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НИЖНЕВОЛЖСКОГО АГРОУНИВЕРСИТЕТСКОГО КОМПЛЕКСА
АГРОНОМИЯ И ЛЕСНОЕ ХОЗЯЙСТВО
631.6:631.582
SPRING BARLEY AS PERSPECTIVE CULTURE OF RICE CROP ROTATIONS IN KALMYKIA
N.N. Dubenok, the Academishian of Russian Agricultural Academy V.V. Kuznetsova, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Assiatant Professor
Volgograd state agrarian university
V.V. Borodychev, corresponding member of the Russian Agricultural Academy, Doctor of
Agricultural Sciences, Professor
S.B. Adyaev, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Volgograd branch of All-Russia scientific-research institute of hydraulic engineering and land-improvement of Russian Agricultural
Academy
Volgograd branch of All-Russia scientific-research institute of hydraulic engineering and land-improvement of Russian Agricultural Academy
Spring barley agrobiological properties allow to use it as companion crop of rice crop rotations without carrying out vegetative waterings. Moisture residual stocks in the soil after rice harvesting in combination with climatic resources of the region provide potential productivity of barley studied sorts Zernogradets 710, Prairie, Zchedry above the potential of soil natural fertility.
Key words: predecessor, barley, sort, rice, moisture stock, dose, fertilizers, crop productivity, crop capacity, net profit.
In the Russian Federation barley takes about 10.5 million hectares in the Republic of Kalmykia , it is cultivated on the area of 86.9 hectares, accounting for 31.3 % of the acreage in the region. Crop yield is extremely low and during the years ranges from 0.8 to 1.66 t / ha. Acreage of spring barley in 2012 in the Republic of Kalmykia totaled 49.7 thousand hectares, and the average grain yield did not exceed 1.26 tons / ha [1]. An important reserve for increasing yields of spring barley in conditions of water scarcity is expanding its space in the rice crop rotations. The questions of residual moisture use efficiency after rice cultivation for obtaining guaranteed grain yields in years with varying moisture supply, conservation and improvement of soil fertility are relevant. Improving the technology of spring barley cultivation, including the cultivation of rice in the crop rotation, is connected with the need to establish relationships in the implementation of the culture production process, agro-ecological conditions and the formation of productive resources major expenditure.
High soil moisture reserves, potentially available to plants, determine reserves for increasing the spring barley promising varieties productivity in comparison with the boharic culture cultivation. The solution of the tasks aimed at the rational use of water during the vegetation season, in this situation is necessary for the expansion of spring barley production in the vector of intensive development.
To meet these challenges we have implemented an experiment in two field experiments. In experiment 1 spring barley was seeded at three levels of mineral nutrition, calculated on the formation of 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 t / ha: variant 1 - mineral fertilizer dose N20P40, calculated on the formation of 1,5 t / ha of spring barley grain; variant 2 - mineral fertilizer dose N60P100, calculated on the formation of 2.5 t / ha of spring barley grain; variant 3 - mineral fertilizer dose N100P160, calculated on the formation of 3.5 t / ha of spring barley grain.
All variants of the experiment 1 were carried out in the first year after rice cultivation.
The second experiment was carried out on two-factor scheme, where the combination within three levels of mineral nutrition (factor A) two predecessors (factor B) influence on the formation of agro-ecological conditions, growth, development and yield formation of spring barley grain was studied. According to factor A fertilizers were applied the same as in the first experiment doses. According to factor B - spring barley was seeded in the following predecessors: variety 1 - spring barley, variety 2 - soybean. All combinations of factors on the second experience were carried out in the second field after rice cultivation [2].
Investigations were carried out in 2008-2013 in joint stock company "50 years of October" the October district of Kalmykia.
Agrotechnics of barley cultivation was developed taking into account the existing zonal recommendations, peculiarities of the crop cultivation in rice irrigation and drainage systems, incorporating techniques studied in the experiment. Varieties Prairie, Zernogradets 710, Zchedry were stuied. Soil and hydrological conditions on all versions of the experiment were identical, the experimental area met the requirements of representativeness and history unity of crops cultivation.
Experimental area soils are brown semidesert. The density of the humus horizon is 1.15-1.29 t/m , pore volume is 47 %, the minimum moisture content in the layer is 1.0 m -26.7 % from weight of dry soil. Nitrogen content (29.6 mg / kg soil) in the arable horizon is low; phosphorus (25.2 mg / kg soil) and potassium (298.5 mg / kg soil) ones are average.
During the barley vegetative season for a quantity of precipitation the year of 2008 is characterized as average arid (98.1 mm.), 2009 is dry (58 mm.), 2010 is average moistened (117.5 mm.), and 2011 is dry (29, 1 mm.), 2012 is dry (50 mm), 2013 is average arid (75 mm).
Experiments were accompanied by phenological observations, biometric accounting, regular selection and analysis of soil samples for the determination of moisture, water-physical properties, physical and chemical composition. An area of the singular plot was formed by a combination of experience in regulated by factors studied 900 m2 [2, 3, 4, 5].
