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THE EFFECT OF APPLYING BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES ON THE PRODUCTION PROCESS OF SOYBEAN AND BEANS
Vasilchikov A.G., Candidate of Biological Sciences All-Russia Research Institute of Legumes and Groat Crops, Orel City, Russia
E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The article presents results of research on studying of influence of inoculation and treatment by biological active substances on symbiotic activity and seed production of soybean and common bean. Researches were conducted in the All-Russia Research Institute of Legumes and Groat Crops in 2007-2009. Influence of presowing treatment by preparations Albit, Humate of potassium and Mival-Agro at separate application and at combination to inoculation with nitragin on symbiotic and photosynthetic activity of soya and bean, and also on their productivity was studied. Formation of symbiotic apparatus and its activity were defined by presence of spontaneous populations of Rhizobia and at their absence it depended on treatment by nitragin. The greatest increase of area of leaves was noted at combination of inoculation with application of Humate of potassium and Albit-19,4% at soya and 35% at bean. The highest yield - 21,4 c/ha on soya and 18,8 c/ha on bean (on the average for 3 years) was received at combination of treatment of seeds by Humate of potassium and inoculation with nitragin.
KEY WORDS
Soybean; Common bean; Inoculation; Peat rhizobial inoculant; Biological nitrogen; Fixation.
Globally, agriculture is the scale soybean cultivation fourth among crops and first among legumes. Soybean is characterized by unique biological and economic characteristics. In soybean seeds contain 40% of protein and up to 18% of oil. Due to the symbiotic nitrogen fixation by soybean which covers up to 77% of its needs for nitrogen, its agrotechnical value is undeniable [1]. The rate of its growth is faster than any other soybean crops [2]. The program of the development of soybean cultivation in Russia is planning to increase crop area by 2017 to 2.7 million hectares, including the Central District (Belgorod, Voronezh, Orel) to 500,000 hectares [3]. Soybean cultivation in the Orel region is made possible by the creation in recent years of a number of early varieties, steadily maturing in this region. These varieties are characterized by high productivity potential. However, its implementation must combine technological and biological factors of intensification, allowing making environmentally friendly products.
In this connection, the need for energy-and cost-effective methods of increasing productivity through optimization of symbiotic and photosynthetic activity of crops by inoculating seeds by active strain of rhizobia, improving mineral nutrition, finding the most complementary pairs of symbionts is growing up [3]. No less valuable crop is beans crops in Russia which will be increased to 130,000 hectares.
Currently a lot of biologically active substances (BAS) have been established, the application of which can increase productivity of agricultural crops through increased intensification of metabolism and mobilization of immune systems of plants. According to previous studies [4,5], the use of such aalendrin can increase yields by an average of 1022% due to the growth-promoting, protective and anti-stress action.
MATERIALS AND RESEARCH METHODS
In 2007-2009 we studied the effect of such biologically active substances such as potassium humate, albite and Mival-agro on productivity and efficiency of nitrogen fixation and soy beans in the Orel region.
Albite - plant growth regulator of biological origin, contains in its composition of natural microbial polymer poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid from soil bacteria Bacillus megaterium and Pseudomonas aureofaciens, a balanced set of macro-and micronutrients, terpenic acids of pine extract. Application rate - 50 ml per ton of seeds.
Mival agro - silicone biodyne from the group silatranes. The active substance - 1 chlormetilsilatran. Application rate - 15 grams per ton of seeds.
Potassium humate «force of life» belongs to a group of humic substances -substances with a pronounced stimulating effect. It is composed of humic and organic acids, as well as a set of macro-and micronutrients. Application rate is 200ml per ton of seeds at a consumption rate of 10 liters per ton of seeds.
Experiments were carried out according to methods of field experience [6].
