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4УДК 81 Babalyyeva Ay., Azatgeldiyeva Ay.
Babalyyeva Ay.
Lecturer in the Department of Foreign Languages Magtymguly Turkmen State University (Ashgabat, Turkmenistan)
Azatgeldiyeva Ay.
Lecturer in the Department of medical-biological support of sports Turkmen State Institute of Physical Education and Sport (Ashgabat, Turkmenistan)
THE MAIN FUNCTION OF THE ORDER OF WORDS
IN ENGLISH AND TURKMEN
Аннотация: the English and Turkmen languages are quite different from each other and the word-order of contrasted languages is different as well. They are different not only in the system of word-order, but in other aspects of language too. Most of the grammatical forms of the English language are formed analytically with the help of different structural words, but in Turkmen they are mostly formed synthetically-by means of inflections.
Ключевые слова: predicate, inversion, subject, stylistic, grammatical.
In oder to make a sentence it is necessary to arrange words is a certain order. In every language there exists a special order of arrangement of words and in some languages it may be of greater importance than in the others.
As a result of historical development the English language has lost its syntactical structure with a synthetic or free word-order. Modern English has predominantly an analytical structure where the syntactical relations of words in the sentence are expressed by the order of words, conjunctions, prepositions, articles and other structural words such as link-verbs, auxiliary verbs, modal verbs, etc. Owing to its analytical structure the English language is characterized by a strict word-order. In
most English sentences we observe the following order of words: (adverbial modifiers) - subject-predicate-object (adverbial modifiers), i.e. (D)+S+P+0+(D). Unlike English the Turkmen language has more developed systems of case and person inflections. Word-order may perform several functions: grammatical, distinctive, communicative and stylistic. The grammatical function of word-order is represented by the fact that the order of words in the sentence determines their syntactical functions. In this case the word-order serves as the means of the syntactical relationship.
In English, Turkmen and Russian the subject and the object are often determined by the positions of words in the sentence. In English and Russian in such sentences as N1VN2 the position N1 is for the subject and N2 for the object.
The man killed the bear. (N1VN2 - SPO): The bear killed the man. Бытие определяет сознание.
In the Turkmen language all the secondary parts of the sentence come between the subject and the predicate and the object follows the subject. Accordingly, the first noun is the subject and the second noun is the object (N1 N2V or SOP):
Mojek goyun gordi. Goyun mojek gordi.
The differentiation of the subject and the object by their arrangement is more common in English than in Turkmen. Unlike English in Turkmen and Russian the position of the adjective in relation to the noun determines its functions:
a) attribute in the pattern - AN. Owadan gyz. Красивая девушка.
b) predicate in the pattern - NA. Gyz owadan. Девушка красивая.
In Turkmen (and Russian) the combination of two nouns is often used as a sentence (N1 N2) in which N1 is the subject and N2 is the predicate:
Myrat-mugallym. Мурат учитель.
In the English and Turkmen attributive phrases expressed by two or more nouns the preceding noun is an attribute to the following head-noun: a stone wall-da§ diwar
So Modern English and Turkmen are characterized by a rigid word-order in accordance with which the subject of declarative sentences, as a rule, precedes the predicate, which is called a direct order of words - S + P: He wrote a letter. Ol hat yazdy.
Any deviation from this rigid word-order is regarded as an inverted order of words of inversion. It must be said that an unusual position of any part of the sentence may be treated as inversion in the broad sense of the word.
This I know. Ony bilyarin men.
But for the most part the term "inversion" is used in its narrow meaning with regard to the principal parts of the sentence indicating the use or the predicate or its structural part before the subject (indirect order of words):
Have you a pencil? Have you read this book? Is he at home?
In English we usually distinguish full inversion (a fully inverted word-order) and partial inversion (a partially inverted word-order). In fully inverted word-order the predicate, as a whole, precedes the subject. The cases of full inversion are mostly used for the grammatical purpose of forming interrogative sentences from declarative ones, when their predicates are expressed by the notional verbs "to have, to be":
He has many friends. Has he many friends?
He is in his room now. Is he in his room now?
Full inversion is also found in constructions with "there be" in which the predicate precedes the subject:
There is a book on the table (there-P-S-D)
Is there a book on the table? (P-there-S-D)
Partial inversion is used in Modern English more often than full inversion. In the Turkmen language we find full inversion only in exclamatory and sometimes imperative sentences. Git sen! Yok bolsun uru§!
