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DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2020-15-4-44-49 Student sport formation in Russia
Alina V. Sharapova*, Yurij V. Vorozhko
Siberian State University of Physical Culture and Sport, Omsk, Russia
ORCID 0000-0001-6271-9764 sharapova_alina@icloud.com* ORCID 0000-0003-2261-716X Vorozhko51@yandex.ru
Abstract: Student sport in Russia has more than one century history of development. Its formation started at the beginning of the XX century. Modern stage of student sport formation, which started in terms of social basis reformation period, is characterized by new objectives of physical upbringing at higher school, directed not only toward students' physical abilities development, but also toward their interest in physical culture and sport lessons stimulation, a healthy life style values formation, where motor activity is a necessary condition. Materials. Analyzing the performances of the national team of Omsk region at student competitions of different levels since 2014 till 2019. Research methods. Information sources and Internet-sources analysis, retrospective analysis, methods of mathematical statistics. Results. The structures of the training process were analyzed among female students, who go in for calisthenics. The results of their performances at student competitions of different level were analyzed. Keywords: student sport, physical culture, formation, gymnastics, Universiade.
For citation: Alina V. Sharapova*, Yurij V. Vorozhko. Student sport formation in Russia. Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2020; 15(4): 38-42. DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2020-15-4-44-49
INTRODUCTION
Since 1994 mass competitions for students are held in Russia - the Championships of Russia. The future and present transformations stimulate more and more students to go in for physical culture and sport and this leads to mastery improvement and new victories of our students-athletes during the competitions [1,2,3].
Since 1905 Universiades are held - the International and national sports competitions among students. The notion "Universiade" originated from the words "University" and "Olympiad". This kind of competitions is very often mentioned as the World student games and the World University games. Each two years summer and winter Universiades are held [4,5,6,7].
The history of student sport started in 1905, when the first International competitions among students were held. In 1919 Jean Petitjean created Confederation of students. Under the aegis of this organization in 1923 the first World University Games were held in Paris [2, p.2].
All participants of the competitions had to meet the following requirements:
a) to be the citizen of the country, which they present;
b) to be over 17 and under 28 year-old by January, 1 of the competition year;
c) to be the present student of a higher educational establishment or graduate from the University no more than a year before the beginning of the competitions [8,9,10].
At higher educational establishments of Russia more than 60 kinds of sport are cultivated. The most popular among them are the following: calisthenics, badminton, basketball, boxing, skiing, athletics, swimming, football and etc..
Calisthenics is especially popular. Russian gymnasts show great results at the International competitions. The main qualities of a woman-gymnast are the following: will power, endurance, patience and plasticity. The performances of women-gymnasts always look like a well-organized show. First of all, special music is chosen for every performance. Secondly, all exercises are fulfilled under the rhythm of a music, which looks like a dance. Thirdly, flexibility, dexterity and grace of gymnasts attract audience.
Beautiful performances are possible owing to everyday hard work in the gym. Professional gymnastics provides long-term motor trainings and active muscle load. Constant movements repetition
in the complex with a strict discipline form the main demands on the way to success.
Usually the training lessons are held since dinner till the evening. They include choreography, warming-up, group and individual exercises with the objects, general physical training.
Choreographic training in calisthenics is very important. It provides plasticity, effectiveness of the performance in general. During choreography studying correct bearing, mimicry and expression are formed. Choreographic training also has an educational role. It is held five times a week (1 hour a day).
Warming-up includes the complex of exercises. Gradually warming up the muscles an organism gets ready for the load. Owing to warming-up muscles, joints and tendons train and it improves their elasticity and decreases the risk of injuries and tensions. Warming-up also helps to improve blood circulation in an organism. It provides oxygen and nutrient substances supply to the muscles. It helps to improve endurance.
Warming-up includes swings, preferably with the weight, to make the elements fulfillment easier during the exercise and broad jumps, in order to prepare the feet. The jump is accepted as a strong pushing off from the surface and sufficient height for movements realization or movements with the object fulfillment.
After warming-up group and individual exercises with the objects are fulfilled.
During non-competitive days trainings are not so intensive in comparison with the days of competitions (5 attempts of one and the other kind).
Then general physical training (GPT) and skipping is held. GPT provides a person's main motor skills development and his physical qualities improvement: strength, quickness, endurance, dexterity, flexibility. Skipping provides endurance, spring ability development, strengthens legs muscles and helps to get rid of excess weight. Excess weight is one of the main problems of women-gymnasts. They have to control their nutrition, weigh themselves (in the morning and in the evening). A woman-gymnast, who wants to achieve great results, should have an ideal body. It would help her not only to attract
attention of judges, but also to fulfill most exercises successfully. Women-gymnasts with not big weight and slim body have the advantage. It helps them to fulfill the exercises without mistakes and get high points. A coach determines the weight, which is optimal for a gymnast. A coach takes into account her constitution, all volumes and the load. Defining an ideal weight for a girl, it is necessary to know her height. The norms, calculated for the athletes, help to win.
