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146
Research and Practice __ . „
r^ Bulletin of Stavropol Region
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A gricultural
Bulletin of Stavropol Regk
UDK 637.05(492)
Vladimir I. Trukhachev, Nikolai Z. Zlydnev, Olga V. Sycheva
TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF FORMATION OF QUALITY OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS IN THE NETHERLANDS
A system for dairy cattle as an example of a specialized dairy enterprises with a complete production cycle -Kaasboerderij Weenink. Dairy herd represented a cross between Simmental dairy and beef productivity and Holsteins. The reproduction of the herd is carried out under the supervision of specialists of the company Bayern-ge-neticist. Daily milk yield of 25 kg / head. The fat content is
4.5 %, protein is 3.5 %. Feeding is according to the needs of milking - the voluntary milking robot with the help of the company «GEA MIone». Everything gets milk is processed into cheese Gouda technology.
Key words: Holland farm system for dairy cattle, Sim-mental breed, Holstein, Bavaria, genetics, Gouda cheese.
Trukhachev Vladimir -
Doctor of Science in Agriculture, Doctor of Science in Economics, professor; associate of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Stavropol State Agrarian University Tel.: 8(8652) 35-22-82 E-mail: rector@stgau.ru
Zlydnev Nikolay -
Professor, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences Department of animal nutrition and general biology Stavropol State Agrarian University
Olga Sycheva -
Professor, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences Department of manufacturing technology and processing of agricultural products Stavropol State Agrarian University
Kingdom of the Netherlands is one of the world's leaders in production and processing of milk. The volume of production in 2014 was 11.6 million tons (11-th position in the world), with an increase of 7.8 % in comparison with 2011. According to the production of milk per capita (900 kg), the Netherlands ranked as third, and the leaders on this indicator are New Zealand (2400 kg), Ireland (1500 kg). And only 5 % of the population is employed in agriculture. Livestock along with floriculture are the leading sectors of agricultural production.
The main agricultural sector of the Netherlands is family farms. Most Dutch farms are relatively small: about half of them are less than 10 hectares of land. However, agricultural cooperatives are highly developed in the country; they allow small family farms to solve their problems together and feel confident in the market.
Figure 1 - The old historic cheese factory
High level of automation of labor even by western European standards and usage of agricultural machinery help to develop intensive, high-yield production of Dutch farmers. Much attention is paid to the breeding; there are many retraining agricultural schools in the country to attract the small producers. In addition, the Dutch farmers, including the smallest, can easily get loans from banks or agricultural cooperatives.
Lievelde is a small village in the province of Gelderland in the east of the Netherlands. There is a specialized dairy enterprise Kaasboerderij Weenink. On the territory of the enterprise there are two farms and a workshop for the production of cheese. That means the full cycle of milk processing. There is a historical building, an old cheese factory on the territory of the enterprise (Figure 1), while the production of cheese is located in a new building, equipped with modern cheese-making equipment (Figure 2).
Figure 2 - New cheese factory
agricultural
Bulletin of Stavropol Region
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The farm contains 90 cattle, including 75 dairy cattle and 15 dry cattle. More precisely, they are not a purely dairy cows but crosses of Simmental of milk-meat direction of efficiency and Holsteins. Selection of breeds for farmers has a decisive role in obtaining the final result, namely Gouda cheese. Therefore, the owner of the company Mr. Venink cooperates with Bavarian geneticist Stef Bink, a representative of a company Bayern-geneticist. The firm is the leading organization for breeding Simmental cattle.
Simmental breed is famous not only for good outline indicators, as well as resistance to infectious diseases, high dairy. The average yield is 23-28 kg per head. Milk from Simmental breed is considered as good for cheese not only because of favorable ratio of protein and fat (0.8), but also due to the low amount of genetically somatic cells. At the same time the company is guaranteed by the additional income from the sale of calves, reached 3 months of age, in the meat processing enterprises of the Netherlands.
Animal keeping in loose-housing barns, but some places for cows are equipped with lots of litter, consisting of finely divided straw mixed with limestone. Such a composition of litter has indisputable advantages: hygroscopic, free-flowing, relatively low bulk density. Cows willingly lie on a mat. After resting particles are poured easily from the skin of the animal, and, importantly, do not leave dirt on the body.
A feature of animals' keeping is absence of any order of feeding and milking. That is, it is voluntary, according to his needs.
It means that once a week feeding-stuffs is placed into a wide pass. Cows eat the food in the immediate vicinity of the fence, and gradually formed a free space, which does not allow animals to get further underlying food. To fix it, the barriers are periodically shifted enclosing the center. Thus, the feeding space is shrinking, and the food is again within the reachable space for cows (Figure 3). It should be emphasized that the cows have access to feed all day around.
