CC BY
69
UDC 631/635
THE INFLUENCE OF BIOSTIMULANTS OF GROWTH AND ANTIFUNGALS ON PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY OF THE BREWING BARLEY IN THE OREL REGION
Lopachev N.A., Doctor of Agricultural Sciences Amelin A.A., Candidate of Biological Sciences Efremova J.V., Post-graduate student Orel State Agrarian University, Orel City, Russia
Melnikov V.P., Chief Executive Joint-Stock Company «Orel Nobel-Agro», Orel Region, Russia
E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Effects of experimental researches of an increase yield, quality and economic indicators are presented at cultivation of brewing barley with application of biological preparations against antifungals in the conditions of Joint-Stock Company «Orel Nobel-Agro» of Kolpnjansky region of the Oryol region.
KEY WORDS
Brewing barley; Biostimulants; Antifungals; Micotoxins; Yielding ability; Quality; Net income; Capital recovery factor.
In Joint-Stock Company «Orel Nobel-Agro» of Kolpnjansky region of the Oryol region of 4791 hectares that compounds 14% of an arable land have started to cultivate barley since 2007 on the square - its plantings took the second place after a winter wheat. Purpose of a crop of barley - a brewing industry. Yielding ability and quality of a pellet of barley largely determines holding financial circumstances. For last two years in holding there was a decrease of yielding ability of a pellet of barley in comparison with 2007-2009, and also concerning district and regional indexes (fig. 1).
2007
2008
2009
Years
JSC “Orel Nobel-Agro” Kolpnjansky region Orel region
2010
2011
Figure 1 - Yielding ability of barley in Joint-Stock Company «Orel Nobel-Agro», Kolpnjansky region and the Oryol region in 2007-2011
Decrease of yielding ability of brewing barley in Joint-Stock Company «Orel Nobel-Agro» for last years is conditioned by fluctuation of weather, reclamative, agrochemical conditions, a crop rotation, poor protection of plants and many other things factors [2].
The holding tries to decide above indicated problems at the expense of application of growth-promoting factors of crops. However, growth-promoting factors, as well as antifungals, in concrete edaphic-climatic conditions make miscellaneous impact on productivity of cultivated plants [2,5,6]. Therefore the purpose of our probes was: to learn operational effectiveness of biostimulants and antifungals on productivity of a brewing barley in the conditions of Joint-Stock Company «Orel Nobel-Agro» of Kolpnjansky region of the Oryol region.
For the object in view solution it was necessary to solve following commitments: to learn agency of biostimulants against antifungals on evolution, disease resistance and productivity of plants of a brewing barley; to produce ecologically-economic performance evaluation of application of biostimulants against antifungals at brewing barley cultivation in Joint-Stock Company «Orel Nobel-Agro».
Objects of probes. Probes were spent in a grain-growing crop rotation: a clean fallow, a winter wheat, barley, buckweat, a rape, a winter wheat of 1st compartment of Joint-Stock Company «Orel Nobel-Agro».
The crop rotation was disposed on a leached chernozem with power of a humic layer -80-120 cm and a humic matter - 6,0-7,0 %, Р2О5 - 10-12 mg.eq/100 of soil, 12-14 mg.eq/100 of soil, pH a salt extract - 5,5-6,5, a hydrolytic acidity - 2,0-4,0 mg.eq/100 of soil.
In experiment cultivated spring barley of quality "Messina" of the Austrian selection which one ensures: a large runout of a coarse grain; excellent education of a productive plant stand; , quality is independent against brittleness of an ear; , qualitative grains an ear; indiscrete altitude and uniformity of a plant stand.
Quality producible, ductile to cultivation environmental conditions, is independent against a tilting of an ear and damping off. The especial distinctive genetical singularity -fineness of aggregate and uniformity of a pellet. Productive tillering - 2-3, maturation periods
- 78-85 days, plant altitude - B4 70 cm, protein low content - 10,6 %, pulp of 1000 pellets -45-50, yielding ability of a pellet lays within the limits from 45 dt/ha up to 65 dt/ha. Quality "Messina" is switched on in the State registry on Central locale in 2005.
