CC BY
16
Policies. International Journal of Public Health. 2017, Vol. 62, No.5, pp 605-612 (SCOPUS).
Submitted: 05.05.2017 Received: 08.05.2017
Olga I. Kolomiets - candidate of Biology, associate professor The Ural State University of Physical Culture, 1, Ordjonikidze str., Chelyabinsk, 454091, Russia, E-mail: Kolomiec o@mail.ru Nadegda P. Petrushkina — doctor of Medicine, senior researcher The Ural State University of Physical Culture, 1, Ordjonikidze str., Chelyabinsk, 454091, Russia
Evgeniy V. Bykov — doctor of medicine, professor The Ural State University of Physical Culture, 1, Ordjonikidze str., Chelyabinsk, 454091, Russia
Irina A. Yakubovskaya - candidate of Biology, associate professor The Ural State University of Physical Culture, 1, Ordjonikidze str., Chelyabinsk, 454091, Russia
For citations: Kolomiets O.I., Petrushkina N.P., Bykov E.V., Yakubovskaya I.A. Functional state characteristics of central nervous system among sportsmen with different orientation of the training process, The Russian journal of physical education and sport (pedagogico-psychological and medico-biological problems of physical culture and sports), 2017, Vol. 12, No.2, pp. 170-175.
DOI 10.14526/01 2017 226
FACTOR STRUCTURE OF SPORTSMEN ENGAGED IN APPLIED UNIFORM SPECIES LIMBONS MOTOR DICHOTOMY
Oleg A. Chemerchey - competitor "UralState University of Physical Culture" 1, Ordzhonikidze str., Chelyabinsk, 454091, Russia Alexander V. Eganov - doctor of pedagogical sciences, professor "UralState University of Physical Culture", 1, Ordzhonikidze str., Chelyabinsk, 454091, Russia South Ural State University (National Research University), 62, Sonya Krivoi str., Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russia
E-mail: eganov@bk.ru
Annotation. The article reveals the problem of extremities motor dichotomy among sportsmen, which is the regulator of tactical-technical actions fulfillment in terms of competitive activity. Materials. Sportsmen, who go in for applied kinds of single combats (judo, karate, sambo-wrestling, kickboxing, hand-to-hand fighting and others) took part in the research. In order to study the components of extremities motor dichotomy structure among sportsmen the method of open questioning according to 10-points scale was used. The received marks were handled with the help of factorial analysis method with the main components rotation according to varimax criterion. Research methods: pedagogical literature analysis, questionnaire, interpretation. Results. In the factorial structure of sportsmen's extremities motor dichotomy 8 orthogonal factors were defined with 76,33% of general sampling variance. In particular, the defined components in the structure of motor dichotomy show monodirectional right-side asymmetry of the upper and lower right extremities during throws fulfillment from the right stand. The following components are defined: preference to strike a blow with the left hand during the combat, preference to fulfill throws over the left shoulder, with the left
175
hand, kick with the left leg, to fulfill throws with the left leg, preference to choose the left stand while throws fulfillment. It should be noted that sportsmanship is mainly conditioned by the choice of leftside throws and kicks from the left stand and in case of less right-side throws and kicks. Conclusion. The revealed structure will help to determine the orientation of pedagogical influences in the methodology of tactical-technical sports training of sportsmen depending on intensity of extremities motor dichotomy.
Keywords: motor symmetry, asymmetry, lower, upper extremities, wrestling, single combats.
Introduction. Extremities motor dichotomy among sportsmen is a kind of regulator of tactical-technical actions fulfillment in experimental terms of competitive activity and defines its success and is an independent parameter of motional activity, which characterizes bilateral functions.
The reason for motor dichotomy in movements control of extremities is different role of the right and the left cerebral hemispheres and the specificity of activity itself [1, 11]. In many publications it is mentioned that extremities motor dichotomy influences sports result, the reliability of the attacking and defensive actions fulfillment [4, 5], system-synergetic integrations in a person's homeostasis self-regulation in sport [10], motor skills formation of spatial parameters of technical actions control [2], physical development in three-dimensional space depending on morphological features for the lower and the upper extremities muscles [6]. At the same time, taking into consideration motor asymmetries in conflict situations of competitive activity in single combats provides correct choice of an individual manner of interaction with the opponent, the direction identification of the techniques at the stand fulfillment [7], the use of corresponding tactics of actions [9]. As it is mentioned in some works [4, 8], ambidexters and left-handed have technical and tactical advantage over right-handed.
