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ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF COMPARISON IN ENGLISH, UZBEK AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGES Аhmedova A.N. Email: А[email protected]
Ahmedova Anorhon Nasvali qizi - Teacher, DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES, TASHKENT STATE UNIVERSITY OF THE UZBEK LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE NAMED AFTER ALISHER NAVOI, TASHKENT, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: the aim of the article is to claim the syntactic and semantic features of comparison in English, Uzbek and Russian. Comparative Typology that dealt with comparing of language units and languages that did not share common root language played an important role in the emerging and developing of this subject. Comparison of structural languages that were not substantial also was crucial in the development of Comparative Typology. Recently, an enormous bulk of researches has been done on languages in Latin America, Asia, Africa, Australia, Oceania and Eurasia that do not have a writing system. Keywords: syntaxes, semantics, comparison, classification, linguistic phenomena, semantic shades, linguistic level.
СИНТАКСИЧЕСКИЕ И СЕМАНТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ СРАВНЕНИЯ НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ, УЗБЕКСКОМ И РУССКОМ
ЯЗЫКАХ Ахмедова А.Н.
Ахмедова Анорхон Насвали кизи - преподаватель, кафедра иностранных языков, Ташкентский государственный университет узбекского языка и литературы им. Алишера Навои, г. Ташкент, Республика Узбекистан
Аннотация: целью статьи является утверждение синтаксических и семантических особенностей сравнения на английском, узбекском и русском языках. Сравнительная типология, которая имела дело со сравнением языковых единиц и языков, у которых не было общего корневого языка, сыграла важную роль в становлении и развитии этого предмета. Сравнение несущественных структурных языков также имело решающее значение при разработке сравнительной типологии. В последнее время огромное количество исследований было проведено на языках в Латинской Америке, Азии, Африке, Австралии, Океании и Евразии, которые не имеют системы письма. Ключевые слова: синтаксисы, семантика, сравнение, классификация, языковые явления, семантические оттенки, языковой уровень.
UDC 34 7.78.034
Introduction. Studying and teaching foreign language required comparison of languages that are taught and studied. Since Uzbekistan is considered as a multilingual country, a lot of attention is being focused on the development of typology because without knowing foreign languages it is impossible to establish political, economic and cultural ties with countries where foreign languages are spoken. Russian is considered to be La lingua franca in Central Asia. In Uzbekistan, bilingualism is based on knowing Uzbek and Russian languages.[2] Besides, it is compulsory that at schools one of the foreign languages should be taught which has derived from the need to establish ties with all the countries of the world.
Methodology. The Syntactic typology is engaged into a comparison of syntactic level units. The basic units for comparison are the word-combination and the sentence.
Depending on the character of research the Syntactic typology may fall into several sections: comparison of units of a word-combination, the level of the sentence, as well as comparison of units of various levels with regards to their syntactic functioning. The Syntactic typology usually compares languages on the basis of a transformational syntax [1].
The syntax of a language studies the units more complicated than the word. These are the phrase and the sentence, their combinations, types, structures of sentences and parts of the sentences [4].
A sentence is an integral unit of speech having a communicative purpose; it expresses a statement, a question or inducement. The sentence expresses predication, i.e. shows whether the event is real or unreal, desirable or obligatory, stated as truth or asked about, etc. The sentence can consist of one or several notional words. In Uzbek the sentence is characterized as a smallest communicative unit with the following features [5]:
□ It has predication which consists of modality and time. It may have the meanings of person and number.
□ It is addressed to a hearer.
□ It has a new information.
□ It has the speaker's intention.
□ It is related to certain speech situation.
□ It has definite intonation.
Phrases and sentences are universal linguistic phenomena. Their structures can be used as a basis for typological comparison. For identifying the type of a phrase, the following criteria have been established: a) The type of syntactical connection in a phrase. b) The means of expressing the syntactical connection. c) The position of the elements of the phrase [2].
