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76M. M. KAZANSKI
THE EARLIEST EAST-GERMANIC FINDS FROM THE GREAT MIGRATION PERIOD IN THE ROMAN WEST (CHERNIAKHOV AND WIELBARK CIVILIZATIONS)
This research is aimed primarily to present the finds, which origin is related to the Cherniakhov and the Wielbark cultures, from the early stage of the Great Migration Period (last third of the fourth and early fifth centuries), known nowadays in the Roman West. It should be taken into account that the period of existence of several artefacts, such as combs Thomas III or crossbow brooches with returned foot, was actually wider than the early stage of the Great Migration Period, and therefore their dating is often discovered from specific archaeological context.
Eastern Germanic combs and brooches attracted researchers' attention long since; first of all in relation to the problem of archaeological traces of the Visigoths, in the fifth century in the Roman West [for ex. 17; 18; 34; 54]. Today the works published in the 1980s lost their importance to a considerable extent, first because of the great rise of materials in possession, and second because the direct connection between these materials and the Visigoths' migrations seems too rectilinear. Today it is clear that Eastern Germanic finds in the West belonged to heterogeneous population groups of Eastern European origin (the Goths, Alans, Sarmatians, Taifali, and others), who penetrated to the Imperial territory in different ways (by military invasion, incorporation into the Roman army, as prisoners of war settled by the Romans, and so on) [for details see: 2; 3; 21; 22; 23, 26; 27; 28; 30; 38].
Here we will discuss the finds from Northern and Eastern Gallia, and the Rhine areas, which formed a part of the empire until the 460s-470s AD, from Southern Gallia and Spain, in that time controlled by the Visigoths, and also from Italy and southern Germania, which in the period formed a part of the province of Retia, and finally, from Britain. It is easy to see that a great part of artefacts under study comprises elements of woman's attire. This is not a surprise as in "traditional" societies women's costume of the main bulk of 30
the population keeps its "ethnographic" features much longer than men's, which oriented towards prestigious warriors' fashion1.
NORTHERN AND EASTERN GALLIA, ROMAN GERMANIA
This area is one of most researched from the point of view of presented there eastern European barbarian element, represented by the finds of particular goods in layers of settlements and a few graves [21; 23; 27; 28; 54, p. 128-132] (fig. 1).
The most demonstrative of Eastern Germanic goods probably are horn one-side combs of the type Thomas III, having a semicircular projection on the back (fig. 2,1-19). In Eastern Europe their relation to the Cherniakhov context is beyond doubts. The date of these combs is a bit wider than the chronology of the early stage of the Great Migration Period, enveloping, as it is generally accepted, also the Roman Period, and namely Stage C3 of the European Barbaricum timeline (300s/320s - 350s/370s AD), or at least its latest phase. The overwhelming majority of these combs in the West comprises chance finds, or originates from the layers of Later Roman towns and forts [21, p. 175]. These finds concentrated mostly in the Rhine basin, in the eastern Gallic border (fig. 1). However, recent finds uncovered Thomas III combs also in the opposite corner of Gallia, in the Lower Loire basin, in vicinity of Anger (fig. 1,3)2.
I know only one doubtless "western" find of a comb of the type Thomas III in a funeral context from the period in question. This is grave 1 of the Later Roman cemetery of Oberwinterhur in Switzerland [56, S. 181, 182, Abb. 5]. This grave contained remains of a skeleton of an adult person, 30-35 year old, with the head to the south-west. Only top skeleton and the lower fragment of right leg survived. There laid a comb at the skull (fig. 2,19), and also a worked tubular bone of a ruminant. Probably, the earliest stage of the Great Migration also possessed another find from the Upper Rhine area, from the cemetery of Herten [14, Taf. 14,5]. However, the grave whence this comb originates is not known (fig. 2,17); other published finds from this site could rather be dated to the Merovingian Period.
There is a small series of finds of crossbow brooches with returned foot of the type Ambroz 16/2, Series 1, Variants 2-3 (fig. 2,30-34), typical of the Cherniakhov culture from the Third to Early Fifth Centuries, though occurring in Central European antiquities,
1 This is documented particularly by archaeological finds from the fourth and early fifth centuries related to northern and western Germans in Northern Gallia [7]. It is worth taking into account that Roman law prohibited marriages of barbarians and Roman citizens, therefore soldiers of barbarian origin in the Roman service had to search for fiancées in the Barbaricum. It could be a partial explanation for the appearance of rather numerous elements of barbarian womans costume in archaeological sites located in the empires territory.
2 This is a comb from Andard, to the east of the town of Angers, which was discovered by contract excavations of a Later Roman settlement, with fourth-century coins and Roman red slip vessels. I am obliged to Jean Brodeur for the information of this find.
particularly in the Wielbark culture [1, p. 60-66; 35, ryc. 60, 61]. They also concentrated in the Rhine border of the Empire, and in the Mosel basin. All these brooches originate from the layers of towns, forts, and settlements [21, p. 175, 176; 23, p. 375, 376].
Crossbow brooches with cast diamond foot, of the type Ambroz 17/3, variant V [1, p. 72], also belonged to the Cherniakov culture tradition and were typical of the final stage of the said culture. There re two finds of them, on the Rhine (fig. 2,27,28) [21, p. 176; 23, p. 376].
The finds in Gallia include two brooches with returned foot, which is widened and sting-shaped, of the type Ambroz 16/4, Series 3 [1, p. 69]. In the context of Eastern and Central Europe these brooches have a relatively wide chronology, which enveloped all the Later Roman Period. Outside the Cherniakhov culture area, clasps with diamond foot-plate, similar to the pieces from Gallia, are reliably documented in closed assemblages from the Great Migration Period and even in the Post-Cherniakhov Period, such as in grave 300 of the Gothic cemetery of Diurso in vicinity of modern Novorossiisk, or in grave 79 of the Spanish-Visigothic cemetery of Duráton, which will be discussed below [17, p. 12, 13; 21, p. 175; 23, p. 376; 25, p. 193,194]. One brooch (silver, 4 cm long) originates from Eastern Gallia (fig. 2,29), where it was found in 1894 by excavations of the cemetery of Baudemont (Saone-et-Loire). This site dates from the fourth and fifth centuries, and the exact context of the find is not known. In total, this cemetery contained about 30 inhumations, with the heads oriented to the west, except for one inhumation grave with the head to the north [16, p. 342, 345, fig. 3,5]. This cemetery also contained a pair of big radiate-headed brooches of the type Smolin, and, as we will see later, two radiate-headed brooches derivative of the type Ambroz 1BA. The publisher correctly concluded that all these testify to the presence of Eastern Germanic element.
The second brooch with returned foot of this type originates from grave 54 of the cemetery of Nouvion-en-Ponthieu in Picardie, which dates back to the Later Roman, and mostly to the Merovingian Period (fig. 3,2). This grave was destroyed by removing of soil. It contained an inhumation, with the head to the north, the skeleton was prone, and disturbed grave goods were in the filling of the grave pit. They comprised a silver brooch with returned foot, of the type in question, measuring 2.8 cm in length, a small buckle with a rectangular frame and a long tongue turned down, a knife, and a bead of transparent green glass, with yellow applied decoration. The buckle (fig. 3,3) is typical of the early stage of the Great Migration Period and, most likely, dates from about the mid-fifth century [45, p. 39, pl. 10,54].
