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DOI 10.14526/01_1111_170
THE PECULIARITIES OF BOXERS WITH DIFFERENT MOTOR PHENOTYPES ASYMMETRICAL ACTIONS IN CHANGING KINEMATIC SITUATIONS
Irakli G. Malazoniya - candidate of pedagogics Alina S. Gronskaya - candidate of biological sciences, associate professor Kuban State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, 161 Budyonnogo Street, Krasnodar, Russia 350015
Email: irakly.malazonya@yandex.ru
Annotation. The article deals with the consideration of functional asymmetry in boxing from the point of its influence on the orientation of active confrontation and the skills of the most effective use of tactics in spatio-temporal field of the ring. Material. The sign and degree of the upper and lower extremities dominance among qualified athletes (members of the national boxing team of Krasnodar territory) and the connection of the motor profile variants with the success of technical-tactical actions in the right and left-hand stand, in changing typical kinematic situations of the battle, are analyzed. Research methods: scientific and scientific-methodical literature analysis and summarizing, the leading arm and leg revelation using adapted to the specificity of a kind of sport range of tests, video analysis of the duration of strikes with the right and left hands when changing a mutual stand in the projection on a horizontal plane, the methods of mathematical statistics. Results. The motor preferences and the degree of asymmetry of boxers' upper and lower extremities are revealed. The received indices are combined into motor profiles taking into consideration the individual fighting stand. It is stated that the most preferable are the variants of cross asymmetry ("right hand - left leg", "left hand-right leg"). Biomechanical and statistical video analysis of the asymmetric technical actions with the left and the right hand, when changing a mutual stand in three relative positions, showed valid indices changes among 80% of boxers. Conclusion. The technique of a strike and defense in a fight mainly depends on a motor phenotype of a boxer, defining the asymmetry of his individual stand, speed and efficiency of the fulfilled actions at different distance from the opponent.
Keywords: boxing, motor profile, lateral preferences, technical-tactical training, motor asymmetry.
Introduction. Each kind of sport is characterized by the definite level of motor asymmetry (symmetry), the claimed demands on which depend on the specificity of technical actions. The methodology of lateral preferences formation in sports games and single combats is very difficult, as the basis of motional two-sided character are formed at the initial stages of training and it is revealed at the stage of high sportsmanship [1, 2]. As a rule, trainers and the managers of sports organizations predict the results of their sportsmen, taking into consideration the models of a functional state, but at the same time, it is more important, in our opinion, to take into consideration technical-tactical
features of competitive activity. At the highest sports level it is not just simple quantitative proportions of the striking and defensive techniques, but the peculiarities of the methods of influence on the opponent, the styles of fighting, which depend on the ability to use each technique in spatio-temporal parameters of the competitive activity, which is difficult to estimate quantitatively. Nowadays in the Russian boxers training the priority is given to technical-tactical training development on the basis of spatio-conceptual activity model, which takes into consideration possible actions of the opponent in a fight and optimal reactive or preventive actions against them. A person's motor profile has a great influence on the
peculiarities of such kind of activity in the situations of constantly changing space and time. During this happens not only adaptation to an objective space, but also its change in accordance with own asymmetry. Thus, a motor phenotype of a sportsman is a multifactorial value. The criterion of its determination and effectiveness can be the definite range of quantitative characteristics of the standard and qualification actions fulfillment [8-11]. The aim of the research is to get objective results concerning the influence of boxers' motor phenotype on the effectiveness of technical actions fulfillment by them in changing typical kinematic situations.
Research methods and research organization. 19 masters of sport (18-20 year-old) members of a national boxing team of the Krasnodar region took part in the experiment. The research works were held in the laboratory of motional activity analysis of the scientific research Institute of Physical culture and Sport problems of Kuban State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, and had several stages:
1. The set of tests formation in order to reveal the leading hand and leg.
2. Boxers' lateral motor preferences revelation in standard and qualification actions.
3. Video analysis of the duration of the strikes with the left and the right hand while mutual stand changing [4].
4. Research results handling with the help of an electronic program Statistica 7.0.
The research works were held with the written agreement of sportsmen in standard conditions: in the first part of the day, in case of good health state of sportsmen, with a standard oral instruction. Results and their discussion. Literature analysis proves that there is no generally adopted way of the leading extremity estimation, that is why in most scientific-research works different set of functional tests and questions are used. It conditions a wide spectrum of the received results in the aspect of anatomic and functional asymmetry. However, it should be taken into consideration
that a motor profile of a sportsman is a complex parameter, which submits to the rules of interference of genetic inclinations and the influence of environment [6, 12, 13]. That is why in order to define a motor profile in our research we formed a set of 15 tests (9 tests for the upper and 6 tests for the lower extremities), which estimate the features, which can't be retrained in ontogenesis ("interlacing of fingers", "Napoleon pose", "putting one leg across the other", "unexpected step" and others), tasks for simultaneous actions of extremities and their comparison according to power, speed of inclusion into work and accuracy. According to the results of fulfillment the coefficient of asymmetry was calculated with the analysis of the fact and the degree of a lateral dominance. As a result the leading right hand was revealed among 60% of the boxers, the left hand among 40% of boxers. The right leg dominated among 30% of the examined people, the left leg dominated among 70 % of the boxers. Ambidexterity of the upper and lower extremities was absent. For the studied motor functions high coefficients of asymmetry are typical, regardless of their character. For the right features the average indices were 92% (hand) and 100% (leg), for the left indices - 88% and 86%. It proves considerable character of "right" and "left" functions according to inborn features. The received results differ from the results of the previous our research works [2, 5] with the use of a full set of tests (29 for the upper extremities and 12 for the lower extremities), where the prevalence of the right hand among 92% of people, the right leg - 50% of highly- qualified boxers was revealed. A high percentage of left-handed sportsmen is significant and it corresponds with the opinion of A.P.Chuprikov (2005) that their reaction increases because of visual images perception and the leading hand actions control by one cerebral hemisphere. On the other hand, according to I.V. Efimova and V.A. Kupriyanov (1995), for the wrestlers, boxers and the representatives of other situational kinds of sport preferable type is hand ambidexterity, as the specific peculiarity of their training is a symmetric techniques
mastering on the left and the right sides. Inconsistency of the received results, is probably, connected with the fact that in most works sportsmen are divide into the right and left-handed according to the feature of motional characteristics singly, at the same time, motor lateralization should be estimated as a multidimensional, but not one-dimensional continuum [15, 16]. In this research, taking into consideration that for boxers' onrushing and defensive actions
the kind of making a fighting stance is very important [9,10], we analyzed its preferable asymmetric variants among sportsmen with different motor phenotype. The most widely spread turned out to be the profile of crossed motor asymmetry (90%) and a left sided stand (70%). The results, received during the studied boxers' motional preferences integration, are presented in table 1.
