CC BY
41
Ukrainian Journal of Ecology
Ukrainian Journal ofEcology, 2020,10(3), 88-94, doi: 10.15421/2020_138
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Effect of linear traits in dairy cows on herd disposal
A.P. Palii1*, O.I. Shkromada2, N.I. Todorov3, N.P. Grebenik2, A.B. Lazorenko2, I.V. Bondarenko2, Y.A. Boyko4, O.V. Brit4, T.L. Osipenko5, O.Yu. Halay6, A.P. Paliy7
1Kharkiv Petro Vasylenko National Technical University of Agriculture, 44 Alchevskih St., Kharkiv, 61002,
Ukraine.
2Sumy National Agrarian University, 160 Gerasim Kondratiev St., Sumy, 40000, Ukraine. 3Odessa State Agrarian University, 13 Panteleimonovskaya St., Odessa, 65012, Ukraine. 4Pavlo Tychyna Uman State Pedagogical University, 2 Sadova St., Uman, Cherkassy region, 20300, Ukraine. 5Institute of Animal Science NAAS of Ukraine, 1-A Livestock breeders St., Kharkiv, 61026, Ukraine. 6Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University, 8/1 Soborna Square, Bila Tserkva, 09117, Ukraine. 7National Scientific Center «Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine», 83 Pushkinska St.,
Kharkiv, 61023, Ukraine.
Corresponding author E-mail: paliy. andriy@ukr. net
Received: 06.06.2020. Accepted: 11.07.2020
No other branch of social production is as closely concerned with the use of natural resources as agriculture - animal husbandry in general and dairy farming in particular. The intensification of the dairy industry causes constant changes of the priority principles of selection of animals on breeding grounds. The minimum percentage of cows leaving the main herd has been established with the indicators of linear estimator: udder depth of 6 points, the attachment of the anterior lobes of the udder at 5 points, the placement of front teats at 6 points. The probable (p<0.01) effect of anterior teat placement on the number of somatic cells in cow's milk has been found in both tied housing (n2=12.0%) and free-stall housing (n2=3.6%). In order to effectively assess the condition of the udder of high-yielding cows during their selection for machine milking at modern dairy complexes, a method has been developed to classify the suitability of cows for industrial use into three categories.
Keywords: Cow; Dairy herd; Linear trait; Udder; Somatic cells; Score; Productive longevity
Introduction
The success of the rational use of natural animal resources depends on the genotype, the adopted technology, the level of cattle feeding and the training of specialists and service personnel (Alekseev et al., 2018; Palii et al., 2019a). Each of these factors matters to a certain degree in the process of forming a highly productive dairy herd.
Productive qualities of animals are the result of the interaction of genotype and environment. Since it is not the ready trait that is inherited, but the level of genotype response to environmental conditions, the manifestation of economically useful traits is largely determined by the environment in which the animals are raised and kept. The realization of genetic potential of cows, which indicates the maximum capabilities of animals, is an indicator of a high level of their adaptability (Yurchenko et al., 2018). Productive longevity of cows is a rather complex integral trait, which is determined by both genetic and paratypic factors. The difficulty of selection on the basis of longevity is that the assessment of the actual indicators of these characteristics is possible only after the cows leave the herd, and, consequently, from the selection process (Efimova et al., 2017; Palii et al., 2020). Long-term use of high-yielding cows contributes to the accelerated improvement of the herd due to the minimum annual culling of animals (Effa et al., 2013; Milostiviy et al., 2017). In addition, it has been found that a high economic effect is obtained when using cows during 6-8 lactations (Khmelnichy & Vecherka, 2016).
On a farm of almost any size there is always the culling of animals. This is a very important aspect of animal husbandry, which largely determines the profitability and efficiency of animal husbandry. As noted (Paliy, 2016), the correct and timely selection of animals allows the most rational use of livestock.
Every year in the country, dairy farm specialists sort out 35-40% of cows, a similar average reading worldwide being 35.8%. Most often, cows are culled due to problems associated with severe calving and reproductive dysfunction. Also, the reasons include too low milk productivity, non-compliance with breed standards, etc.