Small (less than 8 cm, without the knob) radiate-headed brooches of types Ambroz IAA, IAE, rarely I EA [1, p. 76-86] and their bigger derivatives (8 to 10 cm, without the knob) form most outstanding series of the Cherniakhov clasps in northern and southern Gallia, from the Rhine to the Lower Loire (fig. 2,20-26; 3,5,6,8; 4B). Some of them originate from graves [21, p. 175; 23, p. 376].
It would be difficult to establish whether two brooches from Cholet in western Gallia and a similar clasp from Nijmegen in the Lower Rhine area (fig. 4A,3,4) belong to the
Cherniakhov group. On the one hand, they actually resemble the Cherniakhov pieces [34, S. 229, 230, Abb. 2, Taf. 60,a,b], but on the other hand they also similar to brooches of the type Burck and Kuchbier (fig. 4A,1,2), which was distributed among the Germans of the Elba-Oder area [20, p. 116, fig. 7,1,2].
This way, a pair of silver radiate-headed brooches of the type Ambroz IAA (8,8 cm long), in combination with a Sarmatian mirror with a side loop, was discovered in a child's grave at the Gallo-Roman cemetery of Fosse-Jean-Fat, in the city of Reims, in Champagne (fig. 3,8,9). According to the Notitia Dignitatum, it is known that in the Western Roman Empire, the security of the strategic road between Reims and Amiens was provided by Sarmatian gendarmes commanded by the Praefectus Sarmatarum gentilium [19].
Another grave containing such brooches was discovered in Troyes in Champagne, in the Gallo-Roman cemetery of Saint-Jacques. In 1928, there uncovered 26 graves from the Gallo-roman period. Grave 2 contained three silver radiate-headed brooches, two pieces of smaller size, measuring 5 cm, and one bigger, of 7 cm, all of the type Ambroz IAE (fig. 3,5,6), and a red-slip plate of the type Chenet 320, characteristic of the fourth and early fifth centuries [46, p. 34, pl. 1,d,e]. Emblematically, grave 4 in the same cemetery contained a Sarmatian mirror with a side loop (fig. 3,7). Moreover, two silver radiate-headed brooches of relatively big size, derivatives of the type Ambroz 1BA (fig. 2,35), appeared in the already mentioned cemetery of Baudemont, in Eastern Gallia [16, p. 341, 342, fig. 3,1-4].
The most interesting finds come from the Gallo-Roman cemetery of Gare Saint-Laud in Angers, in the Loire basin, the site which is still waiting for publication. This is an urban cemetery of a local population, comprising typical inhumations of the Later Roman tradition, with the heads oriented to the west, except for a few graves with the heads to the north. Four graves, women's according to anthropological research, contained pairs of small silver radiate-headed brooches of the type Ambroz IAA (fig. 4B), though the skeletons with northern orientation, anthropologically determined as men's, were accompanied with oval iron belt buckles. These graves are distinguished by unusual orientation of skeletons, grave goods, and secondary anthropological features. The foreign, most likely Eastern European origin of this population is obvious [6; 9].
Therefore, it is possible to notice that, in Northern and Eastern Gallia, Eastern Germanic artefacts related primarily to the Cherniakhov culture concentrated in vicinity of the Rhine limes. There are concentration zones of these artefacts in vicinity of Argentoratum (Strasburg) and Mogontiacum (Mainz), where, according to the Notitia Dignitatum, specific commandments were established by 400 AD, thus underlining strategic importance of these towns. On the northern sector of the border, that is to say, in the Lower Rhine area, where the defence was secured by the foederati of the Franks, there is almost no Eastern Germanic artifact [21, p. 178]. Cherniakhov finds also occur in inner regions of Northern and Western Gallia: there they could be related, in some cases, with military settlers, ho shaped something like field gendarmerie.
SOUTHERN GALLIA AND SPAIN
According to a reliable account of written sources, in the fifth century Southern Gallia and Spain were a zone populated by the Visigoths (fig. 5). There are a few artefacts of the Cherniakhov appearance, initially identified in Aquitania [18; 29; 44] and then in Spain [37, p. 126; 38, p. 481, 482; 40; 41; 42, p. 252].
Similarly to Northern Gallia, there were combs of the type Thomas III (fig. 6,3,4,5,6,16): some finds were discovered by excavations of Later Roman villas and, rarely, of forts (Bergidum, modern Cacabelos, Castro Ventosa, in the north-west of Spain) [10; 18; 29; 37, p. 126, fig. 92; 38, fig. 6; 40, p. 173, fig. 1; 41, p. 629, fig. 1,1; 42, fig. 4,31].
The second outstanding category of Eastern Germanic artefacts comprises crossbow brooches with returned foot of the Type Ambroz 16/2, Series 1, Variants 2 and 4 (fig. 6,1,2,12,13). These clasps were found both in Aquitania and Spain, particularly in layers of Late Roman villas, which will be described below [23, p. 375, 376; 24, p. 15; 25, p. 192, 193; 29, p. 198; 40, p. 176, 177, fig. 3,1,2; 41, p. 629, fig. 1,5,6; 42, fig. 4,28,29].
There also is a brooch of the above-mentioned type Ambroz 16/4.III [25, p. 193, 194; 40, p. 177, fig. 3,4; 41, p. 629, fig. 1,2; 42, fig. 4,30], which originates from grave 79 of Spanish-Visigothic cemetery of Durâton, in Old Castile (fig. 6,9; 7). This is an inhumation grave of an adult person, oriented to the west. It contained typical female's costume of the Eastern Germanic Tradition, which was well represented in Visigothic Spain, and comprised two big radiate-headed brooches on the chest and a big buckle with a rectangular frame [37; 39, p. 34, lâm. 27,1]. Most likely, this costume of Danubian origin appeared amidst the Visigoths with a migration of certain Ostrogothic groups, such as the retinue and troop of Prince Vidimer Amal, who moved to the Visigothic court in the 470s [43].
Brooch with a returned foot of the Cherniakhov tradition laid below the chin, near cervical vertebrae [39, p. 34, lâm. 14,3]. It was certainly secondary used or existed for a long period, since the other grave goods, and particularly radiate-headed brooches and the big buckle, are typical of Spanish-Visigothic antiquities in the second half of the fifth century. However, as we can see on the examples of the graves in Diurso and Nouvion-en-Pinthieu, this is not the only case when brooches of the type Ambroz 16/4.III existed in the Post-Cherniakhov period.
It is worth mentioning two small (7 and 7,3 cm, without the length of the knob) silver radiate-headed brooches of the Cherniakhov tradition, of the type Ambroz IBA (fig. 6,17), originating from unknown place in South-Western Spain, perhaps from vicinity of Badajoz [34, S. 231, Taf. 60,c,d; 41, p. 631, fig. 6,3).
