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https://doi.org/10.29013/ESR-20-1.2-128-132
Egamnazarova Durdona Shuhratillaevna, Scientific researcher, Andijan State University Faculty of Foreign Languages E-mail: [email protected]
WORD ORDER AND THE COMMUNICATIVE STRUCTURE OF THE SENTENCE IN UZBEK
Abstract. The present paper is concerned with the the communicative structure of the sentence in Uzbek and the importance of word order in it. A certain sentence can be used with different informative shades and carry out different communicative functions, depending on the purpose of the speaker/author, and in Uzbek, it is mainly carried out through word order. As word order is relatively free in Uzbek, it is considered to be a dominant factor in the information structure of the sentence. The main characteristics of word order variations are highlighted through examples from literature.
Keywords: the communicative structure, the actual division of the sentence, word order, topic, focus, theme, rheme, communicative centre, inversion.
The order of words in a sentence refers to the ar- be the dominant factor in the actual division of the
sentence.
Word order may have different functions. According to O. B. Sirotonina there are three different functions of the word order: [5, 16].
1. Grammatical function, which serves to express certain syntactic relationships, that is, the relation of the subject with the predicate and the other parts;
2. Stylistic function. The use of word order here aims at giving a certain stylistic and expressive shade to a sentence;
3. Communicative function is often understood as the role of word order in the actual division of the sentence P. Adamets highlights the functions of the word order in the following framework [1, 5]:
1. In the syntactic structure;
2. In the actual division of the sentence;
3. In emotional and expressive shade of the sentence;
4. Within the stylistic framework. Many linguists have similar views mentioned
above on the function of the word order [6], however, due to the specific language structure and features, these functions may be involved in different
rangement of the syntactic units in the sentence [1, 5-6]. Therefore, words in any language are arranged a particular syntactic sequence in the sentence. The order of words is reflected simultaneously on two levels of sentence structure - syntactic structure and the communicative structure. However, the role of the word order in these two levels is not the same -the syntactic function depends on the communicative function [3, 12].
In modern linguistics, there is a significant deviation from the tendency of syntactic study of this phenomenon - the approach is not only syntactic, but also communicative-semantic and stylistic.
M. Tukhsanov approaches to the issue on the basis of the theory put forward by K. G. Krushelnitskaya, arguing that the structural-syntactic and communicative-syntactic division of the sentence is a factor that determines their interconnectedness, the form and meaning of the thought expressed [8, 76].
Hence, the syntactic structure of the sentence stems from the communicative purpose of the speaker. Therefore, it is not accidental that the word order, especially in the Turkic languages, is considered to
plans, that is, the word order can simultaneously perform several of the above functions, but one of these functions certainly plays a dominant role. From the foregoing, one can conclude that as the word order is free in the Uzbek language, its communicative function is predominant in almost all contexts, that is, it identifies the communicative centre in the content of the message, but also performs a stylistic task, such as expressive shade.
As the Uzbek language belongs to the group of agglutinative languages, the peculiarity of the word order in the sentence is that the predicate, the logical and grammatical centre of the message, comes at the end of the sentence. All the other parts fill in the "blank spaces" of the predicate and come in a specific cases related to it.[9,9] In particular, in the right order, the subject is at the beginning of the sentence, the parts subordinating the predicate - object and adverbial modifier are unstable in a sentence, they substitute their position in different variants during the communicative-syntactic division [8, 76].
It is worth noting that even though the word order in the grammatical level is free, it cannot be said in terms of the communicative level - the communicative center of any sentence is preceded by the predicate and becomes relevant with intonation. Let's see how the word order defines the communicative centre of the sentence in Uzbek by the following examples: Anvar buvisini ko'rgani kasalxonaga bordi(lt was to the hospital that Anvar went to see his grandmother) - communicative centre here is the adverbial modifier of place
Anvar kasalxonaga buvisini ko'rgani bordi (It was to see his grandmother that Anvar went to the hospital) - communicative centre here is the adverbial modifier of purpose
Buvisini koWgani kasalxonaga Anvar bordi (It was Anvar who went to the hospital to see the grandmother) - communicative centre here is the grammatical subject of the sentence
As can be seen, free word order in Uzbek, unlike in English, enables the sentence to be used for
different communicative purposes without marked grammatical changes. Hence, the syntactic structure of the sentence in most cases obeys the requirements of communicative structure, that is, the main factor that changes the word order is the communicative purpose of the speaker. Therefore, the study of the actual division of the sentence in Uzbek serves as a solid basis for a communicative approach to the issues of word order in the language [4, 106].