Cow udder diseases are one of the main reasons for the culling of cows (Jankovska et al., 2014; Paliy et al., 2018). The studies (Gussmann et al., 2019), carried out in the aspect of determining the relationship between the assessment of linear udder traits and life expectancy of dairy cows, found that cows with higher scores on the development of morphological traits of the udder have a significant advantage in life expectancy.
Thus, the culling of cattle is an integral, extremely important process in animal husbandry. It is necessary to exercise the selection of animals with all responsibility, to control the percentage of selection and to look for the reason when it increases.
The practice of dairy cattle breeding has shown (Bademkiran et al., 2007; Salau et al., 2018) that most of the morphological traits of the udder are the most important and reliable exterior indicators of high yields and efficiency of cows. Therefore, conducting in-depth and comprehensive research on the functioning of the mammary glands and their individual parts in cows acquires in special scientific and practical importance when deepening the understanding of the issues of the theory of lactation. Thus, taking into account the selection importance of the udder in determining the breeding value of animals, the aim of the study was to establish the influence of linear traits of the udder of dairy cows on their disposal from the herd.
This will contribute to the development of theoretical foundations and improvement of practical approaches to cow milking, increase the efficiency of dairy production and breeding work in dairy farming.
Materials and Methods
The percentage of disposal of cows was calculated as the ratio of the number of animals that left the herd during lactation to the number of cows that calved. Depending on the results of the scoring of linear traits of the udder the animals were divided into groups. The productivity of cows on experimental farms was at the level of 5.000-6.000 kg per lactation. To establish the patterns of influence of exterior indicators, a linear assessment of the udder of animals was performed according to the method of the International Livestock Association 'ICAR' (ICAR Guidelines approved by the General Assembly held in Kuopio, 2006). Thus, according to the method for linear assessment, each trait has an independent value and was evaluated on a scale from 1 to 9 points, points 1 and 9 being extreme values of traits.
The attachment the front lobes of the udder: the angle of connection of the front lobes of the udder with the abdomen of the animal was estimated. If the assessment of the trait on the left and right sides differed, the worst assessment was taken into account. The udder depth: the distance between the lower point of the bottom of the udder and the imaginary horizontal line, which is drawn at the level of the middle of the hocks, was estimated. If the bottom of the udder was located at the level of the middle of the hocks, score =2. The height of the posterior lobes of the udder: the distance between the lower edge of the vulva and the upper secretory part of the udder was estimated. Central ligament: the depth of the sulcus formed by the central supporting ligament between the posterior lobes of the udder was estimated.
The location of anterior teats: the location of the anterior teats with respect to the middle of the corresponding udder lobe was assessed. 5 points were given if the teats were located in the center of each anterior lobe of the udder. When examining the cows from behind, the location of the posterior teats with respect to the middle of the corresponding udder lobe was determined. 5 points were given if the teats were located in the center of each posterior lobe of the udder. To determine the quality of milk the 'Ekomilk Scan' device (Bulgaria), a viscometric analyzer of somatic cells in milk, was used. The principle of operation of the device corresponds to the method of determining somatic cells in milk using a viscometer according to GOST 23453-90. The main results were processed by the method of variation statistics (Plohinskij, 1969) with application of computer technologies and using the computer program Microsoft Excel with built-in statistical functions and Statistica 7.0. Significance of differences between traits was determined by comparison with the Student's criterion. The experimental data were processed according to t he main statistical methods (correlation and analysis of variance).
Results and Discussion
The indicators of the udder are the important features of the exterior, on which the productivity of animals as well as the duration of their use depend. In Figures 1 and 2 the ratio of disposal of cows with different estimates of udder attachment are shown.
1-3 4 5 6 7-9
Evaluation of the attachment of the anterior lobes of the udder (score)
Figure 1. Disposal of cows according to the attachment of the anterior lobes of the udder.
20.0
1-3 4 5 6 7-9
Evaluation of the attachment of the posterior lobes of the udder (score)
Figure 2. Disposal of cows according to the attachment of the posterior lobes of the udder.