If we compare the word-order of English and Turkmen sentences in terms of parts of the sentence, we find some typological similarities in the following cases:
1) when the predicate of the sentence is expressed by a verb in the passive
voice:
S + P
Houses are built. Jaylar gurulyarlar.
2) when the predicate is nominal:
S + P
He is a student. Ol talyp.
3) in some imperative sentences:
P + 0
Take the book. Al kitaby!
4) in some exclamatory sentences:
a) P + S
Long live the King!
b) D + A
How wonderful! Nahili ajayyp! [2, pg.46]
Besides we observe such types of structural correspondences between English and Turkmen declarative sentences:
1) English sentences with the word-order (D)-S-P-O- (D) correspond to such Turkmen sentences, in which the subject usually stands at the beginning and the predicate at the end, the secondary parts being placed between the subject and the predicate: (D)-S-(D)-O-P.
Ol her gun ertir uniwersitete gidyar. Every morning he goes to the University.
2. English sentences with the introductory "there" (there-P-S-D) correspond to such Turkmen sentence which begin with the adverbial modifiers of place or time and in which the predicate is mostly expressed by the words "bar, yok" or some verbs (D-S-P):
There are two books on the table. Stolun ustunde iki sany kitap bar.
In both languages the subject stands before the predicate at the beginning of the simple sentence except the cases of special stylistic (or emphatic) inversion. The position of the predicate in this sentences in Turkmen, as in all Turkic languages, is strictly fixed: it stands at the end of the sentence: Ol inlis kitaplaryny kop okayar. [1.37]
In the English language the place of the predicate is also strictly fixed, it stands after the subject (at the second place). He reads English books much.
In Turkman the direct (accusative) object may be expressed either by the marked accusative case form or unmarked one.
a) The direct object, expressed by the marked accusative case form of a noun, may occupy any position, except the position of the predicate:
Men kitaby §u gun aldym. Kitaby men §u gun aldym. Men §u gun kitaby aldym.
b) The direct object expressed by the unmarked accusative case form of a noun occupies a strictly fixed position before the predicate E.g. Ol kitap okayar.
Both in the Turkmen and English languages a general question is applied to the whole sentence and requires the answer "yes" or "no". In the Turkmen language the general question has the same word-order as that in the declarative sentence (D)-S-O-D-P, because the word-order in the Turkmen language does not serve as the means of expressing a question. The general question is expressed either by intonation, and (interrogative) suffixes "-my,-mi,-myka,-mika,-la,-le" and words "gerek,yaly" or only by intonation. Ol §u gun kino gidyarmi? Ol §u gun kino gidyar?
But in the English language general questions are expressed by full or partial inversion in which the predicate or part of it is placed before the subject and the wordorder may be in the following:
a) P-S-O-(D), Have you a book?
b) structural P-S-notional P-O-D: Do you go to the cinema today?
In both languages a special question requires an information related with one of the members of the sentence. The special question in Turkmen is also characterized by the direct word- order but the interrogative word stands before the predicate as it takes a logical stress (S-0-? -P): Sen kino ha?an gitjek? [1, pg.71]
But English special questions are structurally divided into two types: l.Special questions put to the subject and to its attribute. 2.Special questions put to other parts of the sentence.
The word-order of the first type of special questions is the same as in the declarative sentences:
Who wants to go to the cinema? -? +P+0+D Whose son is playing volley-ball in the yard? -? S+P+0+D [2, pg.94]
The word-order of the second type of special questions has the following structure: Interrogative word-the predicate- (or its structural part)-the subject-(the notional predicate) secondary parts of the sentence.
Whom did you meet yesterday? What have you in your pocket?
From the above given comparison we can see that the English and Turkmen languages are quite different from each other and the word-order of contrasted languages is different as well. They are different not only in the system of word-order, but in other aspects of language too. Most of the grammatical forms of the English language are formed analytically with the help of different structural words, but in Turkmen they are mostly formed synthetically-by means of inflections. But there are also some identical cases, which we can establish by contrastive study of these languages. Thus both English and Turkmen have direct and indirect word-order. But the sphere of the use of these types of word-order greatly differs in the contrasted languages. The sphere of the use of the direct word-order is much wider in the Turkmen language than in English. But the sphere of the use of the inverted word-order is much wider in English than in Turkmen.
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ:
1. Гурдов A. Сравнительная типология английского и туркменского языков. Ашхабад.1982;
2. Pigamow A. Inlis dilinin amaly grammatikasy. A§gabat-2010
