96ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 8 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 Directory Indexing of International Research Journals-CiteFactor 2020-21: 0.89
DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-8-84-88
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF TOPONYMS IN LINGUISTICS AND THEIR RELATION BETWEEN FORM AND SEMANTICS
Bakhromjon Juraboev
Toshkent region Chirchik state pedagogical institute
ABSTRACT
This article is devoted to analyses of toponymical conceptual semantics in toponyms. The issues of cognitology, concept of "place", toponymical conceptual semantics in toponyms and its appearance in the language have also taken in the article. The study of geographical names is carried out by the special science of toponymy. Toponymy is a special branch of linguistics, because any noun is a word, is part of such a language system and obeys its basic laws. How to name places is primarily determined by the needs of a particular stage of society. This article describes the importance of toponyms in linguistics, their lexical and semantic features, as well as a comparative analysis of Uzbek and English toponyms.
Keywords: toponymemes, toponymy, concept, cognitology, toponymical conceptual semantics, semantics or psychology, identical imagine, "place" category.
Toponyms are a huge linguistic and cultural-spiritual wealth of each nation which was created over many centuries. Toponyms reflect the unique observations, experiences, worldviews and various beliefs of the people from the ancient times to the present day. Toponyms are one of the controversial issues in linguistics as one of the lexical categories, as there are a number of other "toponyms" related or similar to the lexical category (they have to dealt with the "names" too), description and classification and their linguistic sphere are still the subject of great debate and controversy.
In the field of toponymy, a number of researches have been conducted and achieved significant progresses in recent years. In particular, it is worthy to mention the names of some scholars in the field of toponyms. For instance, in Uzbekistan H. Hasanov, E. Begmatov, S. Korayev, T. Nafasov, Z. Dosimov, N. Okhunov, S. Buriev, J. Latipov, T. Enazarov, S.Nayimov, T.Rakhmatov; in Azerbaijan: R.M.Yuzbashev; in Kazakhstan: K.Kankashbaev, A.Abdurahmonov and Toychibaev, T.Januzakov, E.Koyshybaev, K.Risbergenova; in Turkmenistan: M.Geldikhanov, S.Ataniyozov; in Kyrgyzstan S.Umurzakov, K.Konkabaev, D.I. Isayev; in Russia V. A. Nikonov, A. V. Superanskaya, A. P. Dulzon, E. M. Murzaev, V. N. Toporov, O.N. Trubachev,
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 8 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 Directory Indexing of International Research Journals-CiteFactor 2020-21: 0.89
DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-8-84-88
V.A. Serebryannikov, in Britain William Addison, William Alexander, Thomas Bayne, Stan Beckensall, Kenneth Cameron, David Mills ); in America George R Stuart, Alf Dray and in Germany Jochen Lothar Leidner had conducted researches on toponyms. Furthemore, among the most important works on toponyms Y.M Pospelov's lexicographic research is one of the unique researches, in which the author for the first time systematized more than 5,000 geographical names of the world, resulting in the publication of his dictionary "Geographical names of the world: Toponymic dictionary." [1, p.504]
Toponymy is the science that has as its subject the study of geographical names or toponymsi . As all other names, toponyms belong to languages. Names in general are only rarely randomly chosen, and this is especially true in the case of geographical names. Whether they carry a physical meaning like Mont Blanc („White Mountain'), or they were coined to honour someone (Washington, District of Columbia), to commemorate some historic event or to make clear to whom the named object belonged (Paris, from Latin „Lutetia Parisiorum' = „Lutetia of the [Gallic tribe named the] Parisians'), in all cases they once used the vocabulary and followed the grammatical and orthographic rules of a certain language. Languages are the subjects of the science called linguistics. Therefore, anyone handling geographical names needs to have some basic linguistic knowledge, both in general terms and specifically pertaining to the language situation of the area of survey.