The minimum number of animals that left the herd (13.0 ± 2.3%) was in the group with an assessment of the attachment of the anterior lobes of the udder at 5 points. Animals with a poor udder attachment (the score of 1-3 points) dropped out more often (16.3 ± 2.6%). The differences in the 3.3% disposal rate between these groups were improbable. At the same time, a group of cows with a score of 7-9 points (p<0.05) was characterized by the highest percentage of disposal (18.4 ± 2.1%). This is due to the fact that cows with closely attached anterior lobes of the udder had lower productivity both on the 80-90th day of lactation and during 305 days of lactation. Similar results were obtained when determining the percentage of cows with different estimates of the height of attachment of the posterior lobes of the udder (p>0.1).There is a similar trend in the change in the ratio of disposal of the cows depending on the expressiveness of the central ligament of the udder (Figure 3). The difference in the percentage of disposal of the cows between the groups of animals with different estimates of the central udder ligament was also improbable (p>0.1).
25.0
u
5.0-------
0.0-1—^^-1—-1—Eg&i-1—^-1—^^—
1-3 4 5 6 7-9
Evaluation of the central ligament of the udder (score)
Figure 3. The disposal of the cows according to the expressiveness of the central ligament of their udder.
The correlation of cows leaving the herd with the depth of their udder was determined (Figure 4). The lowest percentage of the disposal (10.6 ± 2.5%) was in the cows with a score of 6 points.
Evaluation of the udder depth (score) Figure 4. The disposal of the cows according to their udder depth.
This is due to the negative correlation between this trait of the exterior and daily milk yield. That is, the disposal of cows is largely determined by their productivity, and it, in turn, has to do with the depth of the udder. The disposal of cows significantly depended on the location of the anterior teats (Figure 5).
30.0 25.0
1-3 4 5 6 7-9
Evaluation of the location of the anterior teats (score) Figure 5. The disposal of cows according to the location of the anterior teats.
Thus, 20.1 ± 2.8% of cows with widely located anterior teats dropped out of the main herd (the score of 1-3 points). As teats were located closer, the percentage of animals initially gradually decreased; and, with an estimate of the placement of the anterior teats of 6 points, only 6.7 ± 3.7% of cows dropped out. In the group of animals with very closely located teats (the score of 7-9 points), the percentage of disposal increased to 27.3 ± 9.5% (p<0.01). The largest number of cows who left the herd had widely and closely located teats because milking such animals is inconvenient. As for other indicators of the exterior of the cow udder, namely the location of the posterior teats (Figure 6) and the length of the teats (Figure 7), the percentage of the disposal of cows with such characteristics in terms of groups of animals with different scores was improbable (p>0.1).
25.0 -
20.0
à?
£ 15.0 o
u
bfl
:= 10.0
5.0
1-3 4 5 & 7-9
Evaluation of the location of the posterior teats (score)
Figure 6. Disposal of cows according to the location of the posterior teats.
Evaluation of the length of the teats (score) Figure 7. Disposal of cows according to the length of their teats.
The studies have established a probable (p<0.01) effect of the placement of the anterior teats on the number of somatic cells in the milk of cows with both tied (n2=2.0%) and free-stall housing (n2=3.6%) (Table 1).
Table 1. The dependence of the milk quality on the location of anterior teats when milking cows in the stall box and in the milking parlor, (M ± m).
Location of the anterior teats (score)
1-3 points 4-6 points _7-9 points_
Number of somatic cells, thous./mm3 Cows in the stall box Cows in the milking parlor
516.4 ± 68.2 924.7 ± 325.9
917.0 ± 77.3 1069.3 ± 157.3
722.0 ± 20.0 893.2 ± 238.2
The mechanism of this influence doesn't consist in the technology of milking, but is determined by the contamination of the anterior teats, estimated at 4-6 points.
In order to effectively assess the condition of the udders of high-yielding cows in their selection for machine milking in modern dairy complexes, a method was developed that is as follows: after the arrival of high-yielding cows on the dairy complex, the diameter and length of udders are measured by means of a caliper. To do this, the measuring device (caliper) is placed on the teat of the cow's udder so that the sponges of the tool for external measurement are on its base.