Generalization of the experimental studies results suggests that in the initial periods of barley development when moisture reserves in the soil is still quite large, the determine influence on plant growth has mineral nutrition level, as well as weather conditions. The duration of interphase periods with increasing of mineral nutrition levels expand, plants grow more vigorously and form higher crops. When sowing barley after rice (experiment I) with increasing doses of fertilizers from N20P40 to N100P160 the duration of the period from plants germination to earing beginning increased in 2-6 days, and the height of barley increased by an average of 0.41 m. It is necessary say that in these periods barley growing is more intensive at the cultivation of in the first after rice field where soil moisture is higher than in areas of the experience II by 5-12 % of field moisture capacity. Fertilizer dose N100P160 helps to ensure that by the earing period the soil's moisture in the experiment I (after rice) and experiment II (the second fallow field) equalizes and is about 60 % of field moisture capacity.
Soil moisture availability to plants has a significant influence on plant growth and development during the barley stem elongation and earing. In areas with mineral nutrition lower levels the soil dries out less dynamic, supply of moisture is higher. While the cultivation of barley after rice the soil moisture was 74.3-83.9 % of field moisture capacity during this period, and with increasing fertilizers doses to N100P160 it decreased to 61.7-67.3 % of field moisture capacity.
In accordance with the soil moisture dynamics the duration of the period "earing -middle dough stage" at least fertilized variants was, on average, in 2-3 days longer than while the application of the experiment maximum dose, N100P160. Linear plants growth to the period of milky stage at fertilizers doses application of N60P100 - N100P160 was approximately equal-
ized, 1.02-1.07 m. In the experiment II (the cultivation of barley on the second after rice field) the period when conditions of water supply are beginning to influence on plant growth at the reducing the moisture availability in the soil, plants stem elongation begins, that is substantially faster than the cultivation of barley after rice. As a result, barley plants on a less fertilized variants reach more fertilized crops according to height, and to the vegetation completion the plant height did not exceed 0,73-0,81 m in all variants of the experiment II.
Calculations showed that with increasing of fertilizer application doses with N20P40 till N60P100 in barley fields for rice, photosynthesis productivity increases by 0.63 g/m2 per a day, from 6.01 to 6.73 g/m per a day, and with increasing levels of mineral nutrition to N100P160 - another 0.37 g/m2 per a day. The rate of photosynthesis with increasing doses of fertilizers within N20P40-N100P160 increases mainly in the initial periods of development, before the earing, and in subsequent periods - is reduced, which is consistent with the dynamics of soil moisture content and features of the soybean agrocoenosis development.
Photosynthetic barley productivity on the portions of the second fallow field, on average during the vegetative season, changed with increasing of fertilizer application dose within 5,83-6,25 g/m2 per a day, i.e. the differences between the options on the level of mineral nutrition compensated intensively by growing deficiency of moisture available to plants. Photo-synthetic productivity under these conditions is significantly reduced during the active formation of economically-valuable part of the harvest and the more, the higher the level of mineral nutrition.
Synthesis by barley crops 85-125 kg / ha of dry matter per day during the period "tillering - stem elongation ", 180-220 kg / ha of dry matter during the period "stem elongation-earing", 55-110 kg / ha of dry matter in the period of "earing - milky stage" and the formation of 27-31 thousand m2/ha leaf area of about 0.73 m in height and up to 5,4-6,8 t / ha of dry matter allows to focus on getting 1.5 t / ha of grains. Conditions for the formation of such a level of studied crop varieties productivity are provided in the cultivation of barley on first and second fields after rice when considered precursors and introducing N20P40.
Accumulation of dry matter 120-180 kg / ha per a day during the period "tillering -stem elongation", 250-290 kg / ha of dry matter during the period "stem elongation- earing", 70-150 kg / ha of dry matter during the period "earing - milky stage" and the formation of 32 -36 thousand m /ha leaf area of about 1.05 m in height and up to 7,7-11,0 t / ha of dry matter improves the productivity of grain sowing to 2.5 t / ha. Conditions for the 2.5 t / ha of spring barley grain formation are provided by using residual reserves after rice soil moisture on the ground fallow field and fertilizer dose of N60P100 or N100P160.
While the cultivation of barley for a second after the rice main field, limiting production process culture by the factor is the lack of water available to plants, which limits the yield of barley 1.5 t / ha of grain . The lowest yield was obtained by barley cultivation for barley (Table). In areas where mineral fertilizers were applied with the dose N20P40, barley grain yield in average years of research was 1.48 t / ha at planting soybeans after barley it was 1.75 t / ha. Thus, the barley cultivation after grain legumes its productivity increases by 0,27-0,29 t / ha compared to monoculture (HCP05 = 0.13 t / ha).
The cultivation of barley after rice with fertilizing dose increasing crop yields increased, mainly due to higher productive tilling capacity (from 1.40 to 1.60) and the number of grains per head (from 12.9 to 18.4 pc.). The cultivation of barley on the second after rice field with increasing doses of fertilizers the yield structure indicators varied within experimental error, which is consistent with our previously obtained data.