In Southern Gallia, there are crossbow brooches with a platform on the back. A variant with a platform at the spring occurs at the find from Quarante (Hérault) (surface finds) (fig. 6,7). This bronze crossbow brooch with a straight foot-plate, a short catch-plate, and a spring-holder shaped like a vertical perforated plate continuing the back-plate, and a semicircular shield at the spring-holder. The platform on the back-plate is recognizable de visu [12, p. 10, fig. 5,5; 22, p. 161, 162; 24, p. 17; 44, fig. 2,2]. The second variant comprises bronze shield-less brooches from Rodelle and Aspiran (fig. 6,8,10,11) [12, p.
5, 6, fig. 2,2,4; 22, p. 168; 24, p. 17]. The first piece originates from an inhumation grave (1870 excavations), made into a Prehistoric dolmen. The brooch laid at the skull. No information is available concerning other grave goods. The second brooch was a surface find from a Gallo-Roman settlement, accompanied with a few fragments of gray polished, or "Early Christian" pottery ("DSP" in French archaeologists' jargon) from the Late Roman Period. These brooches have a pronounced platform on the end of the foot-plate, decorated with crossed design, and a platform on the back-plate, also with crossed design. They are obviously related to two very similar brooches without back platforms (fig. 6,10), one of unclear provenance and another from Roujan, from a Gallo-Roman settlement, without any Late Roman materials in accompaniments [12, p. 5, 6, fig. 2,3,5]. Similar brooches with crossed designs on the end of the foot-plate and no platform on the back-plate are known in Spain, particularly in the cemetery of Duration, and in Portugal, in Conimbriga [22, fig. 6,8-11; 38, fig. 14,45,46]. It is considered that Southern Gallic brooches with cross designs were preceded by crossbow brooches with a returned foot with engraved design, well-known in the Cherniakhov and the Wielbark cultures [51, S. 683]. However, the platform on the back of Southern Gallic brooches resembles some brooches from the Wielbark and Dollkeim-Kovrovo cultures [22, p. 161-162; 24, p. 17; 44, p. 518, fig. 6]. These brooches, typical of the Vistula basin, are united into the type Grodek-47 (fig. 8) [5]. Although their classification comprises several variant, the feature of the platform at the spring-holder did not became a criterion for this typology. They date from the Later Roman Period, exactly the Stage C2-D2, e. g the 260s/270s -450s AD. Brooches of the type Grodek 47 survived to the first half of the fifth century, according to the find in a treasure of Frombork/Frauenberg, near the Vistula estuary, with a coin from 433 AD.
In the Great Migration Period, cross-bow brooches with specific relief decoration on the back and the bow appeared in Southern Gallia (fig. 6,14,15). They preceded the brooches of the types Duraton and Estagel [on these, see 51, S. 643-650]. They are known in Vindrac and Montmirat [22, p. 165]. These clasps are made of bronze. One artefact originates from a sarcophagus with a child's inhumation, where it made a pair with another similar brooch, without corrugation, which probably preceded the type Estagel. One of these brooches laid at the waist, another, with remains of textile, on the left shoulder of the skeleton. In the Later Roman West, this way of wearing brooches is known only in Eastern Germanic traditional costume [for details see 31, p. 196-198; 44, p. 531-538]. On the belt there also was an oval iron buckle [12, p. 7]. The second brooch, also of bronze, was discovered by surveillance of modern daily surface of a site of unknown nature. Parallels of both brooches are known in Normandy and Spain, but they most likely date to the Early Merovingian Period. The chronology of Southern Gallia brooches remains not clarified. The prototypes for crossbow brooches with corrugated body are Later Roman clasps (fig. 13,12-15), from Stages C2-C3 (260/270-360/370 AD), of smaller size but with the same decoration (Raupenfibeln), relatively small catch-plate, and a short foot-plate [22, p. 168; 44, p. 522, 523, fig. 8]. They formed the group called Schultze 21 [50, S. 24, 25], which more or less corresponds to M. Tuszynska's series I of small corrugated brooches (fig. 9)
[53, p. 179, 180]. These brooches are rather widespread in Southern Baltic Sea area. They exist on the former Eastern Prussia territory, in the Lower Vistula area, and in the Baltic Sea islands. It seems that the corrugated brooches appeared in the West in result of certain contacts with Southern Baltic Sea Area and the Lower Vistula Basin in the Great Migration Period.
As it has already been mentioned, some of the artefacts from Southern Gallia and Spain originate from the layers of the Later Roman villas. They comprise bronze brooches with returned foot of the type Ambroz 16/2, Series 1, Variants 2 and 4, in Canet (Dordogne), in Aquitania [23, p. 375, fig. 1,18; 29, p. 198, fig. 10,1], in El Hinojal / las Tiendas, in Southwestern Spain, in a layer with coins of Theodosius [25, p. 192, 194, fig. 1,8; 40, p. 176, 177, fig. 3,1; 41, p. 629, fig. 1,2], and in Casa de la Zúa, in South-Estern Spain [40, p. 176, 177, fig. 3,2; 41, p. 629, fig. 1,3]. Besides, combs of the type Thomas III were found by excavations of villas in Aquitania, such as Beaucaire-sur-Bai'se (Gers) [18; 24, p. 15, fig. 1,2; 29, p. 197, fig. 7-9], Séviac-Montréal-du-Gers (Gers) [24, p. 15, fig. 1,2; 29, p. 197, fig. 3,3], Bapteste (Lot-et-Garonne) [24, p. 15; 29, p. 197, fig. 3,1] and Mireval-Lauragais (Aude) [10].
This relation of Eastern Germanic artefacts and villas in Aquitania may reflect the settlement of the Visigoths according to the so-called "hospitality law," granting the barbarians, as a compensation for their military service, with one-third of the Roman population's real estate [22, p. 161-169; 46]. However, W. Goffart has supposed that this law foresaw not the real expropriation of the property of Roman citizens, but a payment to the barbarians of one-third of money equivalent of its price [15]. W. Goffart's hypothesis raised a discussion. It seems that different forms of payments might occur in different regions of the Empire. Concerning Southern Gallia and Spain, where the Visigoths found themselves as masters, they certainly practiced direct occupation of Roman land property. However, this interpretation might be too simplified. The finds of Eastern Germanic artefacts in villas in Spain actually originate from the southern half of the Pyrenean Peninsula, though, according to written sources, the Visigoths gained a foothold primarily in its northern half. Therefore, nowadays it would be better to leave the field open to the final conclusions regarding the reasons why Cherniakhov goods appeared in the Late Roman villas contexts.
ITALY
In Italy, the presence of the Goths was episodic before the late fifth century, i. e. before the establishment of Teodorich's Ostrogothic kingdom. The finds are very rare, actually restricting to the cemetery of Sacca di Goito in Northern Italy, in the basin of the left bank of the Po, north of the city of Mantua. There is only a preliminary publication discussing the cemetery [48], which comprised inhumations from the age of the Late Empire. At least three graves contained artefacts belonging to the Cherniakhov tradition.
