostidan sirtqi jahliga sabab bulayotgan yagona omil shu "hayosizlikdan " uzidan boshqalar ham bahramand bulayotganligida. "Musulmon4ilik" & hech qayerda yo'q "odob" haqidagi iddaolari esa bor yogi 1 bahona. Мы это уже проходили. Alar uz fikrlariga qandaydir muqaddaslik tusini berishlari kerak-ku, axir! Shunda, ular= da'volarijiddiyroq, ma'naviyatliroq eshitiladi; shunda hech kim ular= yashirin niyatini, yashirin asli hayosizligini bila olmaydi (monologue by Arsen Bilol).
This example is taken from the monologue on Facebook. It is illustrated different types of abbreviations in this dialogue. Usage of symbols and numbers to shorten the words is often presented in the monologue. Additionally, it can be shown contractions as well. However, lexicographic abbreviations are used more then other types. For example, a lot of numeronyms are used to shorten the words, such as 4alayotgan, musulmon4ilik, 1 (bir bahona). At the same time, author abbreviates the combination of letter and apostrophe (o') by the letter "u".
In accounts. The usage of abbreviations are often observed in names of accounts and profiles. The reason of this is that the name of the profile or login cannot be repeated by other user. Therefore, if your intended name is in the base, you cannot create your profile and you should find another username. In that case most users shorten their names. For example, ma40@mail.ru, c0mbeki@gmail.com, 4aros@yandex.ru, sahnoz@umail.uz and other sort of e-mail accounts are described by numeronyms. The usage of lexicographic abbreviations are also characterized in passwords as well. For example, most users prefer to use the number "0" instead of the letter "o" in their codes.
In web pages. The usage of abbreviations are generally found in the content of web pages. According to this aspect, shortening techniques and strategies such as the use of contractions, logograms, abbreviations, the use of single spaces at sentence ends, emoticons, shorter nonstandard respellings, traditional punctuation and conventions can be regarded as indicators of content issue.
-Sadqai odam ketingee.. man bu odamlani tanimiman lekin sizi yozganizni oqib indami keta olmadm. Ulug oylada savob ish qilishni orniga, yaxsilik qilayotgan odamga tuhmat qlb gunoh orttirganizga uyalingee!!! Kulganingiz oldingizdan chqmasin... birorta qizingiz kelajakda oqtu4isini oynashi dgan nom olib kesa keyin shu gaplarizi oylasez kk... ogzim bor ekan deb valdiraveradimi? (Gulnoz Shuhratovna)
It is clear from this passage that the content of this extract is expressed by the use of contractions such as "kk", in Uzbek, "kk" means "kerak" which means "must" in English or some letters are omitted from the context such as the letter o' is shortened like letters of o or u. In addition, the letters l and i are often omitted from the words and abbreviated. We can see the example of numeronym in the discourse as well such as the abbreviation "oqtu4isini" is written instead of "o'qituvchisini".
-Tomiz ketganmi? Uyat bormi? (Feruza Kuryazova)
-Bu gapni aytgan odam un u yeb bitirilgan (Guli Daminova)
From this statement, it is clear that the abbreviation is characterized by the use of contractions such as "un" meaning that it represents the contracted form of "un" means "uchun".
-Tarbiyasiga, bunichun ota-onasiga ming raxmat!!! (Ziyoda Bahtiyorova)
-O'zini o 'ynashi bo 'lsa kerakda (Adiz Usmonov)
NIMA BOPTIKOTARIB TURGANBOLSA! Shuni ham endi gap deb aytyapsizmi! Shu ham post boldimi!))) (Mustafo Muhammad)
Rasmga tushaman netta tarqalsa mashxur bop ketaman db qmaganku bu ishshi yordam bergan bo'sa malades farosati ishlirkin (Umid Shuhkratovich)
From this statement, it is clear that shortening of words are expressed by the use of contractions such as "db" meaning that it represents the contracted form of "db" means "deb", "qmaganku" meaning that it represents the contracted form of "qmaganku" means "qilmaganku", "bo'sa" meaning that it represents the contracted form of "bo'sa" means "bo'lsa".
Discussion work deals with the theoretical basis of the research: it is devoted to the study of peculiarities and assumptions on the abbreviations in the internet discourse. It is a new discipline which has become the new term "the Internet linguistics or language". The relationships between the Internet and language can be revealed by the following points: The Internet is "a global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols. Today, the Internet represents the network of networks, the newest, broadest and fastest way of exchanging information all over the world. The Internet changed the way the think, interact, do business, share information, exploit and present ourselves to others etc. Many studies have been made on how the Internet affects us, our social skills, intelligence, personal lives, opinions etc., and thus giving us an insight into the changes in our lives that have already been accounted for and brought upon by the Internet.
In this study, we deal with the Internet linguistics which is connected with the creation of a new linguistic discipline, whose purpose would be to study both it, and its features and styles. The new discipline, Internet linguistics is advocated by the British linguist David Crystal, who defines it as a sub-domain of linguistics which studies new language styles and forms that have arisen under the influence of the Internet and other New Media, such as Short Message Service (SMS) text messaging. Crystal states that the study of Internet linguistics can be effectively done through four main perspectives. These are sociolinguistics, education, lexicology and applied perspectives.
In this section of our research, we deal with the influences of the abbreviations on language and their connections. Research has shown that the language influenced the Internet and the development of its own language, it helped to form discourse and discourse communities as well as linguistic branches, such as Internet linguistics. Newly coined abbreviations and words on the net have penetrated usually written English language. The frequent use of lexicographic abbreviations influence the vocabulary of the English language by actually broadening it. Another way the abbreviations influences language is through the creation of new genres, or at least the transformation of old genres into new functions. Because of its countless technological possibilities, the Internet enables the creation of these new genres which hold the potential to redefine and change social structure and networks. The influence of the Internet on a language surpasses the boarders of the virtual world. This means that both the Internet and its newly formed language can affect even our conversations, speech and language in one's everyday face-to-face interactions. The Internet language has already infiltrated the written forms of communication as well as dictionaries. The Internet language, as well as its abbreviations and acronyms, have become a part of our everyday interactions even in the real world.
V. Conclusion:
To summarize all the points, there are different kinds of abbreviations such as initialisms, acronyms, shortenings, contractions, numeronyms and symbolisms. Numeronyms and symbolisms are modern types of abbreviated words and we can call them as lexicographic abbreviations. We often observe these types of abbreviations in comments, profile names, accounts, web pages and discussions of the internet discourse.
We gained following points during our investigation: the main assumptions and features of the internet linguistics have been studied; the main principles and characteristics of communicating on the net have been analyzed and key elements of the abbreviations are exposed; approaches to the identification of the lexicographic abbreviations have been analyzed and specific techniques have been clarified.
The national specificity of language connection, which we experience during the time spent correspondence, are social propensities for the general population, showed in the decision and uniqueness of utilizing as a part of the procedure of relational collaboration of different correspondence media and open methodologies, informative ethnostyle is shaped.
We can infer that in various internet discourses, abbreviations are comprehended in various ways. In English internet, we usually observe acronyms, initialisms, numeronyms and symbolisms. They are often related to their pronunciation such as number 2 (to express the pronunciation of to, too, two) or the number 4 (to express the pronunciation of for). Comparatively, in Uzbek internet discourse we usually come across abbreviating letter combinations or vowel sounds.
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