At the next stage, the measuring device (ruler) is placed vertically to the udder so that the end of the tool with the reference scale is on its base. All teats of the udder of animals are similarly subjected to the specified measurement. The interpretation of the obtained data is carried out according to Table 2.
Table 2. Evaluation of the suitability of high-yielding cows for machine milking according to the condition of their teats.
Measurements of the cow teats, mm Suitability of cows for machine
Category Teat diameter Teat length milking
I <18 <60 Not suitable
II 18-36 60-80 Suitable
III >36 >80 Not suitable
Therefore, the classification of the evaluation of the teats of high-yielding cows during their selection for machine milking is carried out as follows: Category I (not suitable) - the diameter of the teats is less than 18 mm, their length is less than 60 mm; Category II (suitable) - the diameter and length of the udder teats are in the range of 18-36 mm and 60-80 mm, respectively; Category III (not suitable) - the diameter of teats is more than 36 mm, length is more than 80 mm.
The organization of machine milking on the farm must be decided taking into account the health of dairy animals. First of all, it is necessary to identify cows with a latent form of mastitis (Paliy et al., 2015). In addition, for mechanical milking it is necessary to select cows that are homogeneous in milk productivity, with the correct shape of the udder and teats. Ignoring these rules results in incomplete milking and breast irritation and mastitis (Paliy et al., 2020; Rees et al., 2017). On farms that do not pay due attention to the selection of cows for machine milking, slipping of milking cups from the udder and the suction of manure and litter often takes place. This further increases the contamination of milk with microflora (Palii et al., 2019b; Shkromada et al., 2019). The main task of selection and breeding work is to obtain a highly productive livestock. In dairy farming, much attention is paid to the productive qualities of animals, as well as the exterior, longevity and lifelong milk yield, as one of the ways to increase the profitability of the industry is to increase the production time of high-yielding cows. This is consistent with the opinion of a number of scientists (Imbayarwo-Chikosi et al., 2015; Osipenko et al., 2018; Trukhachev et al., 2016). The assessment of the exterior and constitution has always been a necessary element of a comprehensive assessment of dairy cattle. In terms of selection, a dairy cow is preferable, when along with high milk productivity it maintains normal fertility, good health and a strong constitution. The data obtained are consistent with the results of other authors (Johansson & Korkman, 2010; Kern et al., 2015), who report that the disposal of animals from the main herd is based on linear evaluation of their udder. Currently, in domestic and foreign breeding, the factor of efficiency of economic use of dairy cattle is becoming increasingly important (Camara et al., 2019). Prolonged productive use indicates the compliance of the animal's genotype with environmental conditions, good reproductive ability, resistance to disease, the normal course of physiological and biochemical processes in the body. The reduction of productive longevity negatively affects the effect of selection: the rate of qualitative improvement of the herd and the intensity of selection of
the best cows in the selection group are sharply delayed (Jenko et al., 2013). Therefore, the extension of the economic use of dairy cattle directly determines the economic efficiency of breeding and commercial livestock.
Productive longevity of cows is especially important in the selection and breeding work, as it is closely related to the rate of replacement of the herd and the intensity of selection (DeVries, 2017; Hutchison et al., 2017; Jenko et al., 2013). Premature disposal of dairy cows not only reduces the breeding resources of breeds, but also causes economic damage to the industry as a whole, causing large economic losses that do not always pay off due to high animal productivity (Nayeri et al., 2016). This led to the relevance of research to establish the influence of linear traits of the udder of dairy cows on their disposal from the herd (Kozyr et al., 2017; VandeHaar et al., 2016). Nowadays, dairy farming is accompanied by a number of negative consequences: deterioration of milk quality, reduced immune status of animals and fertility as well as shortening the period of economic use of cows in herds (Denholm et al., 2017; Charfeddine & Pérez-Cabal, 2016; Palii & Palii, 2019). Some (Abdalla et al., 2016; Banos et al., 2017; Compton et al., 2016; Domingues et al., 2019) report that the short duration of economic use of high-yielding cows is associated with higher metabolic processes in their body, because in difficult conditions they are more prone to diseases and disorders of reproductive function than animals with average productivity, not excepting the influence of genetic factors. Reducing the time of productive use of animals in terms of industrial technology should serve as an incentive for in-depth study and search for solutions to this issue. In the years to come, a significant increase in the number of dairy herd will not happen; it will take decades to restore the dairy industry. Therefore, it is necessary to solve the issue of milk production by intensifying the industry, the basis of which is determined by the high level of specialization and continuous route of production. This, in turn, requires a certain standardization of animals in live weight, productivity, anatomical and physiological characteristics; and, first of all, according to the adaptation of cows to machine milking and persistence to diseases.