Test area soil is dark-gray forest sandy loam. Humus content is 5.0%, pH 5.7, the content of phosphorus is 7-9-16, 8, K-8, 4-12, 0 mg/100 g of soil. Repeated experiments is fourfold, an area plot - 10 m2. Planting is wide-row; row spacing is 45 cm. Seed rate -600,000 seeds per hectare for soybeans, 400,000 for beans. Studies were conducted on soybeans SWAPO and grade beans Rubin All-Russia Research Institute of Legumes and Groat Crops selection. Seeds were treated with biologics for 5-7 days before planting. The option without treatment was served as a control option. To study the possible influence of drugs in the process of biological nitrogen fixation in the experimental scheme options with a combination of seed treatment and biologics rizotorfinom based on the strain 634b for soybeans and 653 strains of beans have been added. Rizotorfinom inoculated seeds were inoculated in the day sowing.
The studies examined the dynamics of the formation of the symbiotic system, the enzyme nitrogenase acetylene reduction method; the number and mass of nodules on the roots of plants were taken into account. Also parameters of photosynthetic activity of plants were measured. Accounting for seed yield was performed by continuous threshing by combine «Sampo-130».
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The most stressful growing season for soybean was in 2007, which was characterized by lack of moisture and high temperatures in comparison with the year averages of data (Table 1). In the first two months of the growing season 62 mm of precipitation had been dropped, which was 53% of the average annual level of 205 mm during the growing season. The air temperature during this period exceeded the average annual level for 20C. Reduction of soil moisture had a negative impact on development of plant and the formation of the symbiotic system.
Table 1 - The weather conditions of growing seasons of 2007-2009
Indicators May June July August September
Medium of many years precipitation 53 61 80 67 57
Medium of many years. temperature, to 13.0 16.9 18.5 17.1 11.7
Precipitation / the temperature mm/to 2007r. 24.4/16.1 38.0/18.6 63.4/19.2 19.4/21.4 62.5/13.0
2008r. 30,9/12,9 54,6/16,5 131/19,5 33,9/19,7 43,8/12,3
2009r. 36,9/13,7 81,7/18,8 56,9/19,8 19,4/16,3 39,9/15,2
The growing period in 2008 was close to the average of long-term data on precipitation and temperature regime. Rainfall was 290 mm, which was 90% of the average of annual level. Soybeans are fairly resistant to moisture deficit in the period from germination to flowering and are more sensitive to drought during the tying and loading beans. Dynamics of precipitation in 2008 was quite favorable for soybeans, as 65% of the precipitation during the growing season, fell in the period from the middle of June to the second decade of August. In 2009 the rainfall was 70% of the mean annual level, however, a more even distribution of them in the course of the growing season, contributed to the formation of a good symbiotic apparatus (Table 2) and the formation of a sufficiently high yield seeds.
Table 2 - Effect of inoculation and biologics to form symbiotic apparatus and nitrogenase activity of
soybeans and beans
Variant The number of options and mass of nodules pcs. / rast / mg / rast mkgN / rast. / hour 2007-2009
2007 2008 2009 Average
Soybean
Control 4.3/200 16,0/420 35/665 18.4/428 166
Mival 3.5/160 18.0/480 35/668 18.8/436 160
Albite 6.2/280 24.0/640 41/779 23.7/566 195
Potassium humate 5.4/230 22.5/580 39/741 22.3/517 185
Average without inoculation 4.8/218 20.1/530 37.5/713 16.6/487 177
Strain 634 12.2/560 28.5/760 85/1620 41.9/980 395
l±l.634+Mival 12/550 26.6/710 77/1460 38.5/907 365
±.634+Albite 14.0/640 29.0/770 88/1680 43.7/1030 397
±.634+Humate 14.3/660 29.8/790 91/1730 45/1060 420
Average by inoculation 13.1/602 28.5/758 85/1622 42.3/994 394
Annual average 9,0/410 24,3/644 61/1168
Bean
Control 11.8/460 25/650 35/700 23.9/603 69.5
Mival 10.0/390 19/494 32/660 20.3/515 54.2
Albite 12,2/476 27/702 38/745 25.7/641 84.2
Potassium humate 12,0/468 24/624 40/790 25.3/627 81.3
Average without inoculation 11,5/448 24/617 36/724 23,8/596 72,3
Strain 653 18.2/710 30/780 68/1260 38,7/917 175
±.653+ Mival 17,0/663 31/806 64/1160 37.3/876 160
±.653+ Albite 19.8/772 36/936 72/1410 42.6/1039 205
±.653+ Humate 18.6/725 35/910 70/1390 41.2/1008 197
Average by inoculating 18,4/717 33/858 68/1305 31,4/960 184
The average for the year 15/583 28/738 52/1014
In 2007, due to the lack of moisture, the number of nodules formed was significantly lower than in 2008-09. However, the determination of the mass of nodules showed that by the phase of filling of beans mass of single nodule was much more, about twice, than in 2008 and 2009, which is consistent with the rule of feedback between the size and number of nodules per plant as a reflection of his control over the nodule formation. The greatest number of nodules was formed in 2009. The average options with rizotorfin processing it was 85 nodule / plant for soybean and 68 nodules / plant for beans in the formation on the control without inoculation of 35 nodules / plant. Although the amount of rainfall during the growing season in 2008 and 2009 was close to the mean annual, their distribution by growing season varied. In 2009 more rain fell in the first half of the growing season, which created more favorable conditions for the formation of the symbiotic unit.
