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STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF ENGLISH WORD ORDER
Dilmurod Arzimurodovich Buriev
Teacher of Samarkand State Medical University
ABSTRACT
This article paper is to study Structural and functional aspects of English word order, its types, degrees of comparison and its functions in the sentence. The article is to study word order as a part of speech, its grammatical categories and its formation in the English and Uzbek languages.
Key words: phrase, sentence predicate, word order, adverbial modifie, transitive verb, intransitive verb, linking verb, lexical, stative verbs.
English word order is strict and as a substitute inflexible. As there are few endings in English that display person, number, case and hectic, English relies on phrase order to expose relationships between words in a sentence.
English nouns do now not have any case endings (best private pronouns have a few case endings), so it is mostly the phrase order that tells us in which matters are in a sentence, and how they interact.
Compare:
The dog sees the cat.
The cat sees the dog.
A sentence is a group of words containing a subject and a predicate and expressing a whole thought. Word order arranges separate words into sentences in a sure manner and suggests wherein to locate the difficulty, the predicate, and the other elements of the sentence. Phrase order and context help to identify the meanings of individual phrases.
English sentences are divided into declarative sentences (statements), interrogative sentences (questions), vital sentences (commands, requests), and exclamatory sentences. Declarative sentences are the maximum common type of sentences. Word order in declarative sentences serves as a foundation for phrase order in the other kinds of sentences.
The primary minimum pattern of simple phrase order in English declarative sentences is challenge + PREDICATE. Examples: Maria works. Time flies.
The maximum not unusual sample of primary word order in English declarative sentences is problem + PREDICATE + item, frequently called situation + VERB + object (SVO) in English linguistic assets. Examples: Tom writes memories. The dog sees the cat.
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A regular declarative sentence containing all 5 parts of the sentence, for instance, "Mike study an thrilling story the previous day", has the following word order:
The subject is located at the start of the sentence before the predicate; the predicate follows the challenge; the item is positioned after the predicate; the adverbial modifier is located after the object (or after the verb if there may be no object); the characteristic (an adjective) is located earlier than its noun (attributes in the form of a noun with a preposition are located after their nouns).
Word order after the verb usually depends on the type of verb (transitive verb, intransitive verb, linking verb).
Main verbs, or essential verbs, are notional verbs, i.e., they have complete lexical meaning of their personal: purchase, devour, do, give, move, stay, love, make, allow, push, see, observe, take, strive, recognize, write. Fundamental verbs explicit an movement (deliver, look at, take) or a state (love, see, exist). Main verbs may be characterized from unique sides: transitive or intransitive; movement verbs and stative verbs; everyday or irregular.
Phrasal verbs are verbs that form idiomatic phrases with postpositions (surrender; flip off; write down) or with prepositions (move into; search for; take after). Postpositions are usually called adverbs or adverbial debris in English linguistic materials. (See Phrasal Verbs introduction within the phase Idioms.)
Auxiliary verbs BE, HAVE, WILL, DO carry out grammatical capabilities and do now not have unique lexical meaning. The verb BE facilitates to shape the non-stop tenses in the active voice and all of the tenses within the passive voice: She is crying. the automobile became sold. The verb HAVE allows to shape the best tenses: He has gone domestic. He had left earlier than I known as. Each HAVE and BE are used in the formation of the correct continuous tenses: He has been slumbering for two hours.
The verb WILL facilitates to form the destiny tenses: I'm able to attempt. He said that he would assist us. The verb DO helps to ask questions and to give brief solutions within the simple present and simple past: Does he paintings here? - yes, he does. No, he does not. Did you write a letter to her? - yes, I did. No, I didn't.
The verbs BE, HAVE, WILL, DO also can feature as notional verbs, wherein case they've lexical that means and are used as important verbs. Examples: Lake Chad is in Africa. (is - is positioned) He has several houses. (has - owns) are you able to do it? (do - perform, fulfill) Do what you will. (will - wish)(using the verbs BE, HAVE, WILL is defined in the Verb BE, The Verb HAVE and Key to destiny Tenses inside the phase Grammar. The verb DO is described in Make and Do in the section Vocabulary.)