Great positive experience is accumulated in the sphere of theory and practice of control organization over the process of motor dichotomy of sportsmen, who go in for applied kinds of single combats. These questions are reflected in the works by
E.M. Berdichevskaya, A.S. Gronskaya [1]; V.A. Eganov [5], K.D. Chermit [9] and others.
However, in spite of the held research works and a lot of publications, the structure of extremities motor dichotomy among sportsmen, who go in for applied kinds of single combats, still stays insufficiently studied. It is especially important to study the influence of symmetry-asymmetry of the upper and lower extremities on the choice of motional preferences, stand, rational direction of extremity movement, on sports result. In particular, A.S. Kuznetsov mentions, that in long-term training management among wrestlers there is still great potential in reliability increase of technical-tactical training, which can be provided by means of technical-tactical activity model. In a base fundamental technical training the definite stand predisposition relative to the projection onto a horizontal plane should be revealed and learn how to fulfill the throws from right-side, left-side stands, in case of dissimilar mutual stands [7].
The necessity of the chosen research nowadays is the most urgent in the training process management among those, who go in for applied kinds of single combats, in order to achieve maximum sportsmanship.
Aim: to study the structure of extremities motor dichotomy among sportsmen in applied kinds of single combats.
Objectives: to reveal the orientation of pedagogical interactions in the methodology of tactical-technical sports training among sportsmen, who go in for applied kinds of single combats, depending on the intensity of extremities motor dichotomy.
Research methods and research organization. The research aim realization was fulfilled by means of the methods of pedagogical literature analysis, questionnaire,
factorial analysis, interpretation. 51 sportsmen, who go in for applied kinds of single combats (judo, karate, sambo-wrestling, kickboxing, hand-to-hand fighting and others) took part in the research (age-range 18-24). In order to study the components of extremities motor dichotomy structure among sportsmen the method of open questioning according to specially created methodology, offered by A.V. Eganov with other authors [3] was used. The received marks were handled with the help of factorial analysis method with the main components rotation according to varimax criterion with their further interpretation. Factorial analysis was held in order to reveal latent studied variables, the least number of factors, which explain the most dependable variables, which explain the structure of correlationw inside a factor. Correlations study between the indices, which were defined in one factor, explains their direct or inverse relation between each other. Maximum according to absolute value correlation coefficients, defined in the factor, were analyzed. Statistic system IBM SPSS Statistics was used for calculation.
Results and their discussion. In accordance with the content of the article it is necessary to give the definition of some notions, as we understand them in this work.
Motor dichotomy (dichotomia) -correlation or counter- correlation of two parts of one unity, a pair of interconnected elements of motional action with division into two disjoint parts. In this work extremities motor dichotomy is considered concerning sagittal plane, which "dividing" body into the right and the left parts and concerning transversal one-into the upper and the lower parts.
Motor asymmetry is understood as preferential participation of one of pair organs of the upper and lower extremities in fulfilling motional actions in case of equally possible choice between them.
Ambidexterity - the ability to fulfill technical actions (throws, strikes) with the right, left upper and lower extremities equally.
Motor preferences- the ability of sportsmen to fulfill technical actions depending on motor dominance of one of
extremities.
One-sided monodirectional
dichotomy of the upper and lower extremities is reflected in fulfillment by a sportsman attacking actions predominantly with the right (left) upper extremity and the right (left) lower extremity.
Right-hand (left-hand) stand in single combats reflects individual peculiarities of lateral organization of cerebrum, at the same time, the right (left) leg is before the left (right) one.
Research results and their discussion. The results of components factorial analysis of extremities dichotomy among sportsmen, who go in for applied kinds of single combats, revealed the structure of 8 orthogonally factors with general sampling variance (GSV)76,33% (table 1).
