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5Abstract: Many of the practices associated with caring for a child, which are experienced by modern city dwellers, are rooted in the peasant tradition. For example, in the city, parents still rock their children to sleep and sing lullabies to them, hide their children's faces on social networks, fearing the evil eye, or while washing they say the words "water off the goose ...", unsuspecting of any conspiracy. Our report is based on materials from the archive "Russian everyday life" (daytodaydata.ru) (ANO "Proppovsky Center") and the thematically organized folklore archive of St. Petersburg State University. For the analysis, interviews with women were selected from the archives. Their years of birth fell between 19001980. This time frame allowed one to see the changes that have taken place within the family structure, assisted birth practices and births, and child care. However, many private practices recorded at the beginning of the 20th century are still preserved today and broadcast to the next generation. Using the example of such practices, we looked at what remains unchanged as an experience that determines the worldview of modern Russians.
Keywords: practice of childbirth, folklore of maternity, body techniques, daily routine practices
DOI:
ANALYSIS OF CHILD-PARENT RELATIONS OF THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF THE NORTH OF RUSSIA
Natalia Eliseeva
Institute of psychology NEFU, Yakutsk, Russia; e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract: Family ensures the stability of society, evolves along with it, and acts as a social space in which personal development takes place. State support measures are generally aimed at the socio-economic wellbeing of the family structure. At the same time, the psychological effect of these support measures remains uncertain. The analysis of historical experience of state policy intervention in family relations can serve as a basis for modeling the future. In the last 30-50 years of the 20th century, a boarding school system was introduced for children of northern peoples who lead a nomadic lifestyle. Researchers have noted that the violation of child-parent relationships has led to a number of significant psychological problems, including in family relationships and violation of ethnic identity. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the representation of family identity in the self-concept of the indigenous peoples of Yakutia. Research method: "Who am I?". The article compares the sakha and indigenous peoples of the north: evens, evenks, yukagirs, chukoch and dolgan. The sample consists of586 people aged 12 to 79. It was revealed that the self-concept of modern residents of Yakutia reflected the features of the traditional mentality of indigenous peoples. However, the family identity of the indigenous peoples of the north was less represented than that of the sakha. Thus, the results of our research confirm the impact of state measures on the self-concept of the individual.
Keywords: state support, family, self-concept, family identity, parent-child relationship, indigenous peoples of the north
DOI:
THE PRIORITY OF GENDER APPROACH IN THE SOCIALIZATION OF BOYS AND GIRLS IN THE
DIGITALIZATION CONTEXT
Elena Ioffe
Associate professor Herzen University in Saint Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia; e-mail:
Abstract: The analysis of actual problems of gender psychology in education demonstrates the specifics of the gender approach in the realization of equal opportunities for the sustainable development of boys and girls in the age of digitalization. The purpose of the study was to compare the gender approach in education with alternative ones: gender-role and gender-neutral approaches. The gender-role approach restricts the development of the child's personality, focusing on the standards of behavior that have developed in a world where male and female roles were polar and complementary. A gender-neutral approach deprives children of the necessary knowledge about gender norms and expectations existing in culture and, accordingly, limits the formation of a child's gender competence. The gender approach creates conditions for girls and boys and men and women to acquire equal rights and opportunities in education. Technical progress and dynamically developing digital economy create a demand for highly qualified specialists with scientific, mathematical, engineering training and computer science knowledge. Due to gender stereotypes, there is a large gender imbalance in the STEM area of employment. Therefore, it is important to support girls in choosing these specializations and in training the main disciplines during the school period, so that young female may become worthy candidates for vacant high-tech positions. One of the objectives of the study was to develop recommendations for overcoming gender asymmetry in the digital socialization of boys and girls. For example, to involve girls in gaining STEM skills and knowledge, it is important to use images of successful female scientists, engineers, and inventors. It is necessary to teach boys and girls egalitarian models of relationships from the early years, to prepare them to strike a balance between family and work and interchangeability in family roles.
Keywords: gender socialization, gender stereotypes, hidden curriculum, gender imbalance, gender approach
DOI:
UNCONTESTED HAPPINESS AND OBLIGATORY JOY OF MOTHERHOOD. POST-SOVIET CHANGES IN THE SOCIAL SITUATION AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS MOTHERHOOD IN RUSSIA
Olga Isupova
Senior Researcher, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia; e-mail:
Abstract: The report is devoted to the changes that have taken place in the field of motherhood after the collapse of the Soviet system. In the 1990s, many mothers were already starting to receive the message from society that was along the lines of: "Only you need your child" (Isupova 2000). Back in the 1980s, at least at the level of official representations, birth and the upbringing of children was understood as the main duty of a woman to the state and society. Accordingly, women could count on the help of the state and society along this path. For example, nurseries and kindergartens were available for young children, although not accessible to everyone. It was customary to ask for help in maternal work and even demand it. Since then, motherhood has become an increasingly solitary experience and an area of individual duty. The ideas of intensive motherhood (Hays, 1996) came to Russia a little later than in the most developed countries, then becoming very influential in a modern society where individualistic values came to dominate. The peak of popularity of this approach among urban Russian women came in the 2000s, after which families as a whole became poorer, and women working as a means of earning became more desirable. At the same time, a different, conservative reaction began to openly proclaim the main responsibility of a woman as living within the family and taking care of other family members. Thus, intensive motherhood in Russia in recent years has existed not in its happier and sometimes freely chosen form, but as a burden, since the need to combine work, motherhood and domestic duties is now felt by many as an even harder life than that led by their Soviet grandmothers. The requirements of a mother then and now are different, but it is difficult to judge in which era the situation was more difficult.