In experiment learnt following growth-promoting factors and antifungals:
1. Larixine - growth regulator of plants, preparative type: an aqueous emulsion, operating material: dihydroquercetin: 50 g/l. The registrant: LLC Research and Production Enterprise "Biochimzaschita". The Registration number: 0164-06-111-042-0-1-3-0. hazard rating: 3/3;
2. An albite - biostimulant, preparative type - a runny paste, operating material: poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid + magnesium sulphate + a potassium phosphate + a potassium nitric acid + an urea: 6,2 + 29,8 + 91,1 + 91,2 + 181,5/kg the Registrant: LLC SPC "Albite". The Registration number: 1686-09-107-150-0-0-3-1. Hazard rating - 4/3;
3. Ligno-humate - agrochemical falls into to fertilizers. The registrant: LLC "Research and Production Enterprise RET". The Registration number: 0045-06-204-015-0-0-0-1;
4. Ferazim. - a fungicide, preparative type: a slurry concentrate, operating material: carbendazim - 500 g/l. The registrant: LLC "Agro Expert Group". The Registration number: 2162-11-107-023-0-1-3-0.: hazard rating 2/3;
5. Rex Duo - a fungicide, preparative type: a slurry concentrate, operating material: Tiofanat-beaconed + epoxikonazole- 310 + 187 g/l. The registrant: BASF СЕ. The Registration number: 1844-10-107-287-0-1-3-0.: hazard rating 2/3;
6. The Trio stinger - a fungicide, preparative type: a slurry concentrate, operating material: thiabendazol 80 g/l + tebuconazole 60 g/l + imazalile 60 g/l. The registrant: LLC Research and Production Enterprise "RosAgroCkhim", LLC "North Caucasian Agrockhim". The Registration number: 1920-10-107-161 (115)-0-1-0-0.: hazard rating 2/3.
The rate of application of specimens, mode, processing time, demurrages were performed according to logger advisories.
Research technique. Tasks in view in a field experiment were decided, complete which one enumeration of alternatives is presented in table 2. Experience is included in triple
replication with systematic seating of alternatives. The square of each forest allotment of experience - 0,6 hectares. An experience total area - 18 hectares.
In experiment barley cultivated on technics of Joint-Stock Company «Orel Nobel-Agro» since 2007 which one relevant link is the superficial basic soil cultivation - New-Holland 380 + Catros on depth 10-12 All remaining processing steps see were fulfilled by the off-the-shelf high capacity, import vehicles and implements. Observations, analyses and yielding ability registrations in experience were spent under sample practical standards. Statistical analysis of data of a field experiment spent on B.A. Dospekhov's procedure [3].
Effects of probes. It is fixed, that the safety system of plants accepted in a facilities (alternative №1 - monitoring) moderated an attack of plantings of barley in a milk stage a septoria spot, a fish rust, a helminthosporiosis up to 7,5 %; 4,0 %; 10,5 %, and a supplemental application (alternative №7) - Ferazim - 0,6 l/ha + the Albite - 40 g/ha (tillering period) + Ferazim - 0,6 l/ha + the Albite - 40 g/ha (an earing kickoff) practically have not exercised influence over the produced datas - 6,0; 4,0; 10,0 accordingly. The produced fact bears, that at such saturation capacity of crop rotations of a facilities a grain-crops, used antifungals do not ensure a full protection of plantings of a brewing barley from diseases.
Biostimulants against antifungals have started to manifest positivegoing operation more narrow in an earing stage that has led to accretion of a plant population of plants of barley, productive caulises, a bushiness, altitudes of plants, lengths of an ear and figure of cones in one ear (tab. 1).
Table 1 - Agency of biostimulants of growth and antifungals on making up of plantings of barley "Messina" in Joint-Stock Company «Orel Nobel- Agro»
Characteristic value Variants Departure from controle
№7 №1 in absolute value in %
Deqree of density, pcs./m2 520 438 +82 119
Yielding caulis, pcs./M2. 493 450 +43 110
Yielding tilling capacity, pcs./m2. 9 7 +2 128
Mean altitude, cm 79 65 + 14 121
Length of ear, cm 8,9 7,2 + 1,7 124
The number of spikeletsin an ear, pcs. 26 20 +6 130
Martempering of frame of plantings under the influence of biostimulant (tab. 2) have ensured an increase yield of a pellet of barley in comparison with monitoring.