The first factor with contribution into GSV 14,1% revealed the following structure of extremities motor dichotomy of sportsmen, who go in for applied kinds of single combats. With most correlations according to an absolute value, which are positive, the following components of extremities dichotomy are defined: preference to strike a blow with the right hand during the combat, preference to fulfill throws over the right shoulder and with the right hand, kick with the right leg and to fulfill throws with the right leg, preference to choose the right stand while throws fulfillment (with the corresponding numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 14). The defined parameters prove monodirectional right-hand asymmetry of the upper and lower right extremities of throws fulfillment from the right stand. The following components have the greatest correlations with the opposite sign: preference to strike a blow with the left hand during the combat, preference to fulfill throws over the left shoulder and with the left hand, kick with the left leg and to fulfill throws with the left leg, preference to choose the left stand while throws fulfillment (with the corresponding numbers: 9, 10, 11, 12, 16).
Correlations results, which were defined in the first factor, helped to come to the following conclusion. First, right-side monodirectional, one-sided asymmetry of the
upper and lower extremities is obvious. It is proved by a positive sign of these parameters in the factor. Pedagogical essence of the defined correlations is in the following: if a sportsman fulfills technical actions with the right upper extremity, technical actions with the lower extremity also fulfills predominantly
with the right extremity, at the same time prefers to fulfill throws from the right stand.
Table 1 - Factorial structure matrix of extremities motor dichotomy components among sportsmen, who go in for applied kinds of single combats (n=51)_
Numbers of factors and correlation
Extremities motor dichotomy components coefficients of motor c ichotomy components
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1. Preference to strike a blow with the right hand during
the combat 843 044 -078 228 -060 154 -034 -168
2. Preference to fulfill throws over the right shoulder and
with the right hand 752 -259 002 -285 -101 -061 199 -159
3. Preference to kick with the right leg and to fulfill
throws with the right leg 345 -061 129 -368 -061 314 182 -632
4. Preference to fulfill throws with the right leg 513 013 -194 -373 -143 264 325 -316
5. Preference to strike blows with both hands 235 -205 266 -158 000 658 068 380
6. Preference to fulfill throws over the right and the left
shoulder (both hands) 151 -030 042 -354 644 294 208 177
7. Preference to kick with both legs -158 -146 244 097 -075 181 845 -060
8. Preference to fulfill throws with both legs
130 095 165 -208 038 -115 771 -070
9. Preference to strike a blow with the left hand
-743 -075 131 -087 065 098 260 154
10. Preference to fulfill throws over the left shoulder and
with the left hand
-345 359 -214 -060 509 -158 -046 420
11. Preference to kick with the left leg -341 009 016 466 210 230 367 541
12. Preference to fulfill throws with the left leg
-336 317 064 004 527 -093 219 448
13. Preference to choose the right stand during kicks
fulfillment
255 137 094 -448 -572 085 244 -139
14. Preference to choose the right stand during throws
fulfillment
694 -003 -031 -374 -404 068 251 060
15. Preference to choose the left stand during kicks
fulfillment
-224 -302 -348 554 401 078 193 -192
16. Preference to choose the left stand during throws
fulfillment
-310 099 -057 022 752 005 -070 -009
17. An integral index of coordination 136 208 815 114 044 021 210 -118
18. Sportsmanship according to 100-points scale 020 860 282 -034 -047 119 014 080
19 Body weight, kg 137 303 001 784 -043 -166 -229 114
20 Period of going in for sports, years -176 839 222 -086 -006 013 147 033
21 Age, years -193 680 -325 175 027 -182 -216 002
Contribution of the factor into GSV, % 14,1 12,4 10,2 9,23 8,27 7,60 7,37 7,16
Sum of GSV, % 76,33
Notes: the method of the main components with axes rotation according to varimax criterion was
used. Correlation coefficients values in the factor are multiplied by 1000 and typed bold, GSV-
general sampling variance
Secondly, multidirectional asymmetry of the upper and lower extremities is obvious. It is proved by negative sign between the preference to fulfill technical actions with the upper and lower extremities. Pedagogical interpretation is in the following: more frequently a sportsman fulfills technical actions with the right extremities, less frequently he fulfills them with the left extremities, at the same time, fulfilling the throws he prefers to choose the left stand.