Grave 206 contained a pair of silver radiate-headed brooches of the type Ambroz 1AA, measuring 6,3 cm in length, and two hemispherical applications of gold foil (fig. 10,3) [48, p. 63, fig. 2]. In Grave 210 there were a bronze radiate-headed brooch of the Type Ambroz
1AA, measuring 4,5 cm in length, one bronze crossbow brooch with a cast foot-plate, measuring 3,9 cm in length, which origin is related to the Eastern or Central Eurropan Barbaricum in the Later Roman Period [see for example: 1, p. 70, 71; 50, S. 14-16], and a bronze bracelet (fig. 10,2) [48, p. 61-63, fig. 1]3. Finally, Grave 214 contained a pair of radiate-headed silver brooches of the Type Ambroz 1AA, measuring 4.5 cm in length, a silver brooch with a returned foot, of several times mentioned type Ambroz 16/4.III, a bronze bracelet of the Roman tradition, and a Sarmatian mirror with a side loop (fig. 10,1) [48, p. 64-67, fig. 4-5]. Before the complete publication of the site, any interpretation of these finds will remain preliminary. Quite plausibly, these graves belonged to military settlers of barbarian origin, as Italian researchers have considered [54, S. 132]. Anyway, their assimilation (acculturation), according to the nature of the grave goods and grave types, went quite far.
It is important to mention a pair of small radiate-headed brooches of the Cherniakhov tradition, which belong to the type Ambroz 1AA and allegedly originate from vicinity of Varese Lake in Northern Italy, from I. von Diergardt's collection. They are made of silver, covered with gold foil and decorated with isolated almandites, and measure 7,7 cm in length (fig. 10,4). According to J. Werner, Italian origin of these brooches is an apocryphal [55, S. 26, Taf. 19,87]. Actually, all the parallels to small radiate-headed brooches of the Cherniakhov tradition with polychrome decoration known to me originate not from the Roman West, but from Cimmerian Bosporus [49, fig. 161,17; 165,10].
RETIA
The territory of modern Southern Germany where a few Late Cherniakhov artefacts are known formed a part of the Roman province of Retia. The presence of the Goths as a specific group in the area is not documented by written sources, therefore rare finds of artefacts of interest would rather reflect the appearance of a relatively small barbarian groups or individuals of Eastern European origin. Among these finds are combs Thomas III (fig. 11,1-6). Some of them were found in forts, perhaps because the natives of Eastern Europe served in Roman garrisons [13, Abb. 71,1; 33, Taf. 12,5; 36, Abb. 93; 52, Abb. 23,1].
A grave in Gotting (Ldkr. Bad-Aibling), in Upper Bavaria, supply an evidence of some Post-Cherniakhov traditions there [32; 54, Abb. 9]. It contained a radiate-headed brooch, a derivative of clasps of the type Ambroz IEA, a comb with a triangular back Thomas II, of a Roman tradition, and a gray-clay wheel-made vessel, resembling Cherniakhov vases (fig. 11,7-9). However, this vessel could also originate from the Roman tradition, as all the Cherniakhov pottery did. The symbol scratched on the brooch foot-plate resembles Later Roman engraved design of warrior's belts [e.g. 7, Taf. 94,13; 108,3; 120,11].
3 The preliminary publication of 2006 confuses illustration numbers 1 and 4. This error also occurs in my previous publications [such as 27].
BRITAIN
In case of the British Isles, well studied archaeologically, we actually have only two finds of brooches of the Cherniakhov tradition. First, there is a crossbow brooch with returned foot from Saint-Albans (Hertfortshire), north of London (fig. 12,7), having a flaring triangular foot-plate, of the already mentioned type Ambroz 16/4-III [8, S. 490, Abb. 15,3]. Although its connection with the Cherniakhov culture is obvious, chronological frame of this type is wider, than the early stage of the Great Migration Period discussed now, enveloping the Later Roman Period as well.
The second brooch was discovered within the famous treasure of Traprain Law, in Southern Scotland, east of Edinburgh, in vicinity of Hadrian's Wall. The Latest coin in the hoard belongs to Honorius (384-423 AD) [11]. It has been supposed that the treasure belonged to a local chief who established, in this or that respect, political connection with the Empire. The hoard contained a small radiate-headed brooch (fig. 12,3), most likely an
imitation of the Cherniakhov type Ambroz 1АБ [8, S. 491, Abb. 15,2; 11, pl. 32,145]4.
* * *
Hence, the artefacts of the Eastern Germanic tradition, which origin was related to the Cherniakhov and Wielbark civilization, and which were known in the Roman West during the Great Migration, concentrated mostly in Gallia and Spain. Nowadays it would be difficult to conclude if it is a reflection of a true historical situation or is related to our present knowledge in archaeology. Women's artefacts of Cherniakhov origin are better determinable because, as it has already been said, they had, in contrast to men's goods, "ethnographical" nature. Demonstratively, there is one case of anthropological research (Angers), showing that persons buried with the Cherniakhov artefacts possessed features distinguishing them from the main bulk of Gallo-Roman population.
The artefacts of our present interest are scattered in space and do not form any territorial cluster, except for the Rhine basin and Aquitania. One may suppose that these concentration zones are related to particular historical processes, such as the participation of the barbarians in the defence of the Rhine limes, and the settling of the Goths in the occupied lands of Southern Gallia. Eastern Germanic artefacts usually appeared at Roman sites and in the context of the Roman culture, which indicates a relatively high degree of barbarians' integrations into the Roman society. There is need to notice several cases when Sarmato-Alanic goods appeared in the same complex (Reims, Troyes, Sacca di Goito), which indicates the probability of symbiosis of groups of Eastern Germanic and Iranian-speaking barbarians. These groups possibly formed a certain unity before they came to the Imperial territory, for example within joint armies of barbarians, such as the huge force of Radagaisus [27].
Translated by Nikita Khrapunov
4 It is interesting that the knobbed decoration on the brooch from Traprain Law meets with parallels located far to the east, on a brooch of the Cherniakhov tradition from the cemetery of Baital-Chapkan in the Northern Caucasus [see 4, р. 50, 51]. 38
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9. Brodeur J., Morteau M., Yvinec J.H. Présence d'auxiliaires sur le site d'Angers. Mise en perspectives au travers des fouilles d'Angers // Bulletin de liaison de l'Association française d'archéologie mérovingienne. 2001. N° 25. P. 9-12.
10. Cases J.-P., Passelac M. Un peigne wisigothique de la culture de Tchernjahov, 1ère moitié du Ve ciècle // Archéologie du Midi médiéval. 2014. Vol. 32. P. 211-215.
11. Curle A. The Treasure of Traprain, a Scottish Hoard of Roman silver Plate. Glasgow: Maclehose, Jackson and Co., 1923. 131 p.
12. Feugère M. Fibules wisigothiques et de type germanique en Gaule méridionale // Archéologie du Midi medieval. 1988. Vol. 6. P. 3-11
13. Fischer T., Spindler K. Das römische Grenzkastell Abusina-Eining // Führer zu archäologiscen Denkmäler in Bayern. Niederbayern 1. Stuttgart: Theiss, 1984. 108 S.
14. Garscha F. Die Alamannen in Südbaden. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1970. 308 S.
15. Goffart W. Barbarians and Romans, AD 418-584: The Techniques of Accommodation. Princepton: Princeton University Press, 1980. 278 p.