Table 2 - The influence of biostimulants and antifungals on yielding ability of barley in Joint-Stock
Company « Orel Nobel-Agro », dt/ha
n/n Variants of the experiment Average number Departure from control
Dt|ha %
1 The Trio stinger -0,5l/t + Ligno-humate -0,5l/t+ Larixine -0,1 l/t (seeds)-(control) 24,0 - -
2 The Trio stinger -0,5l/t + Ligno-humate -0,5l/t + Larixine -0,1 l/t (seeds) + Rex Duo -0,5l/ha (tilling - helminthosporium disease) 31,6 7,6 31,4
3 The Trio stinger -0,5l/t + Ligno-humate -0,5l/t + Larixine -0,1 l/t (seeds)+ Rex Duo -0,5l/ha (tilling) + Rex Duo -0,5l/ha (the beginning of earing) 26,9 2,9 11,9
4 The Trio stinger -0,5l/t + Ligno-humate -0,5l/t + Larixine -0,1 l/t (семена) + Ferazim -0,6l/ha 29,9 5,9 24,4
5 The Trio stinger -0,5l/t + Ligno-humate -0,5l/t + Larixine -0,1 l/t (seeds)+ Ferazim -0,6l/ha (tilling) + Ferazim -0,6l/ha (the beginning of earing) 32,8 8,8 36,5
6 The Trio stinger - 0,5l/t + Ligno-humate -0,5l/t + Larixine -0,1l/t (seeds)+ Ferazim -0,6l/ha + Albite - 40g/ha (tilling). 31,8 7,8 32,3
7 The Trio stinger - 0,5l/t + Ligno-humate -0,5l/t + Larixine - 0,1 l/t (seeds)+ Ferazim -0,6l/ha + Albite - 40g/ha (tilling) + Ferazim -0,6l/ha + Albite- 40g/ha (the beginning of earing). 35,5 11,5 47,8
8 The Trio stinger -0,5l/Tt+ Ligno-humate -0,5l/t+ Larixine -0, 1 l/t (seeds) + Ferazim -0,6l/ha + Albite -40g/ha + Ligno-humate -0,1 l/ha (tilling)+ Ferazim -0,6l/ha + Albite -40g/ha + Ligno-humate - 0,1 l/ha (the beginning of earing). 30,9 6,9 28,7
9 The Trio stinger -0,5l/t + Ligno-humate -0,5l/t+ Larixine -0,1 l/t (seeds)+ Ferazim -0,6l/ha + Ligno-humate -0,1 l/ha (tilling)+ Ferazim -0,6l/ha + Ligno-humate - 0,1 l/ha (the beginning of earing). 30,6 6,6 27,4
НСР05 - 3,0 12,5
Except alternative №7 the essential yield increase was ensured with alternatives № 2,
4, 5, 6 and 8. The albite at unitary treatment of plantings ensures a yield increase of 1,9 dt/ha, twofold 2,7 dt/ha that is significant above in comparison with alternatives of appropriate rates of Larixine.
Application of Ligno-humate has appeared less effective in comparison with the Albite and Larixine. Utilisation of the indicated biological preparations ensures not only a brewing barley yield increase, but also essentially raises its quality (tab. 3).
Table 3 - Fluctuation of quality of a pellet of barley under the influence of biological preparations and antifungals in Joint-Stock Company « Orel Nobel-Agro »
Characteristic value Variants of the experiment Departure from control
№7 №1 -
moisture, % 12,9 15,0 -3,0
protein, % 11,0 12,8 -1,8
germination ability, % 96,0 76,0 20,0
sprouting ability. % 95,0 83,0 12,0
fineness, % 85,0 60,0 25,0
occurrence of black dockage, % < 0,1 2,0 -1,9
thousand-kernel weight, g. 47,0 46,0 1,0
grain unit, g/l 630,0 610,0 20,0
On alternative №7 the barley pellet on all major indexes exceeds monitoring (tab. 3) and meets the requirements brewer's, and on test alternative it matches only fodder (GOST 28672-90 - Barley. Demands at stock materials and deliveries). On alternatives № 2,3,4,5,6,8 and 9 barley under quality indicators exceeds monitoring, but yields to demands of the brewer's.