The obtained experimental results can be used to create competitive herds in the conditions of intensive milk production technology and used in the development of long-term programs and long-term plans of breeding work with herds of Ukrainian black-spotted dairy breed. Further research in this direction will increase the interest among domestic livestock breeders, owners of genetic material and large manufacturers of technological equipment for dairy farming.
Conclusion
The lowest percentage of disposal from the main herd was detected among the cows with such linear evaluation indicators: udder depth of 6 points (10.6 ± 2.5%), the attachment of the anterior lobes of the udder at 5 points (13.0 ± 2.3%), the placement of anterior teats at 6 points (6.7 ± 3.7%). The probable (p<0.01) influence of placement of anterior teats on the number of somatic cells in the milk of cows of both tied (n2=12.0%) and free housing (n2=3.6%) was determined. In order to effectively assess the condition of the udders of high-yielding cows during their selection for machine milking at modern dairy complexes, a method has been developed which provides for the classification into categories: Category I (not suitable); II category (suitable); Category III (not suitable).
References
Abdalla, E. A., Weigel, K. A., Byrem, T. M., & Rosa, G. J. M. (2016). Short communication: Genetic correlation of bovine leukosis incidence with somatic cell score and milk yield in a US Holstein population. Journal of Dairy Science, 99, 2005-2009. doi:10.3168/jds.2015-9833
Alekseev, A. A., Lukichev, D. L., & Lukichev, V. L. (2018). Key elements of an eff ective system of milk production. Agricultural and Livestock Technology, 1(2). doi:10.15838/alt.2018.2.2.2
Bademkiran, S., Celik, R., Yesilmen, S., Kanay, B. E., & Kilinc, M. (2007). The Effects of Self-Sucking on Daily Milk Product, Udder Health and the Form of the Teats of Dairy Cows. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 6(11), 1250-1254. ISSN: 1680-5593 Banos, G., Winters, M., Mrode, R., Mitchell, A. P., Bishop, S. C., Woolliams, J. A., & Coffey, M. P. (2017). Genetic evaluation for bovine tuberculosis resistance in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 100, 1272-1281. doi:10.3168/jds.2016-11897 Camara, Y., Moula, N., Sow, F., Sissokho, M. M., & Antoine-Moussiaux, N. (2019). Analysing innovations among cattle smallholders to evaluate the adequacy of breeding programs. Animal, 13(2), 417-426. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118001544 Charfeddine, N., & Pérez-Cabal, M. A. (2016). Effect of claw disorders on milk production, fertility, and longevity, and their economic impact in Spanish Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 100, 653-665. doi:10.3168/jds.2016-11434
Compton, C. W. R., Heuer, C., Thomsen, P. T., Carpenter, T. E., Phyn, C. V. C., & McDougall, S. (2016). Invited review: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of mortality and culling in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 100, 1-16. doi:10.3168/jds.2016-11302
Denholm, S. J., McNeilly, T. N., Banos, G., Coffey, M. P., Russell, G. C., Bagnall, A., Mitchell, M. C., & Wall, E. (2017). Estimating genetic and phenotypic parameters of cellular immune-associated traits in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 100, 2850-2862. doi:10.3168/jds.2016-11679
DeVries, A. (2017). Economic trade-offs between genetic improvement and longevity in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 100, 4184-4192. doi:10.3168/jds.2016-11847
Domingues, J., Gameiro, A., Bonaudo, T., Gabrielle, B., & Tichit, M. (2019). Past intensification trajectories of livestock led to mixed social and environmental services. Animal, 1(11). doi:10.1017/S1751731119001952
Effa, K., Hunde, D., Shumiye, M., & Silasie, R. H. (2013). Analysis of longevity traits and lifetime productivity of crossbred dairy cows in the Tropical Highlands of Ethiopia. Journal of Cell and Animal Biology, 7(11), 138-143. doi:10.5897/JCAB2013.0375 Efimova, L. V., Rostovtseva, N. M., Kulakova, T. V., Ivanova, O. V., & Ivanov, E. A. (2017). Cows Productivity of Red-Motley Breed Depending on Body Types. In the World of Scientific Discoveries, 5(2), 4-15.