16. Kasprzyk M. Baudemont, le Pré-de-la-Bordonne (Saône-en-Loire): sépultures et mobilier danubien de la première moitié du Ve siècle // L'Antiquité tardive dans l'Est de la Gaule. I. La vallée du Rhin supérieur et les provinces gauloises limitrophes: actualité de la recherche / Eds. M. Kasprzyk, G. Kuhle. Dijon: Université de Bourgogne, 2011. P. 339-351.
17. Kazanski M. A propos de quelques types de fibules ansées de l'époque des Grandes Invasions trouvées en Gaule // Archéologie Médiévale. 1984. Vol. 14. P. 7-27.
18. Kazanski M. Annexe I. Le peigne en os // Larrieu M., Marty B., Périn P., Crubezy E. La nécropole mérovingienne de la Turraque, Beaucaire-sur-Baïse (Gers). Toulouse: Direction des antiquités historiques de Midi-Pyrénées, 1985. P. 257-269.
19. Kazanski M. Un témoignage de la présence des Alano-Sarmates en Gaule: la sépulture de la Fosse Jean-Fat à Reims // Archéologie Médiévale. 1986. Vol. 16. P. 26-32.
20. Kazanski M. Les Germains de l'Elbe-Oder-Vistule et la Gaule au Bas-Empire // Antiquités Nationales. 1992. Vol. 22-23. P. 111-127.
21. Kazanski M. Les Barbares orientaux et la défense de la Gaule aux IVe-Ve siècles // L'armée romaine et les Barbares du IlIe au VIIe siècle / Eds. F. Vallet, M. Kazanski. Saint-Germain-en-Laye: Association frnaçaise d'archéologie mérovingienne, 1993. P. 175-186.
22. Kazanski M. A propos de quelques types de fibules germaniques de l'époque des Grandes Migrations trouvées en Gaule au Sud de la Loire // Antiquités Nationales. 1994. Vol. 26. P. 161-175.
23. Kazanski M. Les fibules germaniques orientales et danubiennes en Gaule (périodes C2-D2) // Forschungen zur Archäologie im Land Brandenburg. 1998. Bd. 5. P. 375-386.
24. Kazanski M. Les Barbares en Gaule du Sud-Ouest durant la première moitié du Ve siècle // L'Occident romain et l'Europe centrale au début de l'époque des Grandes Migrations / Eds. J. Tejral, C. Pilet, M. Kazanski. Brno: Archäologisches Institut AW CR, 1999. P. 15-23.
25. Kazanski M. Les fibules originaires de l'Europe centrale et orientale trouvées dans les Pyrénées et en Afrique du Nord // Superiores Barbari. Ksiega pamiatkowa czci Professora Kazimierza Godlowskiego / Eds. R. Madyda-Legutko, T. Bochnak. Kraków: Uniwersytet Jagiellonski, 2000. P. 189-202.
26. Kazanski M. Les Wisigoths, du Danube à la Gaule // Wisigoths et Francs, autour de la bataille de Vouillé (507) / Ed. L. Bourgeois. Saint-Germain-en Laye: Association française d'archéologie mérovingienne, 2010. P. 9-14.
27. Kazanski M. Radagaïs et la fin de la civilisation de Cernjahov // The Pontic-Danubien Realm in the Period of the Great Migration / Eds. V. Ivanisevic, M. Kazanski. Paris; Belgrade: ACHCByz, 2012. P. 381-403.
28. Kazanski M. Les Alains et les Sarmates en Occident romain à l'époque des Grandes Migrations: Données archéologiques // Bulletin de liaison de l'Association française d'archéologie mérovingienne. 2013. N° 34. P. 102-124.
29. Kazanski M., Lapart J. Quelques documents du Ve siècle ap. J.-C. attribuables aux Wisigoths découverts en Aquitaine // Aquitania. 1995. Vol. 13. P. 193-202.
30. Kazanski M., Mastykova A., Périn P. Die Archäologie der Westgoten in Nordgallien. Zum Stand der Forschung // Zwischen Spätantike und Mittelalter / Hrsg. S. Brather. Berlin; New-York: Walter de Gruyter, 2008. P. 149-192.
31. Kazanski M., Périn P. Identité ethnique en Gaule à l'époque des Grandes Migrations et royaumes barbares: étude de cas archéologiques // Antiquités Nationales. 2008. N° 39. P. 181-216.
32. Keller E. Ein frühvölkerwanderungzeitlisches Frauengrab on Götting, Ldkr. Bad Aibling (Oberbauern) // Bayerischen Vorgeschichtsblätter. 1971. Bd. 31/2. S.168-178.
33. Keller E. Das spätrömische Gräbfunde von Neuburg an der Donau. Kallmuz: Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, 1979. 131 S.
34. Koenig G.G. Archäologische Zeugnisse westgotischer Präzenz im 5. Jahrhundert // Madrider Mitteilungen. 1980. Bd. 21. P. 220-247.
35. Kokowski A. Grupa maslomecka. Z badan nad przemianami kultury gotów w mlodszym okresie rzymskim. Lublin: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Sklodowskiej, 1995. 336 p.
36. Kühn H. Die germanischen Bügelfibeln der Völkervanderungszeit in Süddeutshcland. Graz: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, 1974. 528 S.
37. López Quiroga J. Arqueologia del mundo funerario en la Península ibérica (siglos V-X). Madrid: Ediciones de La Ergástula, 2010. 438 p.
38. López Quiroga J. 'Barbares danubiens' en Hispania au Vème siècle? Gentes 'étrangers' et armées 'romaines' en Péninsule Ibérique // Romania Gothica II. The Frontier World. Romans,
Barbarians and Military Culture / Ed. T. Vida. Budapest: Institute of Archaeological Science at the Eötvös Loránd University, 2015. P. 477-496.
39. Molinero Perez A. La necropolis visigoda de Duráton (Segovia). Excavationes del plan nacional del 1942 y 1943. Madrid: Ministerio de Educación Nacional, 1948. 178 p.
40. Pérez Rodriguez-Aragón F. La culture de Tchernjahov, la diaspora gotica y el peine de Cacabelos // Boletín del Seminarion de estudios de arte y arqueología. 1996. T. LXII. P. 173-184.
41. Pérez Rodriguez-Aragón F. Elementos de tipo bárbaro oriental y danubiano de época bajo-imperial en Hispania // Congreso Internacional La Hispahia de Teodosio / Eds. R. Teja, C. Pérez. Valladolid, Segovia: Consejería de Educación y Cultura, Universidad SEK, 1997. P. 629-647.
42. Pérez Rodriguez-Aragón F. Testimonios materiales de la presencia de tropas « bárbaras » en la Hispania romana del siglo V // Sautuola. 2008. XIV P. 241-266.
43. Périn P. L'armée de Vidimer et la question des dépôts funéraires chez les wisigoths en Gaule et en Espagne (Ve-VIe siècles) // L'armée romaine et les Barbares du IlIe au Vile siècle / Eds. F. Vallet, M. Kazanski. Saint-Germain-en-Laye: Asociation française d'archéologie mérovingienne, 1993. P. 411-423.