Figure 3 - Organization of cows feeding
Milking of cows is also carried out all the day around by a milking robot produced by company «Gea MI-one» with two devices for milking, which allows milking of two cows at the same time (Figure 4).
Each cow passes through the gates, which are opened after the release of one of the places for milking, identified by a reading device. Taking into account the indicators, including body weight, the amount of milk yield and milk composition, calculated amount of concentrated feed with additive premix is loaded in the feeder, and the cow he eats it with pleasure. At the same time an automatic milking apparatus equipped with a 3D camera attaches the teat cups starts the milking process.
It should be mentioned that the device is programmed so that the initial moment after fixing the teat cups on the udder, the hot water is injected into them, for washing the teat. And another important point is that in the first 10 seconds of milking the milk does not flow into a common reservoir, so, the most
servings of milk contamination (bacterial cork), do not fall into the overall milk yield.
Figure 4 - Work of robot milking device
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The value of milk yield is recorded by a counter, and the result is displayed on the computer screen. Thus, the account of milk produced is carried out continuously. Another very important function of the installation is to identify abnormal milk. In the event of such milk, it immediately merges installation, completely eliminating the possibility of their falling into the process line.
The value of milk yield is recorded by a counter, and the result is displayed on the computer screen. Thus, the account of produced milk is carried out continuously. Another very important function of the divice is to identify abnormal milk. In the case of abnormal milk, it immediately poured off by the device, completely eliminating the possibility of their falling into the production line
Average multiplicity of milking is 2.7. High yielding cows (40 kg / head) pass through the installation 4 times per day, and cows with a yield of 10 kg / head. and below pass one or two times depending on their needs. This is the essence of voluntary milking.
The quality of milk from each cow is determined once a month in a special dairy laboratory. All data on the quality of milk, including the number of somatic cells and bacterial contamination is transmitted over the network to the owner of the farm. Thus, also the incidence of mastitis subclinical udder is revealed for promptly treated animal. However, it should be noted that cases of mastitis are very rare (2-3 per year).
In case of technical problems, identifying of hazards, and others the installation produces an alarm and stops the process and using the software it sends a message (SMS) on the cell phone the person in charge.
The total yield of milk on the farm is 1900 liters of milk per day. The average fat content in milk is 4.50 %, protein - 3.50 %.
The produced milk is piped into a storage tank, located in an adjacent industrial building and is used
REFERENCES:
1. Belyakov G. I., Panin V. A. Increased genetic potential productivity of Simmental and red steppe cattle by crossbreeding with Holstein breed // Bulletin of the Orenburg State Agrarian University. 2015. № 4. P. 101-104.
2. Gangan V. I., Sycheva O. V. The milk yield of cows Simmental with various genotypes of kappa-casein locus // Husbandry. 2011. № 12. P. 8-9.
3. Nelepov Y. N., Volohov Y. N., Gorlov I. F. Biological and productive SPECIFIC golsh-tinizirovannogo cattle Lower Volga region. Volgograd, 1999. 224 c.
4. Strekozov Y. B. Dairy cattle Russia: present and future // Husbandry. 2008. № 1. P. 18-21.
for the production of cheese on Gouda technology. Produced cheese (Figure 5) after ripening is sold in a shop, located on the territory of the farm.
Figure 5 - A shop window of Kaasboerderij Weenink
According to studies of many authors it has been established that composition and features of milk of cows Simmental breed have a number to specific features and advantages to other breeds of cows.
An example of the Netherlands demonstrates that agricultural production can be efficient and profitable business, even where there is no black soil and a favorable climate for agriculture. Of course, the Dutch way of doing agriculture requires very serious financial investments (what is lacking in the majority of Russian farmers). However, the experience of foreign farmers has shown that with proper use of these funds, they are self-liquidate and they make a profit.
5. Sycheva O. V., Veselova M. V., Camoy-lov V. A. Milk cows cimmentalckoy breed in Stavropol Territory // Dairy indastry. 2006. № 8. P. 20-21.
6. Sychev O., Miloshenko V., Gangan V. Technological properties of milk of cows Simmental different origin // Dairy and beef cattle. 2012. № 3. P. 26-27.
7. Sycheva O. V., Gaman V. I. The milk yield of Simmental cattle of different genotypes under the Stavropol region // Agricultural science. 2012. № 3. P. 17-18.
8. Trukhachev V. I. Features of management of agricultural economics at the district level // International agricultural journal. 2005. № 1. P. 34-36.
