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UDC 633.11 «324»:631.547.15:631.811.98
THE ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF GROWTH-PROMOTING FACTORS ON THE INITIAL STAGE OF EVOLUTION OF THE WINTER WHEAT
Efremova Y.V., Post-graduate students Amelin P.A., Masters Degree Lopachev N.A., Doctor of Agricultural Sciences Orel State Agrarian University, Orel City, Russia E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The main strategy of plant breeding of the Orel region is based on the steady growth of cereal crops production among which winter wheat dominates. That is why increase of productivity and quality of its grain is vital and modern problem of the Orel region and of the Russian Federation in general. The most important condition to obtain high and steady yeilds with good grain quality is getting good timely and complete sprouts of optimal density. That is why the problem of stimulating and inhibiting of seeds germination and processes taking place in them is essential. Today the most advanced technological method is the method of pretreatment of seedings with fungicide, together with growth stimulators application. The article presents the results of investigation of influence of seedings pretreatment of winter wheat «Moskovskaya 39» with growth stimulators and fungicide on the initial stages of development. Positive influence of the described agro method on the germination energy, laboratory sprouting, length and weight of sprouts and roots and also sprouts resistance to affection of fungi of type Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria is proved.
KEY WORDS
Growth-promoting factors; Pretreatment; Seeds; Emergence rate; Laboratory germinating capacity; Roots; Sprouts; Diseases.
In Russia the winter wheat occupies the greatest cultivated areas; it is allocated on 11 million in hectares, and is the basic food crop. In the Orel region it also occupies a leading position among grain-crops (fig. 1), it is 40-46,5 % from their cultivated areas [1].
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Figure 1 - The squares of planting of a winter wheat in the Orel region in 2008-2012.
However in range at winter wheat cultivation there are not solved problems: not stable yielding ability on years (fig. 2.) and poor quality of a pellet [2].
For the solution of the indicated problems deduction of new quality, and also development of more up-to-date system of the organizational and agrotechnical measures routed on building of a favorable conditions for growth and evolution of plants, preventing of
crop failure from affecting of unfavorable environmental factors, protection of plants against pests and diseases is required.
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Figure 2 - Yields of a winter wheat in the Orel region in 2008-2012.
The major object for obtaining high and stable harvests of a winter wheat with high quality of a pellet, is obtaining of well-timed valuable and amicable shoots of optimum density. Therefore the problem of boost or of inhibition of intergrowth of seeds and processes happening in them is actual both in idealised, and in the practical ratio. Now the most perspective processing method is the method of a pretreatment of seeds a fungicide, together with application of growth-promoting factors [3,4,5].
The diverting of any vital factor results in modification of structure of cells causes shears in intensity and a directivity of a substance exchange. Such fluctuations performed at early stages of growth and evolution of plants, in its greatest pliability and a sensibility can exercise a dominant influence on passing of further phases of evolution [3,6,7]. Therefore the purpose of our probes was: to study the effect of growth-promoting factors on an initial stage of evolution of a winter wheat.
For the solution of this problem it was necessary to carry out the following objects: to fix the effect of growth-promoting factors on an emergence rate and laboratory germinating seeds of a winter wheat against a fungicide; to study the effect of growth-promoting factors on a length of sprouts and roots of plantlets of seeds of a winter wheat; to specify the effect of growth-promoting factors on pulp of roots and sprouts of plantlets of seeds of a winter wheat; to display the effect of a pretreatment of seeds of a winter wheat by growth-promoting factors and a fungicide on sustainability of plants to diseases.
INSTALLATIONS AND RESEARCH TECHNIQUES
The breed winter wheat Moscow 39 was a subject of inquiry. The produced breed has been recommended to cultivation in the Orel region in 2011. [8]. The breed is middle-ripening, a vegetative period is 305-308 days. The height of plants is 91-100 sm. The tuft is interim, the straw is hollow of average width, flag-formed leaf has a wax coating. The ear is spindle, of medium-density, white; the beards are straight lines of 6-7 sm. length. The grain is red of ovate form. The eviscerated weight is 34-42 g. The Originator - the SSU of SRUAS of the central areas of nonblack soil zone.
According to data of «Rosselkchozcentre» on the Orel region, phytoexpertize of seeds has determined an infection rate a number of diseases: fungi of stem Alternaria - 8%, Penicillium - 2%. Almost 4% of seeds have appeared sub-standard on germinating capacity.
In experience the following growth-promoting factors were studied:
- An albite - operating material: a natural biopolmer weed-beta-current gain factor-hidroxybutiric acid from soil bacteria Bacillus megateriu and Pseudomonas aureofaciens. Specimen also make up: magnesium sulphate, a potassium phosphate, a potassium nitric acid, a urea and a conifer extract. The albite does not maintain alive micro-organisms. The registrant: Open Company NPF «Albite» (Russia, Pustchino) (a registration number: 168609-107-150-0-0-3-1).
- Novosil - natural growth regulator, operating material - triterpene acids (50 g/l), firs received from needles Siberian. Registrants of a specimen are Novosibirsk institute of organic chemistry of N. N. Vorozhtsova of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science and FSEP a software «the Electrochemical production plant», Zelenogorsk(a registration number 09-00535-0063 (0120,0371,0680)-1).
