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54ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF ENGLISH PHRASES Saidokhunova S.T.1, Daniyeva M.Dj.2
1Saidokhunova Subkhidam Tashpulatovna - Student, DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE, BUCHEON UNIVERSITY IN TASHKENT, TASHKENT;
2Daniyeva Maysara Djamalovna - PhD on Philological Sciences, Assistant Professor, DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE, REFRESHER TRAINING INSTITUTE, KARSHI, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: the article deals with the problems of phrases in Modern English. The definition of the term is given and the differences between the phrases and sentences are clarified. The functions of the phrases are analyzed in the article as well.
Keywords: syntax, phrase, sentence, characteristics, structure, clause, unit, combination, analytical form.
It should be pointed out that within the domain of syntax two levels are distinguished: that of phrases and that of sentences. In giving characteristics of a part of speech we consistently kept apart the two layers in so far as they concern the syntactical functions of parts of speech — their ability to combine with other words into phrases, on the one hand, and their function in the sentence, on the other.
A term used in grammatical analysis to refer to a single element of structure typically containing more than one word, and lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of clauses is called "phrase"; it indicates to every combination of two or more words which is a grammatical unit but is not an analytical form of some word (as, for instance, the perfect forms of verbs). The constituent elements of a phrase may belong to any part of speech. For instance, they may both be nouns, or one of them may be an adjective and the other a noun, or again one of them may be a verb and the other a noun, or one may be a preposition and the other a noun; or there may be three of them, one being a preposition, the other a noun, and the third a preposition, etc.
Thus we adopt the widest possible definition of a phrase and we do not limit this notion by stipulating that a phrase must contain at least two notional words, as is done in a number of linguistic treatises. The inconvenience of restricting the notion of phrase to those groups which contain at least two notional words is that, for example, the group "preposition + noun" remains outside the classification and is therefore neglected in grammatical theory.
The difference between a phrase and a sentence is a fundament alone. A phrase is a means of naming some phenomena or processes, just as a word is. Each component of a phrase can undergo grammatical changes in accordance with grammatical categories represented in it, without destroying the identity of the phrase. With a sentence, things are entirely different. A sentence is a unit with every word having its definite form. A change in the form of one or more words would produce a new sentence. The abstract notion "sentence" of a language can have concrete its representation in speech which is also called "sentence" due to the absence of the special term.
It must also be borne in mind that a phrase as such has no intonation, just as a word has none. Intonation is one of the most important features of a sentence, which distinguish it from a phrase. Last not least, it is necessary to dwell on one of the most difficult questions involved in the study of phrases: the grammatical aspect of that study as distinct from the lexicological.
The difference should be basically this: grammar has to study the aspects of phrases which spring from the grammatical peculiarities of the words making up the phrase, and of
the syntactical functions of the phrase as a whole, while lexicology has to deal with the lexical meaning of the words and their semantic groupings. In studying phrases from a grammatical viewpoint we will divide them according to their function in the sentence into: (1) those which perform the function of one or more parts of the sentence, f. e., predicate, or predicate and object, or predicate and adverbial modifier; (2) those which do not perform any such function but whose function is equivalent to that of a preposition, or conjunction, and which are, in fact, to all intents and purposes equivalents of those parts of speech. The former of these two classes comprises the overwhelming majority of English phrases, but the latter is no less important from a general point of view.
Phrases equivalent to prepositions and conjunctions: Under this heading we will treat such formations as apart from, with reference to, as soon as, so long as, etc., which quite obviously are phrases rather than words, and which quite definitely perform the same function in a sentence as prepositions and conjunctions respectively.
The treatment of these units in grammatical theory has been vague and often contradictory. Most usually they are treated as prepositions or conjunctions of a special type, variously described as compound, analytical, etc. This view ignores the basic difference between a word and a phrase and is therefore unacceptable. We will stick to the principle that a phrase (as different from a word) cannot be a part of speech and that phrases should be studied in Syntax.
References
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