17ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 8 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 Directory Indexing of International Research Journals-CiteFactor 2020-21: 0.89
DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-8-28-34
STUDYING PHILOSOPHICAL REALITIES OF THE RENAISSANCE EPOCH, BASED ON THE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF PHILOSOPHICAL
TEXTS
Shahobiddin Sharofiddinovich Shodiev
Bukhara State Medical Institute named after Abu Ali Ibn Sino
Najmiddin Bakaevich Bakaev
Bukhara State Medical Institute named after Abu Ali Ibn Sino
Nafisa Zainiddinovna Tasheva
Bukhara State Medical Institute named after Abu Ali Ibn Sino
ABSTRACT
The article is devoted to some aspects of the functional specificity of lexical borrowings - neologisms - that have found their vivid reflection in the works and philosophical thought of the European era and, in particular, the English Renaissance, represented by its brightest representatives such as Thomas More, Francis Bacon, John Donne, Shakespeare and others. The authors consider this problem in a synchronous-diachronous cut and in the light of the new socio-political situations of the century of the English Renaissance and in the light of the evolutionary process of the formation of the English nation and the norms of the literary English language, which continued intensively in the 11th century, which led to the further growth and spread of both oral, and written national literary language.
Keywords: revival, synchronous-diachronic, abstract, neologism, historical.
INTRODUCTION
The element of the philosophical thought of the Renaissance is one of those features that especially explicitly associate it with the era that gave birth to the titans of philosophical and literary thought and imagination. After all, the entire Renaissance, and especially the later Renaissance (XVI-XVII centuries), is marked, as you know, by an appeal to general questions of being [1, p. 3-7] ,. The growing and bursting social crises, which marked the development of the era, led to the fact that not only for a small circle of the elite, but also for many commons (commoners), the usual ideas about the world and its laws collapsed [2, p. 222]. Most often this manifested itself in the form of breaking and changing religious ideas, in the struggle
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 8 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 Directory Indexing of International Research Journals-CiteFactor 2020-21: 0.89
DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-8-28-34
of ideas put forward by different directions of the era. But these ideas themselves, to one degree or another, also touched upon general problems of a philosophical nature, and then, on a large scale, there was going beyond the religious, theological framework - general questions of being were raised, and often in the traditions of ancient philosophy, which became the dominant trend of the Renaissance [3, p. 496].
Philosophical thought in various, and sometimes even in bizarre forms became the property of the masses, truly democratized, but soon after the victory of the Counter-Reformation in one part of Europe and the complete stagnation of the Reformation in another, the wave of philosophical thought among the people subsided, it left its indelible traces. in particular, in the best works of Renaissance literature, and, above all, in Shakespeare. This era in the history of England was a period of profound socio-economic and political changes, when the emerging new order takes over the old, feudal-serf. The process of the formation of the English nation, which continued intensively in the XYI century [Stupin 1989; Shadmanov 2019], led to the further growth and spread of both oral and written national languages. As a written language, the role of which Latin played for a long time in the countries of Western Europe, the English national language, which received its literary design in the works of many writers, is increasingly being established.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The lexicographic basis of the study is The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles / Ed. Onions. L., 1968. Lexical units for linguistic analysis were selected by the method of continuous sampling, which in their semantics relate to words of an abstract philosophical nature. At the same time, the historical principle was observed, i.e. only the terminological vocabulary of the 16-17th centuries, inclusive, as it is recorded in the specified normative dictionary, fell under the lexical-semantic analysis. In addition, this vocabulary was checked against original sources - works of authors of this period.
The practical necessity of using the native language for the dissemination of new ideas and education, the language problems that arise before translators, the struggle with the supporters of Latin, who defend its right to be the only language of science and literary creativity - all this leads to attempts to theoretically substantiate the use of the native - English - language in ever more widespread. A conscious activity to improve the native language begins [4, p.180-186].
To establish general trends that comprehensively characterize the main composition of abstract philosophical vocabulary, it becomes necessary to trace the
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 8 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 Directory Indexing of International Research Journals-CiteFactor 2020-21: 0.89
DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-8-28-34
transformations determined by the time factor. New layers of vocabulary, both borrowed from Latin by means of the French language, and that existed earlier only in the everyday colloquial style, are included in the written literary language, with the help of which new concepts are expressed, a new interpretation of the semantics of lexical units, in the light of the established experimental system of Francis Bacon, "the true ancestor of all experimental science."
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The enrichment of the language of the era with borrowings was due to powerful shifts in the entire social and political life of England during the Renaissance [5, p. 264]. Thinkers (poets, prose writers, playwrights), acting in various genres, each in their own way tried to explain the humana studia of the era: poetry, prose, songs, verse dialogues, drama, political and scientific treatises, sermons, pamphlets, descriptions of travels -viy, historical chronicles. A similar linguistic situation, when Latin dominated in such areas as science, political life, education, upbringing and religion, influenced the lexical composition and the totality of syntactic methods of organizing linguistic material of an abstract philosophical nature in various spheres and genres. The use of such vocabulary in the overwhelming majority of genres is one of the characteristic features of the literature of the era, since the new philosophy finds its expression in a new literary form -literary-rhetorical, designed for educated public circles, thereby including philosophically-oriented works in the general flow of Latin literature, restoring its former ties with fiction, poetry, history, politics, rhetoric.