The defined components are one of the main in the structure of extremities motor dichotomy. In accordance with its content the factor can be interpreted as "dichotomy of onesided and many-sided asymmetry of the upper and lower extremities of those, who go in for applied kinds of single combats".
The second factor with GSV 12,4%, defined with the highest correlation coefficients, having positive sign, the following components of extremities dichotomy: preference to fulfill throws over the left shoulder and with the left hand, preference to fulfill throws with the left leg, sportsmanship, period of going in for sports and age (with the corresponding numbers: 10, 12, 18, 20, 21). The essence of these correlations is in the fact, that if a sportsman has a high level of sportsmanship, as a rule, he has a greater period of going in for sports and is older. At the same time, he prefers to fulfill throws over the left shoulder, with the help of the left hand, more often throws with the left leg.
With the greatest correlations with the opposite sign the factor defined two components of dichotomy 2 and 15: preference to fulfill throws over the right shoulder in a
combat, with the right hand and to fulfill kicks from the left stand.
Pedagogical essence of the defined dichotomy parameters proves the fact, that sportsmanship is mainly conditioned by the choice of left-side direction of throws and kicks from the left stand and in case of their less fulfillment in right-side direction. The factor is called "Sportsmanship, which determines the choice of left-side asymmetry of extremities".
The third factor with GSV10,2%. It included the following components of dichotomy: 5, 7, 17 (preference to fulfill blows with both hands, both legs and integral index of motor-coordinating skills). The defined parameters are connected with the symmetry of motor actions.
With the greatest correlations with the opposite sign in the factor two components of dichotomy were defined: 15, 21(preference to choose the left stand while fulfilling the kicks and age). The factor is called "Motor-coordinating skills, which determine motor symmetry of extremities".
The 4th factor with GSV 9,23%. With the greatest correlations with the positive sign the following motor components of dichotomy were defined: 11, 15, 19, which characterize preference to kick with the left leg, preference to choose the left stand while fulfilling kicking and body weight. Mostly components connected with body weight.
With the greatest correlations with the opposite sign five components of dichotomy were defined: 3, 4, 6, 13, 14. It proves preference to fulfill kicks and throws with the right leg, throws with both hands, the choice of
the right stand while kicking and the right stand while fulfilling the throws.
The defined in the factor components prove the following: more frequently a sportsman with higher weight prefers kicks with the left leg, the choice of the left stand while fulfilling the kicks, less frequently he fulfills kicks and throws with the right leg, throws with both hands, kicks from the right stand, at the same time, fulfilling the throws prefer to choose the right stand. The factor in interpreted as "Body weight influence on motor preferences of extremities movements direction and a comfortable stand choice".
The 5th factor contributed into GSV 8,27%. With positive greatest correlations the following components were defined: 6, 10, 12, 15, 16 (preference to fulfill throws over the right and left shoulder (both hands), to fulfill throws over the left shoulder, with the left hand, to fulfill throws with the left leg during the combat, preference to choose the left stand while fulfilling kicks, preference to choose the left stand during the combat while fulfilling the throws, characterizing mainly left-side asymmetry of extremities).
With the opposite sign with the greatest correlations two components were defined: 13 and 14 (preference to choose the right stand while fulfilling the kicks and the right stand while fulfilling the throws).
It proves that in case of symmetric (equally possible) fulfillment of throws direction with both hands or over the left shoulder, with the left leg sportsmen prefer to fulfill kicks and the throws from the left stand, but at the same time, less frequently fulfill kicks and throws from the right stand. In accordance with the content the factor is interpreted as "Symmetry-asymmetry of throws fulfillment in the direction of both sides, with both hands, with an equal ability to choose the right or the left stands".
In the 6th factor with contribution into GSV 7,60% with the positive greatest correlation component number 5 was defined: preference to strike blows with both hands during the combat. The factor is interpreted by
us as "Symmetry of strikes of the upper extremities".