The elements of a phrase can be syntactically equal or unequal. In the former case, neither of the elements modifies the other. We can change their position without any change of meaning. Such combinations are called equipotent. e.g. father and son; son and father. If the elements are syntactically unequal, one of them modifies the other. The principal element is called the "kernel" or "head word". The subordinate element is called "the adjunct". Their respective positions are different for different types of phrases and different languages. Such phrases are called dominational. The connections between the elements of a dominational phrase can be further grouped into: the combination of a noun with its attribute expressed by an adjective or a noun the combination of a verb with a subordinate element expressed by a noun, pronoun or a verbal the combination of a verb and an adverbial modifier or the combination of an adjective or an adverb and the subordinate element expressed by an adverb e.g. the train arrived e.g. an emerald ring; a woman of strong character e.g. to read the book; to read it; to decide to stay e.g. to talk quickly; extremely quick; extremely quickly [2].
These syntactical connections can be formally expressed in different ways:
Government. The form of the adjunct is influenced by the head-word. (e.g. позвала брата; сказать брату)
Agreement. The kernel and the adjunct have the same number, gender, case, person (e.g. большая комната, в большой комнате) [4].
According to Greenberg's classification, the English and Russian languages belong to the group having prepositions, adjectives in preposition to nouns and SPO word order. But Uzbek language belongs to an inflectional group of languages and SOV word order. At the same time, the facts of the languages show that these languages are not identical in their syntactical structure. There is evidently need for more subtle syntactical classifications.
Additionally, as a similarity can be considered the following characteristics like in all three languages there are two or more subjects and predicates in the compound and complex sentences. Two or more sentences in compound sentences are combined with coordinative conjunctions in compared languages (and, but, or, и, но, или, лекин, ва, ёки). While in the complex sentence two or more sentences are combined with subordinate conjunctions in all three languages (if, because, если, потому что, агар, чунки). And the difference can be
observed in English interrogative pronouns can make a subordinate sentence. But in Uzbek, such sentences are considered as simple ones (A scientist is a person who studies a lot. Олим куп ёцийдиган киши). Distinctively, in the English language in the unreal conditionals, plural form of verbs is used for both singular and plural subjects. But Russian and Uzbek languages don't have such phenomenon (If he were here, he would help us) [2].
Thus another number of brief differences in syntactic level also can be listed in comparison of sentences of compared languages [3]:
□ □ Russian and Uzbek sentences are longer than English ones, Russians and Uzbeks are fond of long and colorful phrases while the English text is composed of comparatively short sentences, it is "ethical" to use short words and brief structures. In translation, Russian and Uzbek sentences can be divided into 2-3 short ones.
□ □The order of words in a sentence plays a great semantic role, the most important word stands at the beginning. E.g.:
Russian - Вам этого не понять. Этого вам не понять. Uzbek - Сиз буни тушуна олмайсиз Буни сиз тушуна олмайсиз
In English the word order is fixed, semantic shades of meaning are expressed by other means. In English, there can be one variant but with different intonation: You won't understand this.
Conclusion. Generally, there can be observed differences, similarities and distinctive features in the deep comparative analysis of the types above. Such as compound- complex features are typical only for English and Uzbek languages and cannot be found in Russian. Or else Russian and Uzbek have syndetic and asyndetic features of dividing sentences into types while English has another criterion for this.
References / Список литературы
1. Allerton D.J. Essentials of Grammatical Theory. Routledge, 1979.
2. Hawkins John A. The Comparative Typology of English and German: Unifying the Contrasts. London/Sydney: Croom Helm, 1986.
3. Stanley Fish. "Devoid of Content." The New York Times, May 31, 2005. Also How to Write a Sentence and How to Read One. HarperCollins, 2011.
4. Croft William. Typology and Universals. Cambridge UNI Press, 2003.
5. Yusupov U.K. Contrastive linguistics of the English and Uzbek languages. Tashkent, 2013.