Table 1 - Distribution of the variants of a motor profile among highly-qualified boxers
Motor profile (hand - leg) Frequency of occurrence (%) Cas of a hand (%) Cas of a leg (%) Individual fighting stance
RL 60 +92 -92 Left sided
LR 30 +83 -88 Right sided
LL 10 -100 -50 Left sided
Note: Cas - coefficient of asymmetry, R - right sided asymmetry, L - left sided asymmetry
The received results show that during experimental instrumental tasks fulfillment in natural conditions the characteristics of extremities movement are revealed, which are typical mainly to a definite kind of sport, and their quantitative and qualitative characteristics can be a starting point for a motor profile criterion formation of a sportsman. That is why the next part of our research is dedicated to biomechanical video analysis of boxers' individual technical actions with the right and the left hand while mutual stand changing. The program included the strikes in case of the following relative positions: 1) mutual front stand: a straight strike with the left hand; 2) the opponent is frontally, a person, who attacks is in a left sided stand: a straight strike with a close (left) hand, a straight strike with a far hand (right); 3) the opponent is frontally, a person, who attacks is in a right sided stand: a straight strike with a close hand (right), a straight strike with a far
The activity analysis of the boxers' individual technical actions with the left and the right hand in different relative positions showed, that 15 boxers reacted to the change of own stand with the unchanged stand of the opponent decreasing the speed of a strike. And only among 4 sportsmen these indices almost didn't change during kinematic situation change. As these boxers are the representatives of the opposite motor profiles ("right hand-left leg" and "left hand-right leg"), their ability to change own stand for creating a favorable situation for themselves in terms of competitions can't be considered a regularity. Such kind of motional abilities, in our opinion, are universal and should be taken into consideration by the trainers during the process of training improvement in the aspect of diversifying the ways of the attacking and defensive techniques fulfillment. The average indices of video analysis results are presented in table 2.
hand (left).
Table 2 - The results of video analysis of the strikes duration (in seconds) with the left and the right hand while changing a relative position in projection to a horizontal plane (M± m)
A stand and an action Duration of a strike A stand and an action Duration of a strike
Both frontally, SL 0,205 ± 0,0207 Both frontally, SR 0,160 ± 0,0085
p< 0,05
Both frontally, SL 0,205 ± 0,0207 The opponent is frontally, attacker is in a LS, SL (close) 0,153 ± 0,0059
p< 0,05
Both frontally, SR 0,205 ± 0,0207 The opponent is frontally, attacker is in a LS, SR (far) 0,205 ± 0,0153
p> 0,05
The opponent is frontally, attacker is in a LS, SL (close) 0,159 ± 0,0059 The opponent is frontally, attacker is in a LS, SR (far) 0,205 ± 0,0153
p< 0,01
Note: LS - left sided sta SR - the ri
As a result of video analysis statistical handling it was stated that in case of a mutual front stand the average duration of a strike with the left hand is validly bigger (205ms), than with the right hand (160 ms).When the attacker a left sided stand and the opponent takes a frontal stand the duration of the left hand strike (closer to the opponent) was 159 ms, which statistically differs from the results of the left hand strikes in a mutual front stand. The time of the right hand strikes (far) in the same position turned out to be practically equal with the duration of the left hand (close) strike. However, taking into consideration the fact that during own front stand the speed of a strike was 160ms, such kind of "equality" proves a considerable duration increase of a strike owing to kinematic situation change. The received results prove that a striking and defensive technique depends not only on a striking hand (left or right), but also on the remoteness of hand from a "target". That is why we consider, that in kinematic and pedagogical aspects it is reasonable to use the combination of the terms: "left", "right"-"close", "far" hand.
, SL - the left hand strike, t hand strike
Conclusion. As a result of adapted for our research set of tests, the most urgent for a sportsman's motor profile revelation, the specificity of motional functions asymmetry among boxers was determined. General regularities of their lateral preferences are in a high degree of intensity of motor functions domination, the number of sportsmen increase with the leading left hand, left leg and in the absence of ambidexters. Most preferable for the studied boxers is a cross motor phenotype, which corresponds with their individual asymmetric stand. The methodology of a base arsenal formation of boxers' technical actions should be based on the model of its spatio-notional activity, taking into consideration motor asymmetries, which will provide techniques successful mastering in different kinematic situations.
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Irakli G. Malazoniya - candidate ofpedagogics, Kuban State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, 161 Budyonnogo Street, Krasnodar, Russia 350015, Email: irakly.malazonya@yandex.ru
Alina S. Gronskaya - candidate of biological sciences, associate professor, Kuban State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, 161 Budyonnogo Street, Krasnodar, Russia 350015