Gussmann, M., Denwood, M., Kirkeby, C., Farre, M., & Halasa, T. (2019). Associations between udder health and culling in dairy cows. Prev Vet Med., 171(1), 104751. doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104751
Hutchison, J. L., VanRaden, P. M., Null, D. J., Cole, J. B., & Bickhart, D. M. (2017). Genomic evaluation of age at first calving. Journal of Dairy Science, 100, 6853-6861. doi:10.3168/jds.2016-12060
Imbayarwo-Chikosi, V. E., Dzama, K., Halimani, T. E., Van Wyk, J. B., Maiwashe, A., & Banga, C. B. (2015). Genetic prediction models and heritability estimates for functional longevity in dairy cattle. South African Journal of Animal Science, 45(2), 106-121. doi:10.4314/sajas.v45i2.1
Jankovska, M., Sava, A., & Kujawska, Y. (2014). Effect of certain factors on the longevity and culling of cows. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Zootechnica, 13(2), 19-30. doi:10.31521/2313-092X/2018-3(99)-6
Jenko, J., Gorjanc, G., Kovac, M., & Ducrocq, V. (2013). Comparison between sire-maternal grandsire and animal models for genetic evaluation of longevity in a dairy cattle population with small herds. Journal of Dairy Science, 96(12), 8002-8013. doi:10.3168/jds.2013-6830
Johansson, I., & Korkman, N. (2010). Heretability of the udder Proportions in Dairy Cows. Hereditas, 38(2), 131-151. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5223.1952.tb02919.x
Kern, E. L., Cobuci, J. A., Costa, C. N., McManus, C. M., & Braccini, N. J. (2015). Genetic association between longevity and linear type traits of Holstein cows. Scientia Agricola, 72(3), 203-209. doi:10.1590/0103-9016-2014-0007
Khmelnichy, L. M., & Vecherka, V. V. (2016). The impact of qualitative development of the morphological characteristics of the udder of cows of the Ukrainian red-speckled dairy breed for their longevity. Agricultural science and food technologies, 1(91), 211219. (In Ukrainian)
Kozyr, V. S., Kovalenko, V. P., & Gekkiev, A. D. (2017). Stan ta perspektyvy pleminnoi' roboty v molochnomu skotarstvi Pivdnja Ukrai'ny. Peredgirne ta girs'ke zemlerobstvo i tvarynnyctvo, 61, 159-172. (In Ukrainian)
Milostiviy, R. V., Vysokos, M. P., Kalinichenko, O. O., Vasilenko, T. O., & Milostiva, D. F. (2017). Productive longevity of European Holstein cows in conditions of industrial technology. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 7(3), 169-179. doi:10.15421/2017_66 Nayeri, S., Sargolzaei, M., Abo-Ismail, M. K., Miller, S., Schenkel, F., Moore, S. S., & Stothard, P. (2016). Genome-wide association study for lactation persistency, female fertility, longevity, and lifetime profit index traits in Holstein dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 100, 1246-1258. doi:10.3168/jds.2016-11770
Osipenko, T. L., Admina, N. G., Palii, A. P., Chechui, H. F., & Mihalchenko, S. A. (2018). Influence of the level feeding high-productive cows on obtaining biosafety products. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 8(4), 189-194.
Palii, A. P., Admina, N. G., Mihalchenko, S. A., Lukyanov, I. M., Denicenko, S. A., Gurskyi, P. V., Paliy, A. P., Kovalchuk, Y. O., Kovalchuk, V. A., Kuznietsov, O. L., Gembaruk, A. S., & Solodchuk, A. V. (2020). Evaluation of slaughter cattle grades and standards of cull cows. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10(1), 162-167. doi:10.15421/2020_26
Palii, A. P., Holovatiuk, A. A., Pushka, O. S., Pushka, I. M., Oliadnichuk, R. V., Kravchenko, V. V., & Voitik, A. V. (2019a). Biotechnical aspects of the feeding heifer full-purpose courses of different granulometric composition. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 9(2), 81-90.