- Rostock - a natural humic specimen from peat. The registrant: FSEM HPE «Tyumen SAA» (a registration number 0086-06-210-024-0-0-0-1).
- A burgee - a complex synthetic specimen contact-systemic action, operating material: humic acids, the sodium salts. The registrant: «Apron plain» (a registration number: 2048-10111-424-0-0-3-0).
For more objective matching of efficiency of growth-promoting factors we used a microfertilizer - Aquamix- the water-soluble complex of micronutrient elements in the chelate form (Mo and B - inorganic). The registrant: Open Society «Bujsky chemicals plant» (a registration number: 0159-06-203-011-0-0-0-1).
All growth-promoting factors and microfertilizer were learnt against fungicide Kinto Duo
- a disinfectant of seeds; a slurry concentrate; operating material: Prokchloraz, Tritikonazol (20 + 60 g/l). The registrant: BASF.
Tasks in view in the laboratory two-factor experience included under the scheme (tab. 1) were decided. Probes were spent in lab of stand of farming agriculture of faculty of agrobusiness and ecology of OSAU. Expenditure rates of specimens: Albite - 40 ml/t; Novosil-50 ml/t; Rostock - 0,5l/t; Burgee - 0,5 l/t; Aquamix- 100 g/t; Kinto- Duo - 2l/t.
Efficiency of operation of specimens on an evolution initial stage was sized up on following indexes: an emergence rate, laboratory germinating capacity, a length of roots and sprouts of plantlets, pulp of roots and sprouts of plantlets, and also infection rate exciters of diseases [9]. Agency of operation of specimens on intensity of growth of roots and sprouts of plantlets sized up by measurement by measurement of their length at a germination of seeds in filter paper coils. At the count of an emergence rate plantlets from a bed did not reject, them abandoned 4 repeated measurements 4 a germination test. 4 a seedling evaluation and germinating capacity read off three samples on 50 seeds in each.
Effects of experiences exposed mathematical treatment by an analysis of variance [10].
RESULTS OF RESEARCH
Our experience has displayed, that growth-promoting factors and a fungicide have rendered material effect on winter wheat germination energy, and the effect from their interacting on the produced data is not detected (tab. 1).
Table 1 - The effect of growth-promoting factors and a fungicide on an emergence rate and laboratory germinating seeds of a winter wheat of quality «Moscow 39»
Growth-promoting factor (factor A) Energy of sprouting, % Laboratory g erminating capacity, %
Fungicide (factor B) Averages under the factor A (HCP0,5=0,8) Fungicide (factor B) Averages under the factor A (HCP0,5=1,4)
- 2 l. on 1t. - 2 l. Ha 1t.
Control 86 87 86,5 89 89 89
Albite 92 91 91,5 97 96 96,5
Novosil 90 89 89,5 93 93 93
Burgee 92 90 91 96 96 96
Aquamix 88 86 87 91 91 91
Rostock 90 89 89,5 94 92 93
Averages under the factor B and AB 89,7 88,7 89,2 93,3 92,8 93,1
(HCP05=1,4) (HCP05=0,8)
So the greatest efficiency is ensured with the Albite and the Burgee on 7,5%, and 7% accordingly above monitoring. The seed treatment a fungicide has produced an increase only on monitoring; joint application with stimulating agents has reduced an emergence rate data. Growth-promoting factors have rendered material effect on laboratory germinating seeds of a winter wheat (tab. 1). The greatest increase on germinating capacity in comparison with monitoring the Albite of 7,5% and the Burgee ensures of 7%. Application of a fungicide does not produce increases, and in alternatives with application of the Albite, the Sprout this index on 1% and 2% accordingly reduces. Thus, in our experience fungicide application reduces data of an emergence rate and laboratory germinating capacity.
Also growth-promoting factors, a fungicide and their interacting have rendered material effect on a length of sprouts of plantlets of seeds of a winter wheat (tab. 2). The greatest increase is ensured with the Albite, the Burgee, Rostock - 1,8 mm, 2,1 mm, 1,6 mm accordingly in comparison with monitoring. The produced stimulating agents ensure an extreme length of sprouts and against a fungicide in comparison with monitoring. However application of growth-promoting factors in the pure state produces larger effect in comparison with their application against a fungicide. Therefore, treatment of seeds by a fungicide renders stress on winter wheat plantlets.
Table 2 - The effect of a fungicide and growth-promoting factors on a length of sprouts and roots of
plantlets of seeds of a winter wheat
Growth-promoting factor (factor A) Length of sprouts, mm Leng th of roots, mm
Fungicide (factor B) Averages under the factor A (HCP0,5=0,6) Fungicide (factor B) Averages under the factor A (HCP0,5=3,5)
- 2 l/ 1t. - 2 l/ 1t.