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Transitive verbs require an immediate object. As an instance: She made coffee. He reads books. Take a pen and write a letter. Intransitive verbs can't take a right away object. They'll be used without an object or can be accompanied by a prepositional object or by using an adverbial modifier. As an instance: they have got already arrived. i'll communicate to him. He works slowly.
The abbreviations are used to signify transitive verbs in dictionaries; or indicate intransitive verbs. Many verbs may be used transitively and intransitively. Transitive verb "depart": He left his bag. He left a be aware. Intransitive verb "leave": He left. He left quickly. He left for London.
Motion verbs express an motion (wreck, turn, run). Maximum predominant verbs are movement verbs. Stative verbs (nonprogressive verbs) do no longer explicit a movement (i.e., they express state); normally, they are no longer used inside the continuous tenses. (Stative verbs are described in Key to provide Tenses inside the section Grammar.)
Stative verbs consist of verbs of mental belief (recognise, believe, suppose, apprehend, recall), verbs of feel notion (see, feel, listen, scent), verbs of emotional state (like, love, hate, want), and some different verbs (very own, belong, price, seem, look). a few stative verbs also can feature as movement verbs. Stative verb "appearance": She appears suitable. movement verb "look": She is asking out of the window.
Ordinary verbs add the finishing ED to form the simple beyond stressful and the beyond participle: play - performed - performed; flip - grew to become - turned. abnormal verbs shape the easy beyond disturbing and the beyond participle with the aid of changing the foundation of the word: buy - bought - bought; move - went - gone; see - saw - visible; write - wrote - written; be - become/were - been; have - had -had; do - did - performed. (A list of irregular verbs can be located in abnormal Verbs inside the segment Writing.)
The phrases "robust verbs" and "susceptible verbs" are once in a while used in ESL materials. Sturdy verbs form the easy beyond nerve-racking by means of converting the vowel in the root (fall - fell; see - noticed; swim - swam; write - wrote). Strong verbs are irregular verbs. Weak verbs encompass ordinary verbs because ordinary verbs upload the finishing ED to shape the easy beyond aggravating without converting the foundation vowel. Weak verbs additionally consist of a number of the abnormal verbs that lead to "t" or "d" inside the beyond nerve-racking (carry - delivered; cut - reduce; feed - fed; spend - spent).
Modal verbs (can, ought to, may, may, need to, must, will, would) also are referred to as modal auxiliaries or modals. Modal verbs are used with distinctive types of the infinitive (without the particle TO) and form a restrained variety of tenses. Modal verbs
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describe the speaker's mind-set (e.g., potential, necessity, probability, recommendation) to the motion expressed by the infinitive. Examples: she will sing thoroughly. I must speak to him. it could be achieved quickly. He might be drowsing. You ought to have accomplished it. (Modal verbs are defined in element in the subsection Modal Verbs in the phase Grammar.)
A linking verb (also known as a connecting verb, a copulative verb, a copula verb, a copula, a hyperlink verb, a hyperlink-verb) connects the issue and the predicative complement and suggests the connection among them. Foremost linking verb is BE. Other verbs that may characteristic as linking verbs: emerge as, grow, get, appearance, appear, appear, feel. Examples: Tom is a health practitioner. He is busy now. He has become an author. It grew darkish. It miles getting bloodless. She appears proper. He felt angry.
A supplement is a phrase or a structure that completes which means of a verb, of a subject, or of an object. Verb enhances are direct and indirect items that stand after the verb: She gave the book to Anna. Supply me a pen. Concern complement stands after the linking verb (i.e., it's far predicative supplement): It miles a e-book. The book is thrilling. Object supplement stands after the item to which it refers: We elected Anton president. I discover it atypical.
Challenge complement inside the form of a noun is called a predicative noun, a predicative nominal, a predicate noun, a predicate nominal. Subject supplement inside the shape of an adjective is referred to as a predicative adjective, a predicate adjective.
REFERENCES
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