The relevant quality performance of a brewer's pellet of barley is the remaining content of protectants and the micotoxins in it produced by fungi Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium viridicatum. Till now operation of micotoxins on vegetative organisms is insufficiently learnt. While it is known, that micotoxins reduce sustainability of plants to a fungous infection contamination.
We had been carried out analyses on a contents in a pellet of barley of most toxic of them - ochratoxin A, which one soils most often articles of food and a pellet. Maximum concentration limit for ochratoxin A in a cereals compounds 0,005 mg/kg [1,7]. In our experiment their contents in a pellet of all alternatives 10 times less maximum concentration limit (tab. 4).
Table 4 - the Contents of Ochratoxin A in a barley pellet on Joint-Stock Company
treatments «Orel Nobel-Agro»
n/n Variants The content of Ochratoxin A
1 The Trio stinger -0,5l/t+ Ligno-humate -0,5l/t + Larixine -0, 1 l/t (seeds) - Control 0,0001
5 The Trio stinger -0,5l/t + Ligno-humate -0,5l/t + Larixine -0, 1 l/t (seeds) + Ferazim -0,6l/ha (кущение) + Ferazim -0,6l/ha (beginning of earings) 0,00231
7 The Trio stinger -0,5l/t + Ligno-humate -0,5l/t + Larixine -0,1l/t (seeds) + Ferazim -0,6l/ha + Albite-40g/ha (кущение) + Ferazim -0,6l/ha + Albite-40g/ha (beginning of earings) 0,0001
The highest contents of Ochratoxin A (0,00231) is watched in an alternative pellet № 5 where applied Stinger Trio-0,5l/t + Ligno-humate -0,5l/t + Larixine -0,1 l/t (seeds) + Ferazim -
0,6l/ha (tillering) + Ferazim -0,6l/ha (beginning of earings) without the Albite. Treatment of plantings of barley by the Albite against antifungals (alternative №7) prevents accumulating of Ochratoxin A. Application of biostimulants against protectants raise not only yielding ability and quality of a pellet of barley, but also an expenditure which one should pay for itself at the expense of an additional crop.
The basic indexes of economic efficiency of manufacturing of a brewing barley were: yielding ability, a production value, the net income, the net cost and a capital recovery factor (tab. 5).
Table 5 - Economic indicators of operational effectiveness of biostimulants and antifungals on barley plantings in Joint-Stock Company «Orel Nobel-Agro»
Characteristic value Variants
№1 №7
Yield per unit, dt/ha 24,0 35,5
Increase of yield, dt/ha - 11,5
Cost 1 thous.rubl. 3000 3000
Product value,. rubl./ha 7200 10650
Production expenses, rubl./ha 5100 7170
Extra production expenses, rubl./ha - 2070
Self-cost of 1 ha of flagship products, rubl. 212,5 202,0
Net income,. rubl./ha 2100 3480
Return, % 41,2 49,5
The datas of the table 5 display, that the barley increase yield on 11,5 dt/ha (alternative №7) in comparison with monitoring is escorted by accretion of expenditures at 2070 rbl. /ha. Thus product cost decreases for 105 rbl., the net income is augmented by 1380 rbl. /ha, and a capital recovery factor increases by 8,3 %.
CONCLUSION
For obtaining of a brewer's pellet of barley of quality "Messina" in Joint-Stock Company «Orel Nobel-Agro» 35,5 dt/ha are necessary to spend twofold treatment by Ferazim 0,6 l/ha and the Albite of 40 g/ha in stages of a kickoff of a tillering and earing. Thus grain viability of barley is augmented by 20 %, a germination power on 12 %, fineness of aggregate of seeds on 25 %, and the protein content decreases on 1,8 %. At treatment of plantings by protectants together with the Albite the contents of micotoxins in a pellet of barley does not exceed 0,0001, that in 50 times below maximum concentration limit. Such pellet meets all demands of a brewing barley. Twofold treatment of plantings by the Albite against antifungals reduces the net cost of manufacturing of a pellet of barley, augments the net income and a capital recovery factor of manufacturing of a pellet of barley by 8,3 %.
REFERENCES
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