Control 11,7 9,2 10,5 41,5 39,6 35,6
Albite 13,3 12,5 12,9 39,3 53,5 46,4
Novosil 12,5 11,9 12,2 38,6 52,7 45,7
Burgee 14,1 13,5 13,8 45,4 54,2 49,8
Aquamix 10,2 11,5 10,9 45,3 54,9 50,1
Rostock 13,4 13,2 13,3 58,0 53,6 55,8
Averages under the factor B and AB 12,5 12,0 12,3 44,7 49,8 47,3
(HCP05=0,39) (HCP05=1,2)
Except a length of sprouts growth-promoting factors, a fungicide and their interacting exercise a significant influence and on a length of roots (tab. 2). All growth-promoting factors and Aquamix ensure essential increases in comparison with monitoring, but the greatest is produced by Sprout application - 20,2 mms, Aquamix - 14,5 mms, the Burgee - 14,2 in comparison with monitoring. Application of a fungicide does not produce an increase, however growth-promoting factors against a fungicide produce an essential increase at application Aquamix - 19,3 mms, the Burgee - 18,6 mms, Rostock - of 18 mms. Therefore, application of growth-promoting factors exercises a significant influence on a length of sprouts and roots, and their application against a fungicide renders an inhibiting effect on a length of sprouts and a promoting effect on a length of roots.
The produced appearance is very relevant at intergrowth of seeds as allows forecasting and ensuring livelier growth and developing of plants.
Growth-promoting factors, fungicide and their interacting have rendered material effect and on pulp of sprouts (tab. 3).
The greatest increase in comparison with monitoring the Albite 0,0015g, the Burgee -
0,015g. Application of a fungicide of an increase has not produced. At joint application with fungicide Novosil and Aquamix effect have not produced, while the Albite, the Burgee and Rostock have produced an increase 0,006g in comparison with monitoring.
In our experience growth-promoting factors have rendered material effect on pulp of roots of seeds of a winter wheat, however application of a fungicide and their interacting of effect has not produced (tab. 3). The greatest increase is ensured with the Albite 0,025, the Burgee-0,015 in comparison with monitoring. Novosil, Rostock and Aquamix yield to the Albite and the Burgee on pulp of roots of seeds of a winter wheat.
Table 3 - The effect of a fungicide and growth-promoting factors on pulp of sprouts and roots of plantlets of seeds of a winter wheat «Moscow 39»
Growth-promoting factor (factor A) Pul p of sprouts, g Pulp of roots, g
Fungicide (factor B) Averages under the factor A (HCP0,5=0,004) Fungicide (factor B) Averages under the factor A (HCP0,5=0,008)
- 2 l/ 1t. - 2l/1t.
Control 0,10 0,10 0,1 0,05 0,04 0,045
Albite 0,12 0,11 0,115 0,07 0,05 0,06
Novosil 0,11 0,10 0,105 0,03 0,04 0,035
Burgee 0,12 0,11 0,115 0,06 0,05 0,055
Aquamix 0,12 0,10 0,11 0,05 0,06 0,055
Rostock 0,11 0,11 0,11 0,03 0,03 0,03
Averages under the factor B and AB 0,11 0,107 0,11 0,05 0,04 0,045
(HCP0,5=0,004) (HCP0,5=0,004)
Learnt factors exercise influence and over disease resistance more narrow at the first phases of vegetation of a winter wheat (fig. 3). The greatest fungal attack of stem Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria was on alternative about Sprout application in the pure state, it SPK about that, it contributes in growth of plants, but slackens their sustainability to diseases.
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Figure 3 - An attack of plantlets of a winter wheat «Moscow 39» fungi of stem Fusarium, Aspergillus,
Penicillium, Alternaria under the influence of growth-promoting factors against a fungicide.
1 - Monitoring, 2 - Fungicide, 3 - Albite, 4 - Novosil, 5 - Aquamix, 6 - Burgee, 7 - Rostock.
The albite enhances stability plants on 10 %, Novosil on 8 %. in comparison with Control. The fungicide enhances stability to diseases on 14 % in comparison with Control, joint application with growth-promoting factors is enriched by this index. It SPK, that application of antifungals jointly with growth-promoting factors removes stress and raises immunodefence of plants [6].
CONCLUSIONS
As a result of the conducted probes following conclusions were made:
1. Growth-promoting factors exercise a significant influence on an emergence rate, laboratory germinating capacity, a length and pulp of sprouts and roots of plantlets of seeds of a winter wheat. The best effects have displayed alternatives with Albite and Burgee application, and Rostock, Novosil and Aquamix yield to them.
2. Treatment of seeds of a winter wheat by a fungicide (Kinto-Duo) renders an inhibiting effect on all learnt data.
3. Growth-promoting factors against a fungicide make boosting impact on a length of sprouts and roots, and also on pulp of sprouts of plantlets of seeds of a winter wheat, and an inhibiting effect on an emergence rate, laboratory germinating capacity and pulp of roots.
4. Treatment of seeds of a winter wheat by growth-promoting factors enhances stability plantlets to a fungal attack of stem Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria in comparison with monitoring. The same positivegoing operation renders also a fungicide. But the best effect is attained at joint treatment of seeds of a winter wheat by growth-promoting factors and a fungicide.
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