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8Abstract: The analysis of actual problems of gender psychology in education demonstrates the specifics of the gender approach in the realization of equal opportunities for the sustainable development of boys and girls in the age of digitalization. The purpose of the study was to compare the gender approach in education with alternative ones: gender-role and gender-neutral approaches. The gender-role approach restricts the development of the child's personality, focusing on the standards of behavior that have developed in a world where male and female roles were polar and complementary. A gender-neutral approach deprives children of the necessary knowledge about gender norms and expectations existing in culture and, accordingly, limits the formation of a child's gender competence. The gender approach creates conditions for girls and boys and men and women to acquire equal rights and opportunities in education. Technical progress and dynamically developing digital economy create a demand for highly qualified specialists with scientific, mathematical, engineering training and computer science knowledge. Due to gender stereotypes, there is a large gender imbalance in the STEM area of employment. Therefore, it is important to support girls in choosing these specializations and in training the main disciplines during the school period, so that young female may become worthy candidates for vacant high-tech positions. One of the objectives of the study was to develop recommendations for overcoming gender asymmetry in the digital socialization of boys and girls. For example, to involve girls in gaining STEM skills and knowledge, it is important to use images of successful female scientists, engineers, and inventors. It is necessary to teach boys and girls egalitarian models of relationships from the early years, to prepare them to strike a balance between family and work and interchangeability in family roles.
Keywords: gender socialization, gender stereotypes, hidden curriculum, gender imbalance, gender approach
DOI:
UNCONTESTED HAPPINESS AND OBLIGATORY JOY OF MOTHERHOOD. POST-SOVIET CHANGES IN THE SOCIAL SITUATION AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS MOTHERHOOD IN RUSSIA
Olga Isupova
Senior Researcher, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia; e-mail:
oisupova@hse.ru
Abstract: The report is devoted to the changes that have taken place in the field of motherhood after the collapse of the Soviet system. In the 1990s, many mothers were already starting to receive the message from society that was along the lines of: "Only you need your child" (Isupova 2000). Back in the 1980s, at least at the level of official representations, birth and the upbringing of children was understood as the main duty of a woman to the state and society. Accordingly, women could count on the help of the state and society along this path. For example, nurseries and kindergartens were available for young children, although not accessible to everyone. It was customary to ask for help in maternal work and even demand it. Since then, motherhood has become an increasingly solitary experience and an area of individual duty. The ideas of intensive motherhood (Hays, 1996) came to Russia a little later than in the most developed countries, then becoming very influential in a modern society where individualistic values came to dominate. The peak of popularity of this approach among urban Russian women came in the 2000s, after which families as a whole became poorer, and women working as a means of earning became more desirable. At the same time, a different, conservative reaction began to openly proclaim the main responsibility of a woman as living within the family and taking care of other family members. Thus, intensive motherhood in Russia in recent years has existed not in its happier and sometimes freely chosen form, but as a burden, since the need to combine work, motherhood and domestic duties is now felt by many as an even harder life than that led by their Soviet grandmothers. The requirements of a mother then and now are different, but it is difficult to judge in which era the situation was more difficult.
The article is based on a qualitative textual analysis of the current situation using the Vkontakte public "Happiness of motherhood", where modern mothers from Russia discuss with each other the practical and emotional problems associated with their parenthood.
Keywords: intensive motherhood, post-Soviet Russia, changes in norms DOI:
NON-MEDICAL CARE FOR WOMEN DURING PERIODS OF BODILY VULNERABILITY AND CHANGES IN
SOCIAL STATUS
Tatiana L. Kuksa
Head of the Legislation Reform Department at Institute for Public Administration and Governance, HSE University, Center of Medical Anthropology, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; e-mail: tutosha@gmail.com
Abstract: The infrastructural, legislative, and financial changes in Russian obstetric care over the past two decades have been accompanied by updated standards, clinical guidelines and medical thinking, the admission of family participation in childbirth and the emergence of new perinatal jobs ("agents of care") outside of biomedical conventions and budgetary institutions. Grassroots self-organization and institutionalization of professional communities (comprising, as a rule, mothers of many children with high educational and social capital, having medical, psychological, midwifery or other competencies) contributed to the popularization of "Odent", "soft", "careful", "patient-oriented" approaches to hospital care childbirth and the emergence of certified doulas with the skills of informational, physical, domestic, emotional support for clients. The possibility of "continuous" and "non-judgmental" non-medical care in vulnerable periods of life expands the agency (choice) and improves the position of a woman when faced with physical and mental difficulties in the family and when interacting with a monopolized and closed system of obstetric care. The report will present an analysis of texts containing the representation and interpretation by doulas of the practices and approaches of non-medical support for women during pregnancy, childbirth, the onset of motherhood (periods of maximum vulnerability — a radical change in legal and psychophysical statuses). This research is based on field ethnography of Russian perinatal practices and analysis of their representations since 2010 in various contexts and sources (semi-structured in-depth interviews, social networks, media resources, legal acts).
Keywords: non-medical care, individual support of childbirth, doula; partner childbirth, patient vulnerability, informed consent, patient choice, patient rights
DOI:
NAVIGATING INSTITUTIONAL INCONSISTENCIES VIA DIFFERENT EMOTIONAL STYLES: COMMUNICATION IN MATERNITY CARE IN RUSSIA
Anastasia Novkunskaya
Associate professor, Department of Sociology, Institute for Interdisciplinary Health Research, European University at Saint-Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia; e-mail: anovkunskaya@eu.spb.ru
Abstract: Over the past decades, the healthcare system in Russia has undergone multiple changes, affecting both its institutional arrangement and the practice of interpersonal interactions. The commercialization of medicine, consumerization of patient behavior, emergence of new medical approaches (Temkina 2016, 2017), and changes in professional standards of care have created complex settings in which social norms and rules turn out to be numerous and sometimes unreliable.
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