44. Pinar Gil J. A Note on Female Clothing in 5th century Southern Gaul // Romania Gothica II. The Frontier World. Romans, Barbarians and Military Culture / Ed. T. Vida. Budapest: Institute of Archaeological Science at the Eötvös Loránd University, 2015. P. 517-555.
45. Piton D. La nécropole de Nouvion-en-Ponthieu. Berck-sur-Mer: Amis u Musée, du Passé et de la bibliothèque de Berck-sur-Mer et envrons, 1985. 374 p.
46. Riffaud-Longuespé P. La nécropole Saint-Jacques à Troyes: précisions contextuelles et chronologiques // La vie en Champagne. 2003. N° 35. P. 33-36.
47. Rouche M. L'Aquitaine des Wisigoths aux Arabes 418-781. Naissance d'une nation. Paris: Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Socia les et Editions Jean Touzot, 1979. 780 p.
48. Sannazaro M. Elementi di abbigliamento e ornamenti «barbarici» da alcune sepolture della necropoli tardoantica di Sacca di Goiti (MN) // Goti nell'arcoalpino orientale. Archeologia di frontiera. 2006. T. 5. P. 59-72.
49. Shchukin M., Kazanski M., Sharov O. Des Goths aux Huns: Le nord de la mer Noire au Basempire et à l'époque des Grandes Migrations. Oxford: John and Erica Hedges Ltd, 2006. 482 p. (British Archaeological Reports. International Series 1535).
50. Schultze M. Die spätkaiserzeitlichen Armbrustfibeln mit festem Nadelhalter. Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag GMBH, 1977. 446 S.
51. Schulze-Dörrlamm M. Romanisch oder Germanisch? Untersuchungen zu den Armbrust - und Bügelknopffibeln des 5. und 6. Jahrhunderts n. Chr. Aus den Gebieten westlich des Reins und südlich der Donau // Jahrbuch der Römisch-Germanishcen Zentralmuseums. 1986. Jg. 33. S. 593-720.
52. Schwarz K. Regensburg während des ersten Jahrtausends im Spiegel der Ausgrabungen im Niedermünste // Jahresbericht des Bayerischen Bodenkmalpflege. 1972-1973. Jg. 13-14. S. 20-98.
53. Tuszynska M. O zapinkach z g^siencowatym kabl^kiem w obrçbie kul'tury wielbarskiej // Kultura wielbarska w mlodszym okresie rzymskim. Vol I / Eds. J. Gurba, A. Kokowski. Lublin: UMCS, 1988. P. 177-187.
54. Tejral J. Nochmals zum archäologizchen Niederschlag der frühen Völkerwanderungszeit in Nordprovinzen des römischen Reiches // Prehled vyzkumû. 2016. 57-1. S. 123-146.
55. Werner J. Die Fibeln der Sammlung Diergardt. Berlin: Verlag Gebr. Mann, 1961. 68 S.
56. Windler R. Spätrömische Gräber aus Oberwinterhur // Jahrbuch der Schweizerischen Geselschaft für Ur - und Frühgeschichte. 1995. Bd. 78. S. 181-185.
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9. Brodeur J., Morteau M., Yvinec J.H. Présence d'auxiliaires sur le site d'Angers. Mise en perspectives au travers des fouilles d'Angers. Bulletin de liaison de l'Association française d'archéologie mérovingienne, 2001, N° 25, pp. 9-12.
10. Cases J.-P., Passelac M. Un peigne wisigothique de la culture de Tchernjahov, 1ère moitié du Ve ciècle. Archéologie du Midi médiéval, 2014, Vol. 32, pp. 211-215.
11. Curle A. The Treasure of Traprain, a Scottish Hoard of Roman silver Plate. Glasgow, Maclehose, Jackson and Co., 1923, 131 p.
12. Feugère M. Fibules wisigothiques et de type germanique en Gaule méridionale. Archéologie du Midi medieval, 1988, Vol. 6, pp. 3-11
13. Fischer T., Spindler K. Das römische Grenzkastell Abusina-Eining. Führer zu archäologiscen Denkmäler in Bayern. Niederbayern 1, Stuttgart, Theiss Publ., 1984, 108 p.
14. Garscha F. Die Alamannen in Südbaden. Berlin, Walter de Gruyter Publ., 1970, 308 p.
15. Goffart W. Barbarians and Romans, AD 418-584: The Techniques of Accommodation. Princepton, Princeton University Press, 1980, 278 p.
16. Kasprzyk M. Baudemont, le Pré-de-la-Bordonne (Saône-en-Loire): sépultures et mobilier danubien de la première moitié du Ve siècle. Kasprzyk M., Kuhle G. (Eds.), L'Antiquité tardive dans l'Est de la Gaule. I. La vallée du Rhin supérieur et les provinces gauloises limitrophes: actualité de la recherche, Dijon, Université de Bourgogne Publ., 2011, pp. 339-351.
17. Kazanski M. A propos de quelques types de fibules ansées de l'époque des Grandes Invasions trouvées en Gaule. Archéologie Médiévale, 1984, Vol. 14, pp. 7-27.
18. Kazanski M. Annexe I. Le peigne en os. Larrieu M., Marty B., Périn P., Crubezy E. La nécropole mérovingienne de la Turraque, Beaucaire-sur-Baïse (Gers), Toulouse, Direction des antiquités historiques de Midi-Pyrénées, 1985, pp. 257-269.
19. Kazanski M. Un témoignage de la présence des Alano-Sarmates en Gaule: la sépulture de la Fosse Jean-Fat à Reims. Archéologie Médiévale, 1986, Vol. 16, pp. 26-32.
20. Kazanski M. Les Germains de l'Elbe-Oder-Vistule et la Gaule au Bas-Empire. Antiquités Nationales, 1992, Vol. 22-23, pp. 111-127.
21. Kazanski M. Les Barbares orientaux et la défense de la Gaule aux IVe-Ve siècles. Vallet F., Kazanski M. (Eds.), L'armée romaine et les Barbares du IlIe au Vile siècle, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Association frnaçaise d'archéologie mérovingienne, 1993, pp. 175-186.
22. Kazanski M. A propos de quelques types de fibules germaniques de l'époque des Grandes Migrations trouvées en Gaule au Sud de la Loire. Antiquités Nationales, 1994, Vol. 26, pp. 161-175.
23. Kazanski M. Les fibules germaniques orientales et danubiennes en Gaule (périodes C2-D2).
Forschungen zur Archäologie im Land Brandenburg, 1998, Bd. 5, pp. 375-386.
24. Kazanski M. Les Barbares en Gaule du Sud-Ouest durant la première moitié du Ve siècle. Tejral J., Pilet C., Kazanski M. (Eds.), L'Occident romain et l'Europe centrale au début de l'époque des Grandes Migrations, Brno, Archäologisches Institut AW CR, 1999, pp. 15-23.
25. Kazanski M. Les fibules originaires de l'Europe centrale et orientale trouvées dans les Pyrénées et en Afrique du Nord. Madyda-Legutko R., Bochnak T. (Eds.), Superiores Barbari. Ksiega pamiatkowa czci Professora Kazimierza Godlowskiego, Krakow, Uniwersytet Jagiellonski, 2000, pp. 189-202.