In the 7th factor with contribution into GSV 7,37% with the positive correlations 2 parameters were defined: 7, 8 (preference to kick with both hands and throw with both legs). Included into the factor parameter should be interpreted as "Symmetry of the lower extremities".
The 8th factor with GSV 7,16% with the greatest negative correlations determined two parameters of extremities motor dichotomy among sportsmen, which reflect right-side asymmetry: kicks with the right leg and throws fulfillment with the right leg (components 5, 4).
With the positive (opposite) sign the following correlations were defined in the factor: preference to fulfill throws over the left shoulder, with the left hand, preference to kick with the left leg, preference to fulfill the throws with the left leg during the combat (components - 10, 11, 12).
The essence of correlations with the opposite signs in the factor is in the fact, that less frequently sportsmen kick with the right leg and fulfill the throws with the right leg, more frequently they prefer to fulfill the throws over the left shoulder and with the left hand, kick with the left leg, fulfill throws with the left leg. Many-sided asymmetry of the lower extremities is obvious. The factor is called "Many-sided asymmetry of the lower extremities".
Thus, factorial analysis revealed the structure of extremities motor dichotomy among sportsmen, who go in for applied kinds of single combats.
Conclusion. In the factorial structure of sportsmen's extremities motor dichotomy 8 orthogonal factors were defined with 76,33% of general sampling variance and the contribution of each factor from 14,1 to 7,16%. The revealed structure will help to determine the orientation of pedagogical influences in the methodology of tactical-technical sports training of sportsmen, going in for applied
kinds of single combats, depending on intensity of extremities motor dichotomy.
In accordance with the revealed structure and the regularities, further research can be directed at the methodology creation of influence on extremities motor dichotomy parameters while going in for applied kinds of single combats.
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Submitted: 25.05.2017 Received: 28.05.2017
Oleg A. Chemerchey - competitor "UralState University of Physical Culture" 1, Ordzhonikidze str., Chelyabinsk, 454091, Russia
Alexander V. Eganov - doctor ofpedagogical sciences "Ural State University of Physical Culture ", 1, Ordzhonikidze str., Chelyabinsk, 454091, Russia, South Ural State University (National Research University), 62, Sonya Krivoi str., Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russia, E-mail: eganov@bk.ru
For citations: Chemerchey O.A., Eganov A.V. Factor structure of sportsmen engaged in applied uniform species limbons motor dichotomy, The Russian journal of physical education and sport (pedagogico-psychological and medico-biological problems of physical culture and sports), 2017, Vol. 12, No.2, pp. 175-182.
DOI 10.14526/01_2017_227
QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNCTIONAL READINESS AMONG FEMALE ATHLETES OF DIFFERENT SPORTS QUALIFICATION, WHO SPECIALIZE
IN ATHLETE ALL-ROUND COMPETITIONS
Tatiana S. Chernova — post graduate student, Gaik D. Aleksanyants - doctor of medicine, professor Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education "Kuban State University
of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism" 161, Budennyj str., Krasnodar, 350015, Russia
E-mail: alexanyanc@mail.ru
Annotation. Functional potential of an organism among sportsmen is mainly conditioned by the following features: power, mobilization, efficiency and steadiness and they are considered the main characteristics of physiological systems activity, which determine and limit a high level of special sports physical working capacity, which is an integral index of functional readiness. Material. Comparative analysis of the development level of the main qualitative characteristics of functional readiness among female athletes of different qualification, who specialize in athlete all-round competitions. Research methods: scientific literature analysis and summarizing, testing, comparative analysis, methods of mathematical statistics. Results. For the set objective realization, the research work was held among two groups of female athletes, who specialize in athlete all-round competitions. At rest and in case of physical loads the indices, which reflect qualitative characteristics (functional qualities) - power, mobilization, efficiency and steadiness of organism functioning were determined. It was revealed that the parameters of morpho-functional power have bigger values among more qualifiedfemale athletes. At the same time, this advantage is not so significant and is within the range of 1,0 - 10,7%. It is shown, that the parameters, which reflect mobilization and utilization opportunities of an organism among the female athletes of different qualification on the average
