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государственного сектора в Индии выросла на 800 процентов. Национальные банки сегодня предоставляют более 90% всех банковских услуг населению страны и бизнес-среде и, таким образом, являются движущей силой индийской экономики. Кроме того, министр финансов Индии, Арун Джейтли, отметил, что национализация банков была причиной того, что Индия оправилась от финансового кризиса 2007 быстрее, чем экономики других стран мира.
Тем не менее, слабое управления и давление профсоюзных организаций серьезно подорвали эффективность банков и финансовых учреждений. Среди проблем массовой национализации банков в Индии также стоит отметить отсутствие достаточного делегирования полномочий, неадекватность внутреннего контроля и неиспользование всех потенциальных возможностей роста. Последнее связано с тем, что у банка отсутствуют реальные стимулы для роста и совершенствования, что делает практически невозможным процесс внедрения инноваций в банковском деле. Однако, в целом, несмотря на минусы, проявляющиеся в медленном качественном развитии банков, стоит признать, что национализация оказывала положительный эффект на стабильность банковского сектора и индийской экономики в целом, что послужило буферным фактором во время последнего финансового кризиса.
Список использованных источников: 1. The official website of Reserve Bank of India: [Электронный ресурс] - Режим доступа: https://www. rbi.org.in - Загл. с экрана.
© Ковалев А. Э., 2016
UDC 336.711.66
A. E.Kovalev
1-year master student Mordovia State University, Saransk, Russian Federation
THE ISSUE OF ECONOMIC JUSTICE OF BAIL-IN USE IN REHABILITATION OF "WEAK" BANKS
Annotation
The author considering probability of bail-in implementation in conditions of Russian Economy. Also, are shown consequences of using bail-in and risks of it.
Keywords
Bail-in, bank, shareholder, insolvency, licenses withdrawal, Cyprus scenario
The situation in the banking sector of the Russian economy significantly heated up with the onset of local macro-economic recession. Within three years, starting in 2012, the situation is exacerbated by permanent elimination of banks by the Bank of Russia from the economic map of the country by a massive withdrawal of licenses. Undermining the confidence of the population and business to small and medium-sized banks is shown after such policy, and the consequences are obvious - the deposit concentration of capital in large, systemically important banks.
Many countries have repeatedly faced with a similar problem, but in the more mature, from a financial point of view, economies license withdrawal is usually associated with "holes in the budget." Obvious example was the Cyprus banking crisis 2012-2013 years, when a significant part of country banking segment was in the post-crisis state. In particular, here the Government of Cyprus has decided to resort to the technique of bail-in (for example, Bank of Cyprus 47.5% of deposits larger than € 100,000 were exchanged for shares).
In essence, bail-in is an innovative tool of regulation of banking insolvency, which enables cancellation of unsecured and uninsured creditors' claims, or convert them to participate in the capital with compliance of the requirements prioritization in liquidation. Bail-in can be used in the case of the recapitalization of the existing bank
or, alternatively, in the case of the recapitalization of the newly established organization or institution transition (bridge institute), which is the successor of these functions in event of the failed bank closing. The purpose of these actions is to ensure that the relevant shareholders and debt holders have paid the cost of insolvency settlement procedures in accordance with the statutory requirements prioritization. In essence, bail-in is the opposite of the traditional Russian bail-out technique, when reorganization of banks carried out by the state, which is especially important in the event of his stake in the authorized capital of the bank, and other institutions.
After the initiation of the moratorium on satisfaction of creditors' claims in "Vneshprombank" in 2015 year in the Russian financial environment originated rumors of a possible implementation of the bail-in scheme in the national economy. What is the specificity of the possible use of "Cyprus scenario" in Russia?
Currently, the limit of deposits insurance in commercial banks of the Russian Federation is 1.4 million rubles. - this is the upper limit of compensation, regardless of the size of deposits. At the same time, there is no legal limit on the number of banks in which individuals and small entrepreneurs can open an account and, accordingly, to receive compensation. In the case of the introduction of bail-in technique right now the situation will be following: legal entities and physical persons and entrepreneurs, overstated limit, will become shareholders of "weak" organization (at their own finances) or will be forced to place their funds on irrevocable deposits, thus providing "weak" bank with credits at very low interest rate. Obviously, in the optimistic scenario, the bank's work by attracting liquidity must be restored, shares of companies must grow at a stock exchange, and involuntary "venture" investors increase their wealth at the expense of it. However, such an optimistic scenario in Russia is not observed: as a rule, the situation is reversed - the effectiveness of liquidity management of "weak" banks is poor. And, in terms of economic justice, bail-in scheme and its validation in the Russia raises some questions: lenders are not accepted in the operational and strategic management of the bank, responsible for the effectiveness of the bank decisions, and the bank's management in this case may be not responsible. Using of the scheme in the Russian economy requires a careful consideration of local peculiarities, for example, bail-in in case of start-up must attract banking administration's responsibility.
It is interesting that in Cyprus bail-in procedures participated certain stratum of investors - "major". The same idea was put forward by vice finance Minister of Russia Alexei Moiseev in the end of 2015 year. Only issue was touched upon superficially, without specifying who in the framework of the Russian economy should be considered as a major contributor. A complication in the implementation of the scheme in "weak" Russian banking reality is further added by the negative experience of Cyprus: when investors became shareholders of Bank of Cyprus at the rate of 1 euro = 1 share, stocks showed a negative liquidity and today the price of one is 0.13 Euros.
Finally, in the framework of removing the heads of "weak" banks, the appointment of an temporary administration and the complicated macroeconomic climate the idea of lawful opportunity to use bail-in is able to generate systematic panic among the population and business and to start the process of resetting deposits. Talking about the implementation of the scheme is too early and from legal point of view: it requires a change in a number of laws: the Civil Code, the Federal Law "On banks and banking activity", Federal Law "On Insolvency (Bankruptcy)" and etc.
References:
1. Official site of The Bank for International Settlements: [Internet source] - Access mode: http:// www.bis.org/ -Scr. title.
© Kovalev A. E., 2016
УДК 332.145
К.Д. Ковалева
Студенка 4 курса факультета государственное и муниципальное управление Владивостокский государственный университет экономики и сервиса
ОЦЕНКА КАЧЕСТВА ЖИЗНИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ В Приморском КРАЕ
Аннотация
Статья Ковалевой К.Д. посвящена вопросу качества жизни населения. Исследование проведено на