Rizotorfinthe inoculation significantly increased the level of nodule formation for soybean. This indicates that due to the short period of cultivation of soybeans in the Orel region soil populations of soybean rhizobia are few, and are not available in many soils. Therefore preplant inoculation should be obligatory agricultural practices in the cultivation of soybeans. The level of spontaneous inoculation in beans was higher; however, in this case, the processing by rizotorfin raised its nodule formation.
To assess the impact of biologics on the photosynthetic activity of plants the formation of leaf area and photosynthetic capacity were determined (Table 3). Maximum leaf area of both plant species was formed during the formation of beans - pouring seeds.
The use of biologics albite and potassium humate increases the maximum leaf area, both in a single application, and when combined with the strains of rhizobium inoculation at 5.5-7.7%, in the first case, relative to the control, the second - to the version with rhizobia inoculation strain. Inoculation of seeds by nitragin increased the rate at 13.6% for soybean and at 26.5% for beans. The maximum increase in leaf area was observed with a combination of inoculation using potassium humate and albite -19.4% for soybeans and 35% for beans. This trend continued for the performance of the photosynthetic capacity. The nature of changes in net photosynthetic efficiency (PEF) during the growing season for
soybean and beans was different. If soybean highest values were observed at PEF variations with inoculation and when combined nitragin and preparations albite and potassium humate, the highest value in beans PEF was observed in the control and when applying nitragin with biologically active substances PEF value went down.
Table 3 - Effect of inoculation and biological products on the photosynthetic rates of soybean and
bean (2007-2009)
Options Maximum options leaf area m2/ha AF during the growing season, thousand m2 day/ha Maximum accumulation of dry matter kg / ha PEF during the growing season, g/m2 per day
soybean bean soybean bean soybean bean soybean bean
Control 32,4 16,6 1,92 0,83 3726 3342 1,94 4,03
Mival 32,7 16,6 1,95 0,83 3933 3411 2,02 4,11
Albite 34,9 17,2 2,07 0,86 4388 3395 2,12 3,95
Potassium humate 34,7 17,5 2,06 0,88 4264 3512 2,07 3,99
Average without inoculation 33,7 17,0 2,00 0,84 4078 3415 2,04 4,02
Nitragin 36,8 21,0 2,15 1,04 5181 3691 2,41 3,55
Nitro.+Mival 36,1 20,7 2,26 1,03 4836 3611 2,14 3,51
Nitro. +Albite 38,7 22,5 2,31 1,12 5475 3752 2,37 3,35
Nitro. + Humate 38,7 22,3 2,34 1,09 5380 3833 2,30 3,52
Average by inoculating 37,6 21,6 2,26 1,07 5218 3722 2,30 3,48
Apparently, this can be explained by the fact that if soybeans, increased photosynthetic capacity in the application of joint and BAS nitragin treatments associated with an increased accumulation of dry matter by 44-47%, the increase in beans accumulation of dry matter was 12.2-14.7%. Likely the improvement of nitrogen through inoculation plays for beans, as a culture with a low potential for nitrogen fixation less important role than for soybeans.