At the same time, the acquisition of new meanings by words that are characteristic of the expression of philosophical thought of shades indicates that there is a process of gradual professional differentiation of the philosophical language in connection with the specialization of knowledge, its shaping into a separate science (anticipation "anticipation", concurrence "coincidence" , gradation "gradation", etc.): "anticipation is when we prevent those wordes that another would saie" (T. Wilson. Rhet.100); "so shall my anticipation prevent your discovery" (Shaks. Haml. 11.2.304). Unambiguous words differ in insignificant frequency, but they have a high degree of semantic autonomy, independent of the context (modesty "modesty", presupposition "presupposition", ratiocination "reasoning"), "..is according to the light and pre-supposition of that which is delivered "-" ... is in accordance with the clarity and presupposition of what is being said "(F.Bacon. Adv.L. 11.126); "withot any discourse of reason, or ratiocination" - "... without any discourse in reasons or
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reasoning" (Holland Plutarch, Mog. 1344); "..be pastime passing excellent, if it be ... with modesty" - "... to be great entertainment if it is connected ... with modesty" (Shaks.lnd.1.66).
There is a significant increase in the nest of word combinations from 2 to 32 lexical units while maintaining the main word as the nucleus of the combination and an increase in the number of lexical-semantic variants (LSV). These two conditions indicate a noticeable development of the semantic structure of words of a philosophical nature. The complication of the semantic structure of the analyzed words confirms the idea of their complete assimilation in the semantic sense [6, p. 182]. All interacting meanings of words play the role of clarifying, concretizing components of the primary borrowed meaning.
Etymologically, the abstract-philosophical vocabulary of the research period is divided into words: 1) arising from the native national vocabulary and 2) borrowed from other languages.
Some features of the introduction of new borrowed units into everyday life are noted: a) author's interpretations in dictionaries, where by their very nature simplicity and clarity of presentation are inherent; b) periphrases - usually by descriptive translation or through the use of synonyms, for example: ratiocination is, that cometh of logic of any Commodity, or to echeve any discomodity, levity, lightnesse, inconstancie; - "an attempt to reasonably substantiate means to proceed from the logic of any convenience or ... to achieve any inconvenience, frivolity, superficial thinking, inconstancy."
In a significant number of cases, the author introduces a word without interpretation, counting on the linguistic erudition of the reader, while the context helps to determine the meaning of the introduced lexical unit: In the mysteries of the Christes person, there is no transition of the deitie into the humanite or humanite into the deitie - "In the mysteries of the person of Christ, there is no transition of deity into human form or vice versa" (Gard. Explication of transubstantiaton, 123). At the same time, one should distinguish between words that relate to philosophical vocabulary and express important, fundamental concepts of a given sphere (fact "fact", agent "agent", coherence "sequence", modesty "modesty", levity "gullibility"), from words that are philosophical terms in the analyzed period: ratiocination "reasoning", gradation "gradation", medium "medium", ubiquity "omnipresence", reflex "reflection", materiality "materiality", presupposition "assumption").
ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 8 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 Directory Indexing of International Research Journals-CiteFactor 2020-21: 0.89
DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-8-28-34
CONCLUSION
The manner of presentation in the first person was typical in the analyzed era (letters, sermons, pamphlets, poetry); this is confirmed by the predominance of personal active forms of the verb, which have a semantic shade of evaluation, the author's "I", as well as a personalized form of presentation (psalms, poetry, treatise), reflected in the selection of vocabulary, especially with verbs of physical action and with verbs "assessments, judgments, intentions" [7, p. 136]. These lexical units belong not only to scientific philosophical literature, but are also widely used in works of a very different genre: poetry, drama, treatises, sermons, correspondence, polemical articles, which allows us to conclude that in the period under study in On the whole, the abstract philosophical vocabulary has not yet been strictly limited within the framework of its terminological system, i.e. was not a "pure" belonging to philosophy, since the latter, as a new - Renaissance - was just being born, and therefore showed itself as a common vocabulary for expressing the philosophical thought of authors whose works are characterized by different genre orientations [8, p. 72-81]. This confirms the general historical tendency - the fact of the encyclopedic education of the representatives of the Renaissance and, accordingly, the various fields of application of their abilities.
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ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 8 | 2021
ISSN: 2181-1385
Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723 Directory Indexing of International Research Journals-CiteFactor 2020-21: 0.89
DOI: 10.24412/2181-1385-2021-8-28-34
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