Table - Barley grain yield by variants of the experiment
Variety Level of mineral nutrition, kg rate of application/ha Grain yield, t/ha
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Predecessor rice
Zernogra dets 710 N20P40 2,06 1,84 1,03 1,30 1,97 2,12
N60P100 3,14 2,55 1,17 1,93 2,33 3,24
N100P160 3,50 2,94 1,08 2,60 2,20 3,50
Prairie N20P40 2,59 2,36 1,42 2,16 2,00 2,61
N60P100 2,95 2,74 1,59 2,88 2,61 3,10
N100P160 3,70 2,47 1,80 3,36 2,05 3,69
Zchedry N20P40 - 1,65 1,72 4,34 2,11 2,74
N60P100 - 2,16 1,94 2,83 2,65 2,70
N100P160 - 2,58 2,02 3,37 3,04 3,26
Predecessor barley
Zernogra dets 710 N20P40 1,87 1,63 9,70 1,24 1,86 1,97
N60P100 2,92 2,73 1,05 1,87 2,19 2,56
N100P160 2,54 2,07 1,74 2,43 2,11 2,60
Prairie N20P40 1,99 1,84 1,36 2,04 1,97 2,33
N60P100 2,57 2,33 1,41 2,76 2,62 2,78
N100P160 2,38 2,15 1,74 3,10 2,96 2,97
Zchedry N20P40 - 1,57 1,63 2,28 2,03 2,63
N60P100 - 2,06 1,96 2,73 2,47 2,96
N100P160 - 2,51 2,01 3,25 2,91 3,04
Predecessor soybean
Zernogra dets 710 N20P40 2,15 1,94 1,31 1,47 2,06 2,28
N60P100 3,16 3,10 2,47 2,03 2,22 2,66
N100P160 2,81 2,76 1,02 2,34 2,11 2,74
Prairie N20P40 2,22 1,93 1,48 2,67 2,15 2,50
N60P100 2,68 2,47 1,52 2,93 2,77 2,91
N100P160 2,46 2,20 1,82 3,24 3,06 3,14
Zchedry N20P40 - 1,69 1,69 2,31 2,08 2,76
N60P100 - 2,21 1,95 2,85 2,56 3,06
N100P160 - 2,64 2,10 3,30 2,98 3,13
HCP05 Factor A 0,011 0,015 0,015 0,014 0,014 0,013
Factor B 0,011 0,015 0,015 0,014 0,014 0,013
Factor C 0,011 0,015 0,015 0,014 0,014 0,013
For particulate average 0,033 0,045 0,045 0,042 0,042 0,038
Note:
Factor A - the predecessor of spring barley in the rice bays Factor B - variety of spring barley
Factor C - level of barley mineral nutrition in the rice bays
The studies showed that the barley need for water increases with the increasing levels of mineral nutrition. By using reserves of residual moisture in soil after rice in the cultivation of barley on the first ground fallow field water consumption increases from 2980 m3/ha while application of N20P40 to 3510 m /ha while application of Ni00Pi60. The quantity of used soil moisture to the total water consumption of barley reaches 38.8-47.9 %.
While the barley cultivation on the second after rice field the reduction of soil moisture reserves limit the possible water consumption volume. Barley total water consumption at mineral nutrition different levels is 26i0-27i0 m3/ha, while the share of soil moisture to the total water consumption does not exceed 24,9-36,1 %.
The highest net income in the areas of barley cultivation after rice is formed at mineral fertilizers application dose N60P100 and is 6263 rub/ ha the production profitability reaches 72.3 %.
Thus, the spring barley agrobiological properties allow its use as a co- culture of the rice crop rotation without vegetation irrigation. All studied barley varieties showed good results. The average grain yield of barley variety Zchedry on soybeans was formed at the level of 2.83 t / ha, which is more in comparison with the barley cultivation on barley by 0.09 t / ha ( NSR05 0.0 1 3 t / ha). Residual moisture reserves in the soil after rice harvesting in conjunction with climatic resources in the region provide potential productivity of studied barley varieties above the potential natural soil fertility.
Literature
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3. Pleshakov V.N. Methods of field experiments establishement under irrigation conditions. -All-Russia scientific-research institute of hydraulic engineering and land-improvement of Russian Agricultural Academy, Volgograd, 1983. - 90 p.
4. Vilensky, P.L. Evaluating the effectiveness of investment projects: theory and practice / P L. Vilensky, V.N .Livshits, S.A. Smolyak. - M.: Delo, 2004. - 888 p.
5. Adyaev S.B., Kuznetsova V.V. Cultivation of spring barley in rice crop rotations of Kalmykia / Problems of sustainable land-improvement development and efficient management of natural/ / Proceedings of . All-Russia scientific-research institute of hydraulic engineering and land-improvement of Russian Agricultural Academy. - Vol.1-2007. - P. 234-237.
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