At the end of each training lesson we held some rehabilitation procedures: massage, yoga, distracting events (walking and others).
During the competition days training lessons begin in the morning and last till the evening. An intensive training is realized. 10 clear attempts of each kind are held. In our opinion, it is more difficult to take part in a group performance, than to perform individually. In a group performance an athlete has to work in a team and feel the partners. Gymnasts are responsible not only for oneself, but for the whole team. In individual performances not significant mistake can be forgiven. During the performance referees pay attention not only to the difficulty of the elements, but also to the synchronism of their fulfillment.
Before the performance athletes support each other ("No success here, great success during the performance"), as the main thing before the performance is a mindset, as if one person is nervous, it is transferred to the whole team. Before the performance gymnasts form a circle, say necessary words to each other, form their mindsets and start the performance.
The training loads have both positive and negative influence on the athletes. On the one hand, all muscles of an organism become stronger, coordination of movements improves, will power is formed, organism tone increases, straight bearing is formed, the sense of tempo and rhythm are formed, general state and mood improve. On the other hand, professional trainings cause spine disorders; constant muscles work, which demands stretching improvement, causes pain in muscles and joints; the necessity to follow strict diet is a serious difficulty for many athletes; professional calisthenics demands great time expenditures.
Table 1 - The amount of medals in calisthenics at significant competitions
The Olympic Games (Russia) 1996 -Atlanta 1 silver 1 gold 2000 -Sydney 2 gold 1 bronze 2004 -Athens 2 gold 1 silver 2008 -Bejing 2 gold 2012 -London 2 gold 1 silver 2016 - Rio de Janeiro 2 gold 1 silver
1996 1997 1999 2015 2017 2019
World 1 gold 4 gold 5 gold 8 gold 7 gold 8 gold
championship 4 silver 4 silver 3 silver 6 silver 5 silver 2 silver
2 bronze 3 bronze 1 bronze 3 bronze
European championship 1978 5 gold 1982 8 gold 4 silver 4 bronze 2006 9 gold 1 silver 2010 9 gold 1 silver 2015 6 gold 2 silver 2019 8 gold 3 silver
All these Olympic champions, World and Europe champions were trained by soviet and Russian coach, teacher, president of All-Russian federation Irina Aleksandrovna Viner-Usmanova. Her most popular student is Alina Kabaeva. Alina trained with Irina Viner-Usmanova since 1995, in 2000 during the Olympic Games in Athens she got bronze medal, in 2004 during the Olympiad in Athens she got gold medal in all-round competitions.
The training process before the competitions in the national team of Russia is severe enough. Irina Viner is a very strict coach, who considers that all children are talented, the main thing is to find a good teacher, professional, who is able to develop a child's potential. Most coaches work strictly according to the schedule, not spending extra time at work. Irina Viner worked to get the result. While doing what she really likes she forgets about time and own comfort. A strict coach never praises her students for nothing, a person has to work hard to be praised by her. However, even when she talks to young gymnasts strictly, nobody is hurt by her. Children feel who loves them and who means well.
"An athlete is a champion only when he stands on pedestal. As soon as he leaves it, he becomes only an athlete again, an athlete, who has to work hard in order to achieve new results. It concerns my profession too- you are a coach of a champion only when an athlete stands on a pedestal" - says Irina Viner.
In recent years male calisthenics starts to develop. Irina Viner-Usmanova says that more and more men started to succeed in this kind of sport. They don't take part in the World Championship, however, it is possible in the future.
CONCLUSION
Having analyzed the presented diagrams we come to the conclusion that the results of Omsk calisthenics school become better. Within recent three years these results improved significantly. Our team made a considerable contribution to these achievements.
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Russian Cup Place 4 3 4 2 3 2
Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Taken places
Picture 1. The results of the combined team of Omsk region in group exercises since 2014 till 2019 (taken places at Russian Cup)
Championship of Russia Place 5 2 3 2 1 2
Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Taken places
Picture 2. Taken places of the combined team of Omsk region at the championships of Russia
Submitted: 26.10.2020 Author's information:
Alina V. Sharapova - student, Siberian State University of Physical Culture and Sport, 644009, Russia, Omsk, Maslennikova str., House 144, e-mail: sharapova alina@icloud.ru
Yurij V. Vorozhko - Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Siberian State University of Physical Culture and Sport, 644009, Russia, Omsk, Maslennikova str., House 144, e-mail: Vorozhko.i@ yandex.ru
