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1УДК 81 Babalyyeva Ay., Azatgeldiyeya Ay.
Babalyyeva Ay.
Instructor of Magtymguly Turkmen State University (Ashgabat, Turkmenistan)
Azatgeldiyeya Ay.
Instructor of
Turkmen State Institute of Physical Education and Sports (Ashgabat, Turkmenistan)
PRIMARY PARTS OF THE SENTENCES IN ENGLISH AND TURKMEN
Аннотация: the English and Turkmen languages are quite different from each other.
In English, (unlike Turkmen) there is a tendency to express the structural and notional meaning of the main parts of the sentence by different words. Thus the English language has a system of devices to differentiate them.
Ключевые слова: subject, predicate, stylistic, structural components, notional components.
Each sentence consists of at least one or more words which are usually treated as parts of the sentence. Grammarians distinguish primary and secondary parts of the sentences. The words expressing predication may be called the primary or principal parts of the sentence. They are subject and predicate.
As we have already stated in the sentence like "Birds fly" the subject "birds" first contains- the person component of predicativity and second names- the thing about which the communication is made. Thus "birds" is both the structural and the notional subject of the sentence. The predicate "fly" first contains the tense and mood components of predicativity and second names an action characterizing the thing denoted by the subject. So "fly" is both the structural and the notional predicate of the
sentence. In the sentence "It rains" the subject "it" is merely a structural one. "It" does not name or indicate a person, thing or idea. That is why it called an impersonal subject.
In the sentence "He is a student" the link-verb "is" contains the tense and mood components of predicativity. It is regarded as only a part (a structural component) of the predicate as it has nearly no lexical meaning. The notional predicate is "a student". The correlation between the structural and the notional in the principal parts of the sentence may be of four types:
1.The structural and notional components are united in one word.
Birds fly. Guslar u^yarlar.
2.The structural and notional components are expressed by different words.
It was important to work.
Such a separation of grammatical and lexical components of the parts of the sentence is not a typical feature in Turkmen.
3.Only the structural components are given in the sentence.
Is it raining? It is.
4. Only the notional component is present.
What is he doing? Writing.
In English, (unlike Turkmen) there is a tendency to express the structural and notional meaning of the main parts of the sentence by different words. Thus the English language has a system of devices to differentiate them. One of the similar features in the compared languages is that the structural and notional meanings of the predicate are differentiated in the analytical forms of verbs, in the compound nominal and compound verbal predicates.
Eg. He is running. Ol ylgap yor.
He will have to work tomorrow. Ol ertir i^lemeli bolar.
He became ill. Ol kesel boldy.
He can write English. Ol inlis^e yazyp bilyar.
In English interrogative and negative sentences the structural part of the predicate is usually detached from the notional part of the predicate and is placed before the subject or negation.
Is he young? He is not young.
When the predicate is expressed by a synthetic form of the verb, as in the sentence "Birds fly" special "do"-forms (do, does, did) are introduced to separate the structural and lexical meanings of the predicate verb in interrogative and negative sentences.
Birds fly. - Do birds fly? Birds do not fly.
He played. - Did he play? He did not play.
The same phenomenon is observed in sentences like "Only then did we begin", "Little does he expect it, indeed" and in sentences with the emphatic "do" as "We do like it". "We did want to see you". There is even a tendency in colloquial English to bring together the structural meanings by isolating them from the notional predicate which is not typical of Turkmen. This phenomenon is often observed in the contracted affirmative and negative forms of the auxiliary verbs "be, have, do, shall, will" and some modal verbs in various types of sentences.
E.g. I'm glad. He's glad. We're glad.
I'll come. I've come. I'd come.
He is a student, isn't he? You can't swim. You like him, don't you?
In most cases the subject is expressed by a word in which both the structural meaning of person and the lexical meaning are united, but the English language has some devices to separate them.
E.g. It is important to do morning exercises, isn't it? It is.
In these examples "it" has no lexical meaning, it has only the structural meaning of person. The lexical meaning of the subject is expressed in the infinitive "to do". Thus "it" has only the form, but not the content of a word. "It" as a grammatical wordmorpheme for it has no lexical meaning . But it differs from the grammatical word-morphemes as it does not make an analytical form except being part of a sentence. Linguists consider that grammatical word-morphemes may be divided into morphological and syntactical ones. Thus "it" is considered to be a syntactical wordmorpheme used to detach the structural meaning of the subject from its lexical meaning, The forms of the auxiliary verb "do" (do, does, did) in sentences like "Does
he know her? I do not know her", "He did read this book" to make analytical forms of verbs. Serving to express interrogation, negation and emphasis.
One should be very attentive in using the term "word morpheme" for such functional units as 'does, did, was, were, etc.' since each of these units consists of at least two morphemes: a word morpheme (i.e. do, be) and a bound morpheme. To be on the safe side we should like to use in the similar cases the term "marker" (cf.: morphological markers, syntactical markers; the marker of a morphological paradigm, the marker of syntactical paradigm or of the form of the sentences). Which is not contradictory. In some linguist works for the functional words employed for building up the interrogative and negative forms of sentences the term "operator" is used. Following operators or markers: do, does, may, might, can, could, must, ought to, used to, shall, should, will, would, need, dare, have, has, had, am, is, are, was, were. These auxiliary and modal verb-forms may precede the subject of the sentence to combined with "not" to build up its negative form.
1. Morphological word-morphemes are combinable with other morphological word-morphemes like "will have been asked". But morphological word-morphemes. They appear in the sentence only when there is no other morphological wordmorpheme to separate the structural and lexical meanings of the predicate verb.
2. The analytical verb-forms made by morphological word-morphemes "have, be", can have infinitive, gerund and participle forms as "to have been writing, having been written, etc.". But such forms are not possible with "do, does, did". They are used only for the syntactical purpose of differentiating the structural meaning of the predicate (for the purpose of predicativity)
3. The use of the "do"-forms fully depends on the type of the sentence whereas the use of morphological word-morphemes does not depend on the type of the sentence. Thus the forms "do, does, did" are not parts of analytical forms of the verbs, they are syntactical word-morphemes used in certain types of sentences when the predicate verb contains no morphological word-morphemes. Morphological word-morphemes are structural parts of analytical word-forms; but syntactical morphemes are structural parts of the sentence.
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ:
1. Гурдов А. Сравнительная типология английского и туркменского языков. Ашхабад.1982;
2. Резвин П.Б. и другие. "Грамматика английского языка" Москва 1991