Accounting of seed yield (Table 4) showed a positive effect of inoculation. Increase by a factor of inoculation was soybeans -1.4 centner / ha in 2007 and 2.1 centner/ha in 2008 and 2.2 centner / ha in 2009. Accordingly, the increase for beans was: 1.5 centner/ha in 2007-08 and 1.7 centner/ha in 2009.
Treatment of seeds by biologics revealed a positive effect of potassium humate and albite, both in a single application, and when combined with rizotorfin. Application of Mival, both single and in combination with rizotorfin almost had no effect on increasing the productivity of both cultures. The highest yield, both in soybeans and the beans was obtained in 2008 when rizotorfin and potassium humate were combined - 22.9 and 23.0 centner / ha for the control yield 19.3 and 19.8 centner / ha, respectively. On average, over three years, the highest yield, both in soybeans and the beans was obtained with a combination of seed treatment by potassium humate and inoculation of rizotorfin.
Table 4. - Effect of inoculation and BAS to harvest soybeans and beans, center/ha
Options soybean bean
2007r. 2008r. 2009r. Average 2007r. 2008r. 2009r. Average
Control 16.3 19.3 19.7 18.4 12,3 19,8 16,5 16,2
Mival 16.2 19.8 19.7 18.6 13,0 19,8 16,6 16,5
Albite 17.8 21.2 20,1 19,7 12,5 20,3 16,9 16,6
Potassium humate 17,6 20,9 20,0 19,3 12,5 20,8 17,3 16,9
Average without inoculation 17.0 20,3 19,9 19,0 12,6 19,7 16,8 16,6
Nitragin 17,9 21,8 21,9 20,5 13,8 21,9 18,5 18,1
Nitro.+Mival 17,8 22,0 21,8 20,5 14,3 21,8 18,2 18,1
Nitro. +Albite 18,6 22,7 22,5 21,3 14,0 22,5 18,8 18,4
Nitro. + Humate 19,2 22,9 22,1 21,4 14,2 23,0 19,1 18,8
Average by inoculating 18.4 22,4 22,1 20,9 14,1 22,3 18,5 8,4
The average for the year 17,7 21,3 21,0 13,3 21,2 17,7
Table 5 - The results of the structural analysis (2007-2009)
Options Weight, g. / plant Number, pcs. / plant
Plants of seeds beans seeds
without inoculation Rizotorfin without inoculation Rizotorfin without inoculation PM30T0P 0MH without inoculation Rizotorfin
Soybean
Control 13.0 14.1 5.23 5.75 17.1 18.6 41.7 44.8
Mival 13.0 14.3 5.32 5.9 17.8 19.4 41.9 46.5
Albite 14.0 14.6 5.83 6.07 19.2 19.4 46.9 46.7
Humate 13.7 14.7 5.50 6.30 18.0 19.9 43.5 48.0
Average 13.4 14.4 5.47 6.0 18.0 19,3 43.5 46.5
Bean
Control 11,8 15,8 6,0 8,3 5,6 6,7 15,4 20,0
Mival 12,0 15,3 5,8 8,1 5,4 6,0 14,4 18,8
Albite 13,7 16,0 7,3 8,2 6,2 6,2 18,1 20,4
Humate 13,3 16,2 7,6 8,6 6,0 6,2 17,6 21,0
Average 12,7 15,8 6,7 8,3 5,8 6,3 16,4 20,0
The yield increase occurred primarily due to the increase number of pods and seeds formed on the plant (Table 5). The greatest number of seeds per plant and seed weight on plant respectively was formed on options with a comprehensive rizotorfin seeds treatment and preparations of potassium humate and albite. Thus, the use of such drugs as potassium humate and albite in combination with rizotorfin inoculation through effective strains has the most positive impact on the formation of a crop of soybeans and beans.
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