People from different professional backgrounds may be allured to some kind of study of geographical names. To linguists specializing either in the historical or genealogical aspects of specific languages, or in the taxonomy of languages in general, toponyms contain a treasure of ancient language elements which allows them to under build their theories or test their hypotheses. Likewise, historians may use toponym research to reveal ancient movements of peoples, or get a hint of cultural exchange patterns in forgotten ages. Moreover, recurrent name elements are known to store information on the history of settlement and land reclamation, the economic activities of the original settlers, and political developments.
Topographers and cartographers often bear a less theoretical interest in toponymy: they simply need to know by what name(s) every object to be mapped has to be known and recorded.
As far as the last mentioned category of professionals does not study geographical names for the sake of the names themselves, but rather wants to constitute a set of rules, or standards, defining what should be considered „right' and „wrong' in the cartographic naming practice, they are involved in what we call
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 8 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 Directory Indexing of International Research Journals-CiteFactor 2020-21: 0.89
DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-8-84-88
applied toponymy. Even if exhaustive linguistic knowledge is not required to be able to practise this specific kind of applied toponymy, a basic understanding of the linguistic and historic context of the geographical names within the area of study is certainly indispensable.
At the moment a name is given to an object, the language of the name-giver provides both the elements needed and the structure to join them together. The elements consist of semantic and morphologic units - units of meaning and form -called words and morphemes. The former are the smallest units that may occur independently, the latter the even smaller particles, like suffixes and affixes forming part of or joined to them. The structure is provided in the form of a set of rules called grammar, that defines the way the language can be used to convey (communicate) meaning. An important constituent of grammar is the syntax, determining the way words should be linked together into larger semantic conglomerates. Most names start their existence as such a semantic conglomerate.
From a global point of view, obviously not all language families are as important, as far as numbers measure importance. More than 75% of all languages belong to only 10 of the 100 recognized families, while judged by the numbers of speakers, two-thirds of the world population speak languages belonging to only two families (Indo-European and SinoTibetan). To the topographic-cartographic toponymist, however, other numbers may be even more relevant: after all, the number of geographic names to be dealt with is not so much dependent on current numbers of speakers, as it is on the geographic extent of the area to be surveyed and the scale of mapping the survey is carried out for. Topographic map series of a certain scale use to cover a complete country, irrespective of differences in population density.
The implication of this last observation may be quickly illustrated by the following realworld example. The 27,000 Nenets-speaking Samoyeds are mainly (former) nomadic reindeer herdsmen. For many centuries their ancestors dominated a huge area in northern Siberia, in which they named all terrain features (streams, hills and so on) that had any meaning to them. Despite the small number of Nenets speakers - maybe equivalent to the number of inhabitants of just a few apartment blocks in New York City - their language has to be taken into account in an area of four or five times the size of the United Kingdom.
Toponymic terminology includes a couple of status qualifiers. An official language is „a language expressly adopted by the government of a country ... and employed as a language of administration'. A non-official language is „a language that lacks official status in a particular legally constituted entity'. A dialect is „a
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 8 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 Directory Indexing of International Research Journals-CiteFactor 2020-21: 0.89
DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-8-84-88
variety of language which is distinguished by phonological and/or morphological characteristics that give it a distinctive identity'. A literary language is a „written form of language regarded as the desirable standard for works of literature'. A national language is a „language in widespread current use throughout a given country or in part of its territory ...', and it „... may have or may not have the status of an official language'. A minority language is „any language not used by a significantly large part of the country's population'. A principal language is „in a linguistic community where more than one language is in use, that language which has greatest currency'. A living resp. dead language is „any language spoken today, resp. not longer spoken'.
Thus, the meaning of each toponym depends on the real meaning of the event that creates it. In the toponymic name of the migration phenomenon, it is also noted that this is toponymy, which is based on legality. Such a lexico-semantic study of toponyms helps to identify their etymology.
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ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 8 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 Directory Indexing of International Research Journals-CiteFactor 2020-21: 0.89
DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-8-84-88
9. TOPONYMS IN LINGUISTICS AND THEIR RELATION BETWEEN FORM AND SEMANTICS Khalilova Zarnigor Muhammadjon qizi FarDU , 1 st year master's degree
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