The logically correct structure of a literary language that is stylistically neutral in Uzbek requires the point of the sentence(topic) known to the listener or reader to be at the beginning of a sentence. The rheme (focus)that gives the information new to the listener / reader comes at the end of the sentence, after the theme/topic. The violation of this rule results in the change in the logical consistency, or the formation of a sentence with expressive- emotional colour [4, 106].
Hence, in the communicative-syntactic level in the Uzbek language, word order units are denoted by the parts of the sentence. In neutral sentences in the Uzbek language, there are various structural and communicative forms of the word order, depending on which part of the sentence is actual (according to the position of the predicate):
In simple unextended sentences, the syntactic form combines with the communicative structure, that is, the subject coincides with the theme, the predicate - with the rheme, but in such sentences the function of the word order decreases and the communicative center is defined according to the intonation: Abdulla kuldi (Abdulla laughed) You mother has come (Onang keldi) In simple extended sentences, the communicative-stylistic function of the word order becomes dominant, and the actual part is often placed before the predicate, and so is the subject: To'yga nuqul soldatlar, ofitserlar kelganmish (Only soldiers and officers came to the wedding) [11, 94]
Endi bitmagan yana bitta ishimiz qoldi(We have one more thing to do) [12, 42]
Sirdaryoning beldanyo'g'on laqqa balig'i cho'zilib yotibdi. (There is a very thick catfish of Syrdarya lying) [10, 274]
It is worth noting that the presence of certain adverbs of degree, quantity and manner in the sentence restricts the possibility of actualizing the subject through the word order, that is, it is imposible to "push" the subject to the position before the predicate, otherwise the syntactic-semantic relationship of the sentence may be violated, thus, the meaning may change or become illogical. For example:
Chempion tez yugurdi (Champion ran fas)t - Tez champion yugurdi(Fast champion ran);
The actualization of the object also occurs in the position before the predicate:
Men nima deb maslahat berishni bilmas edim, shun-ing uchun yelkamni qisib qo*ya qoldim (I didn't know what to advise, so I shrugged my shoulders) [12, 73].
Moreover, the object in the active voice can be the communicative centre as the subject in the pasive voice. In this case, the object becomes more important from communicative point ofview than the performer of the action; although the subject is actualized, the speaker / author's purpose is to draw the listener / reader's attention to the object of the sentence:
U kitob o'qidi (He read a book) - Kitob o'qildi (A book was read) Among the parts of the sentence, the adverbial modifier is distinguished by its fixed or free order. The adverbial modifiers of fixed order get into a close semantic-grammatical relationship with the predicate and do not change their position. The adverbial modifier of free order may come in various positions in a sentence [4, 74].
Abstutay o'choq boshiga pildirab ketdi(Abstutay briskly walked to the hearth - adverbial modifier of free order) [13, 278].
Men gap nimadaligini bilganimdan ataylab indamadim(I specially didn't say anything as I knew what had happened - adverbial modifier of fixed order) [12, 229].
It is important to note that as the intonation is the main means of the actual division of the sentence,
depending on what part the logical or emphatic stress falls on, it causes the adverbial modifier before the predicate to leave the rheme group. In this case, the speaker tries to convey the communication center only through prosodic means, without changing the order of words: Farzandining muomalasidan xafa bo'ldi (He was offended by how his child treated him (the focus here - the predicate, i.e. the fact that he was offended is emphasized); Farzandining muomalasidan xafa bo'ldi (What offended him was how his child treated him (how his child treated him is the focus, but not anything else).
In reverse order of the words, the rheme usually moves to the position before the theme. In this type of discourse, extra emotional and expressive shade is added to the message, which is typical for poetry and verbal communication. In this case, the syntactic structure of the sentence changes depending on the speaker's emotional state and communicative purpose:
Qulog'ini kesib olaman uning!(I'll teach him a lesson! - fronting of the object)[12, 90]. As the above examples show, inversion is an effective means of achieving the speaker's communicative purpose.