26. Kazanski M. Les Wisigoths, du Danube à la Gaule. Bourgeois L. (Ed.), Wisigoths et Francs, autour de la bataille de Vouillé (507), Saint-Germain-en Laye, Association française d'archéologie mérovingienne, 2010, pp. 9-14.
27. Kazanski M. Radagaïs et la fin de la civilisation de Cernjahov. Ivanisevic V., Kazanski M. (Eds.), The Pontic-Danubien Realm in the Period of the Great Migration, Paris, Belgrade, ACHCByz, 2012, pp. 381-403.
28. Kazanski M. Les Alains et les Sarmates en Occident romain à l'époque des Grandes Migrations: Données archéologiques. Bulletin de liaison de l'Association française d'archéologie mérovingienne, 2013, N° 34, pp. 102-124.
29. Kazanski M., Lapart J. Quelques documents du Ve siècle ap. J.-C. attribuables aux Wisigoths découverts en Aquitaine. Aquitania, 1995, Vol. 13, pp. 193-202.
30. Kazanski M., Mastykova A., Périn P. Die Archäologie der Westgoten in Nordgallien. Zum Stand der Forschung. Brather S. (Hrsg.), Zwischen Spätantike und Mittelalter, Berlin, New-York, Walter de Gruyter Publ., 2008, pp. 149-192.
31. Kazanski M., Périn P. Identité ethnique en Gaule à l'époque des Grandes Migrations et royaumes barbares: étude de cas archéologiques. Antiquités Nationales, 2008, N° 39, pp. 181-216.
32. Keller E. Ein frühvölkerwanderungzeitlisches Frauengrab on Götting, Ldkr. Bad Aibling (Oberbauern). Bayerischen Vorgeschichtsblätter, 1971, Bd. 31/2, pp.168-178.
33. Keller E. Das spätrömische Gräbfunde von Neuburg an der Donau. Kallmuz, Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, 1979, 131 p.
34. Koenig G.G. Archäologische Zeugnisse westgotischer Präzenz im 5. Jahrhundert. Madrider Mitteilungen, 1980, Bd. 21, pp. 220-247.
35. Kokowski A. Grupa masiomecka. Z badan nadprzemianami kultury gotow w miodszym okresie rzymskim. Lublin, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Sklodowskiej, 1995, 336 p.
36. Kühn H. Die germanischen Bügelfibeln der Völkervanderungszeit in Süddeutshcland. Graz, Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, 1974, 528 p.
37. López Quiroga J. Arqueología del mundo funerario en la Península ibérica (siglos V-X). Madrid, Ediciones de La Ergástula, 2010, 438 p.
38. López Quiroga J. 'Barbares danubiens' en Hispania au Vème siècle? Gentes 'étrangers' et armées 'romaines' en Péninsule Ibérique. Vida T. (Ed.), Romania Gothica II. The Frontier World. Romans, Barbarians and Military Culture, Budapest, Institute of Archaeological Science at the Eötvös Loránd University, 2015, pp. 477-496.
39. Molinero Perez A. La necropolis visigoda de Duráton (Segovia). Excavationes del plan nacional del 1942 y 1943. Madrid, Ministerio de Educación Nacional, 1948, 178 p.
40. Pérez Rodriguez-Aragón F. La culture de Tchernjahov, la diaspora gotica y el peine de Cacabelos. Boletín del Seminarion de estudios de arte y arqueología, 1996, T. LXII, pp. 173-184.
41. Pérez Rodriguez-Aragón F. Elementos de tipo bárbaro oriental y danubiano de época bajo-imperial en Hispania. Teja R., Pérez C. (Eds.), Congreso Internacional La Hispahia de Teodosio. Valladolid, Segovia, Consejería de Educación y Cultura, Universidad SEK, 1997, pp. 629-647.
42. Pérez Rodriguez-Aragón F. Testimonios materiales de la presencia de tropas « bárbaras » en la Hispania romana del siglo V. Sautuola, 2008, XIV, pp. 241-266.
43. Périn P. L'armée de Vidimer et la question des dépôts funéraires chez les wisigoths en Gaule et en Espagne (Ve-VIe siècles). Vallet F., Kazanski M. (Eds.), L'armée romaine et les Barbares du IlIe au Vile siècle, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Asociation française d'archéologie mérovingienne, 1993, pp. 411-423.
44. Pinar Gil J. A Note on Female Clothing in 5th-century Southern Gaul. Vida T. (Ed.), Romania Gothica II. The Frontier World. Romans, Barbarians and Military Culture, Budapest, Institute of Archaeological Science at the Eötvös Loránd University, 2015, pp. 517-555.
45. Piton D. La nécropole de Nouvion-en-Ponthieu. Berck-sur-Mer, 1985, 374 p.
46. Riffaud-Longuespé P. La nécropole Saint-Jacques à Troyes: précisions contextuelles et chronologiques. La vie en Champagne, 2003, N° 35, pp. 33-36.
47. Rouche M. L'Aquitaine des Wisigoths aux Arabes 418-781. Naissance d'une nation. Paris, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Socia les et Editions Jean Touzot, 1979, 780 p.
48. Sannazaro M. Elementi di abbigliamento e ornamenti «barbarici» da alcune sepolture della necropoli tardoantica di Sacca di Goiti (MN). Goti nell'arcoalpino orientale. Archeologia di frontiera, 2006, T. 5, pp. 59-72.
49. Shchukin M., Kazanski M., Sharov O. Des Goths aux Huns: Le nord de la mer Noire au Basempire et à l'époque des Grandes Migrations. Oxford, 2006, 482 p. (British Archaeological Reports. International Series 1535).
50. Schultze M. Die spätkaiserzeitlichen Armbrustfibeln mit festem Nadelhalter. Bonn, Rudolf Habelt Verlag GMBH, 1977, 446 p.
51. Schulze-Dörrlamm M. Romanisch oder Germanisch? Untersuchungen zu den Armbrust - und Bügelknopffibeln des 5. und 6. Jahrhunderts n. Chr. Aus den Gebieten westlich des Reins und südlich der Donau. Jahrbuch der Römisch-Germanishcen Zentralmuseums, 1986, Jg. 33, pp. 593-720.
52. Schwarz K. Regensburg während des ersten Jahrtausends im Spiegel der Ausgrabungen im Niedermünste. Jahresbericht des Bayerischen Bodenkmalpflege, 1972-1973, Jg. 13-14, pp. 2098.
53. Tuszynska M. O zapinkach z g^siencowatym kabl^kiem w obrçbie kul'tury wielbarskiej. Gurba J., KokowskiA. (Eds.), Kultura wielbarska w mlodszym okresie rzymskim. Vol. I. Lublin, UMCS Publ., 1988, pp. 177-187.
54. Tejral J. Nochmals zum archäologizchen Niederschlag der frühen Völkerwanderungszeit in Nordprovinzen des römischen Reiches. Prehled vyzkumä, 2016, 57-1, pp. 123-146.