Palii, A. P., Nanka, O. V., Naumenko, O. A., Prudnikov, V. G., & Paliy, A. P. (2019b). Preconditions for eco-friendly milk production on the modern dairy complexes. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 9(1), 56-62.
Palii, A. P., & Palii, A. P. (2019). Technical and technological innovations in dairy cattle. Monograph. Kharkiv: Mis'kdruk. (In Ukrainian)
Paliy, A., Nanka, A., Marchenko, M., Bredykhin, V., Paliy, A., Negreba, J., Lazorenko, L., Panasenko, A., Rybachuk, Z., & Mus iienko, O. (2020). Establishing changes in the technical parameters of nipple rubber for milking machines and their impact on operational characteristics. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise technologies, 2/1(104), 78-87. doi:https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2020.200635
Paliy, A. P. (2016). Innovative foundations for the production of high-quality milk. Monograph. Kharkiv: Mis'kdruk. ISBN 978-617619-188-9 (In Ukrainian)
Paliy, A. P., Nanka, O. V., Lutcenko, M. M., Naumenko, O. A., & Paliy, A. P. (2018). Influence of dust content in milking rooms on operation modes of milking machine pulsators. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 8(3), 66-70.
Paliy, A. P., Paliy, A. P., & Naumenko, O. A. (2015). Innovative technologies and technical systems in dairy cattle. Kharkiv: Mis'kdruk. (In Ukrainian)
Plohinskij, N. A. (1969). Rukovodstvo po biometrii dlja zootehnikov. Moscow. Kolos (In Russian)
Rees, A., Fischer-Tenhagen, C., & Heuwieser, W. (2017). Udder Firmness as a Possible Indicator for Clinical Mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science, 100, 2170-2183. doi:https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11940
Salau, J., Henning Haas, J., Junge, W., & Thaller, G. (2018). How does the Behaviour of Dairy Cows during Recording Affect an Image Processing Based Calculation of the Udder Depth? Agricultural Sciences, 9, 37-52. doi:10.4236/as.2018.91004 Shkromada, O., Skliar, O., Paliy, A., Ulko, L., Gerun, I., Naumenko, O., Ishchenko, K., Kysterna, O., Musiienko, O., & Paliy, A. (2019). Development of measures to improve milk quality and safety during production. Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise technologies (Technology and equipment of food production), 3/11(99), 30-39. doi:https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2019.168762
Trukhachev, V. I., Zlydnev, N. Z., & Selionova, M. I. (2016). Selection of dairy cattle in Northern Europe: strategy, methods, results. Dairy and beef cattle breeding, 1, 2-5. (In Russian)
VandeHaar, M. J., Armentano, L. E., Weigel, K., Spurlock, D. M., Tempelman, R. J., & Veerkamp, R. (2016). Harnessing the genetics of the modern dairy cow to continue improvements in feed efficiency. Journal of Dairy Science, 99, 4941-4954. doi:10.1016/S0022-0302(16)30064-9
Yurchenko, A., Daetwyler, H. D., Yudin, N., Schnabel, R., Vander, J. C., Soloshenko, V., Lhasaranov, B., Popov, R., Taylor, J., & Larkin, D. (2018). Scans for signatures of selection in Russian cattle breed genomes reveal new candidate genes for environmental adaptation and acclimation. Scientific Reports, 8, 12984. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-31304-w
Citation:
Palii, A.P., Shkromada, O.I., Todorov, N.I., Grebenik, N.P., Lazorenko, A.B., Bondarenko, I.V., Boyko, Y.A., Brit, O.V., Osipenko, T.L., Halay, O.Yu., Paliy, A.P. (2020). Effect of linear traits in dairy cows on herd disposal. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10(3), 88-94.
[ЩЁ^Й] ThjS work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. License