When the speaker wants to emphasize a certain part of the sentence in the course of the speech, to draw the listener's attention to it, to remind them of the importance of the action performed by the subject, the subject and predicate inversion is used. In this case, the subject of the sentence moves to the position after the predicate. This can also change the grammatical nature of the sentence: a declarative sentence may become an exclamatory one, albeit both declarative and exclamatory shades are retained.
The inversion of the secondary parts also has the above-mentioned characteristics. The subject and predicative inversion occurs more frequently in interrogative, imperative and exclamatory sentences, while the inversion of the secondary parts does not change the grammatical nature of the sentence. In this case, the highlighted part will only be moved to the position next to the predicate.
The inversion is a very active and effective tool, especially in imperative sentences. The predicate, which is the central part of the imperative sentences, moves to the beginning of the sentence: Olib ket meniyam. Va'da beraman!Boshqaqilmayman! Odam bo'laman! (Take me with you too! I promise! I won't do it anymore. I'll be a good person!) [11, 65] / Ur, nomard qo'shmachini! (Hit the mean souteneur!) [10, 258].
Also, the omission of the predicate(ellipsis) is a characteristic feature of imperative sentences. Ellipsis is a common tool in Uzbek not only for language economy but also for actualizing a particular part, and the effective use of ellipsis in the imperative mood is particularly sensitive to the emotional and expressive form of spoken language.
In this situation, imperative sentences imply the meaning of invitation, involvement, compelling and the communicative center of the sentence often corresponds to the adverbial modifier of manner or place: Qisqaroq! (Shorter! (which means "make it shorter")) [11, 56]; Vatan uchun jangga! (To the battlefield for the Motherland!, which means "Let's go to the battlefield and fight for theMotherland")[l2,80].
Thus, inversion is a pure speech phenomenon, and its use in written discourse is the result of attempt to express the opinion in the most appropriate way [2, 100].
In interrogative sentences, the communicative center is defined according to their form and content structure. In particular, in special questions, the communicative structure is remapped as the focus precedes the topic:
Nega kech qolding? (Why are you late?); / Kim keldi? (Who has come?);
In neutral interrogative sentences which are free from expressiveness the actual division is in the top-ic-focus(or theme-rheme)sequence as in declarative sentences, and the part where the particle is usually the communicative center:
O'zimizning sigir-chi? (What about our own cow?; Here, the particle is the suffix -chi, which changes a declarative sentence into a question).
In Uzbek, as in many languages too, a declarative sentence may gain an interrogative meaning through the intonation of interrogation. This phenomenon is mainly characteristic of oral discourse, and here the theme precedes the rheme: Tanimay-man, degin?(So you don't know him?/)[10, 241]; Taroziga qo'y, bolam,-dedi chol ruschani chaynab ga-pirib.- Kilosi yetmish tiyin; - Yetmish tiyin? - Lyova ajablandi (Put it onto the scale, son,-said the old man murmuring in Russian.- Seventy tiyinsa a kilo; -Seventy tiyins?--Lyova was surprised) [11, 40].
The communicative centre of such sentences is the part where the emphatic or logical stress falls on.
According to the abovesaid, it can be stated that inversion is an effective means of enhancing the content of the message and moving it from neutral to expressive emotional position.
In sum, the communicative aspect of any sentence, that is the actual division, is a method chosen by the speaker to convey a message that is relevant, and it is characterized by the actualization of certain parts of the sentence. Word order variations in Uzbek, are used to convey the communicative purpose in discourse, which is associated with specific pragmatic functions [7, 150]. In non-emphatic declarative sentences the initial position tends to be the topic, pre-verbal position is the communicative centre, that is the focus, whereas interrogative sentences and orders have the focus in the front position. As can be seen, the communicative structure of the sentence is quite different from the syntactic composition, as the former is related to the communicative content of the text, and the latter is of grammatical importance. Both of them, however, play an important role in the semantics of the sentence and are inextricably linked to each other.
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