55. Werner J. Die Fibeln der Sammlung Diergardt. Berlin, Verlag Gebr. Mann, 1961, 68 p.
56. Windler R. Spätrömische Gräber aus Oberwinterhur. Jahrbuch der Schweizerischen Geselschaft für Ur - und Frühgeschichte, 1995, Bd. 78, pp. 181-185.
Казанский М. М.
Самые ранние восточногерманские находки Эпохи переселения народов на римском Западе (черняховская и вельбаркские культуры) Резюме
Артефакты восточногерманской традиции, известные на римском Западе в Эпоху переселения народов, концентрируются в Галлии и Испании. Эти находки рассеяны в пространстве и не образуют территориальных групп, за исключением бассейна Рейна и Аквитании. Можно предполагать, что эти зоны концентрации связаны с конкретными историческими процессами - участием варваров в обороне рейнского лимеса и закреплением готов на захваченных землях в Южной Галлии. Надо отметить и повторяющуюся взаимовстречаемость с сармато-аланскими вещами, что указывает на возможный симбиоз восточногерманских и ираноязычных групп варваров.
Ключевые слова: Эпоха переселения народов, готы, римский Запад, черняховская культура, вельбаркская культура.
M. Kazanski
The Earliest East-Germanic Finds from the Great Migration Period in the Roman West (Cherniakhov and Wielbark Civilizations) Summary
The artefacts of the Eastern Germanic tradition, which were known in the Roman West during the Great Migration, concentrated mostly in Gallia and Spain. This artefacts are scattered in space and do not form any territorial cluster, except for the Rhine basin and Aquitania. One may suppose that these concentration zones are related to particular historical processes, such as the participation of the barbarians in the defence of the Rhine limes, and the settling of the Goths in the occupied lands of Southern Gallia. There is need to notice several cases when Sarmato-Alanic goods appeared in the same complex, which indicates the probability of symbiosis of groups of Eastern Germanic and Iranian-speaking barbarians.
Keywords: Great Migration Period, Goths, Roman West, Cherniakhov, Wielbark.
Fig. 1. Cherniakhov finds in Northern and Eastern Gallia. 1 - Baudemont; 2 - Angers; 3 - Andord; 4 - Oberwinterhur; 5 - Herten; 6 - Nouvion-en-Pinthieu; 7 - Reims; 8 - Troyes; 9 - Ebersberg; 10 - Kaiseraugst; 11 - Basel; 12 - Strasbourg; 13 - Mungoldsheim; 14 - Ruppertsberg; 15 - Eisenberg; 16 - Bad Kreuznach; 17 - Alzey; 18 -Wiesbaden; 19 - Polch-Ruitsch; 20 - Köln; 21 - Trir; 22 - Rhamberg; 23 - Dalheim.
Fig. 2. Eastern Germanic artefacts in Northern and Eastern Gallia. 1-6 - Trir; 7 - Polch-Ruitsch; 8 - Köln; 9, 10 - Wiesbaden; 11 - Kaiseraugst; 12, 13 -Alzey; 14
- Eisenberg; 15, 16 - Bad Kreuznach; 17 - Herten; 18 - Mungoldsheim; 19 - Oberwinterhur; 20
- Strasbourg; 21, 22 - Saône Valley; 23 - Marne; 24 - Basel; 25, 26 - possibly Eastern France; 27
- Wiesbaden; 28 - Ebersberg; 29, 35 - Baudemont; 30 - Ramberg; 31 - Dalheim; 32, 33 - Trir; 34 - Ruppertsberg [1-16, 18, 20-28, 30-34 - after 21; 17 - after 14; 19 - after 54; 29, 35 - after 16].
Fig. 3. Artefacts from graves in Northern and Eastern Gallia. 1-4 - Nouvion-en-Pinthieu, Grave 54; 5, 6 - Troyes, the cemetery of Saint-Jacques, grave 2; 7 -Troyes, the cemetery of Saint-Jacques, grave 4; 8, 9 - Reims, the cemetery of Fosse-Jean-Fat [1-4 - after 44; 5-7 - after Riffaud45; 8, 9 - after 19].
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Fig. 4. Radiate-headed brooches from Northern Gallia.
A. Brooches from Cholet and Nijmegen and their probable prototypes: 1 - Burck; 2 - Kuchbier;
3 - Nijmegen; 4 - Cholet [after 20].
B. Radiate-headed brooches from Angers: 1 - grave 134; 2 - grave 155; 3 - grave 156; 4 - grave
159 [after 9].
Fig. 5. Eastern Germanic artefacts from Southern Gallia and Spain. 1 - Beaucaire-sur-Baïse; 2 - Séviac; 3 - Bapteste; 4 - Sainte-Baselle; 5 - Canet; 6 - Duráton; 7 - El Hinojal; 8 - Casa de la Zúa; 9 - Badajoz; 10 - Cacabelos, Castro Ventosa; 11 - Jonzac; 12 - Quarante; 13 - Rodelle; 14 - Aspiran; 15 - Roujan; 16 - Vindrac; 17 - Montmirat; 18 -
Coimbriga, 19 - Mireval-Lauragais.
Fig. 6. Eastern Germanic artefacts from Southern Gallia and Spain. 1 - Sainte-Baselle; 2 - Canet; 3 - Séviac; 4 - Beaucaire-sur-Bai'se; 5, 6 - Bapteste; 7 - Quarante; 8 - Rodelle; 9 - Duráton; 10 - Aspiran; 11 - Roujan; 12 - El Hinojal; 13 - Casa de la Zúa; 14 -Vindrac; 15 - Montmirat; 16 - Cacabelos, Castro Ventosa; 17 - Badajoz [1, 2, 4 - after 24; 3, 5, 6 - after 29; 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 15 - after 22; 9 - after 39; 12, 13, 16 - after 41; 17 - after 34].
Fig. 8. Brooches of type Grodek 47 in Vistula Basin. 1 - Pruszcz Gdanski-5, Tomb 19; 2 - Cecele, Tomb 359; 3 - Seerppen-Liublino; 4 -Jadwisin; 5 -Wengorzewo, Tomb 18-19; 6 - Grodek, Tomb 47 [after 2].
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Fig. 9. Small corrugated brooches in Southern Baltic Sea Area. 1 - Seerppen-Liublino, Tomb 25; 2 - Dollkeim-Kovrovo; 3 - Pruszcz Gdanski, Tomb 7; 4 -Pruszcz Gdanski-7, Tomb 328 [after 2].
Fig. 10. Eastern Germanic artefacts from Italy. 1 - Sacca di Goito, Tomb 215; 2 - Sacca di Goito, Tomb 210; 3 - Sacca di Goito, Tomb 206; 4 -
Varese (?) [1-3 - after 47; 4 - after 53].
Fig. 11. Eastern Germanic artefacts from Retia. 1, 2 - Abusina-Eining; 3, 4 - Regensburg-Niedermünster; 5 - Stadberg; 6 - Gross-Umstadt; 7-9 -Götting [1, 2 - after 13; 3, 4 - after 51; 5 - after 33; 6 - after 36; 7-9 - after 32].
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Fig. 12. Cherniakhov brooches and some accompanying materials from Britain. 1 - Saint-Albains; 2-8 - Traprain Law [1 - after 8; 2-8 - after 11].
