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Z.T. Achilova
STRUCTURAL SEMANTIC FEATURES OF PHRASEOLOGICAL
UNITS IN ENGLISH
The article is devoted to the current topic of the use of English phraseological units, which are widely used in the speech of native speakers, literature and film production. The study of English phraseological units will allow you to determine their type, find out their main features and increase your vocabulary. The study is based on the classification. The paper analyzes various types of phraseological units used in the American TV series "Friends" and examines their structural and semantic features. A comparative analysis is also carried out to determine the frequency of use of certain types ofphraseological units. The results of this study can be applied in writing graduation theses and other student projects, which consist in studying the problems of phraseology and lexicology of modern English.
Key words: English language, phraseological units, structural and semantic features.
Introduction
Phraseologisms are an integral part of the modern English language. They give speech emotionality, expressiveness, a certain originality. The study of English phraseological units allows you to better understand their meaning, quickly find the appropriate expressions and use them in speech and writing. The object of the presented work is English phraseological units. The subject is their structural and semantic features. The purpose of the work is to highlight and analyze the structural and semantic features of English phraseological units used in the American TV series Friends. The authors of the work analyzed 104 phraseological units. To achieve the goal, the following tasks were solved: 1) the study of theoretical material on the topic of scientific research; 2) definition of
© Z.T. Achilova, 2022.
the concept of "phraseological unit"; 3) analysis of existing classifications of phraseological units; 4) the study of the structural and semantic features of English phraseological units based on the material of the series "Friends".
The following research methods were used in the work:
1) the method of generalization and systematization of scientific information about phraseological units;
2) the method of continuous sampling of phraseological units from the series;
3) a statistical method for identifying the frequency of use of specific types of phraseological units. The theoretical significance of this work lies in the fact that the study of English phraseological units will reveal their structural and semantic features, as well as identify the degree of use of individual phraseological units in the English language on the example of the American series "Friends". The results of the work can be useful in the study of such academic disciplines as phraseology and lexicology of modern English, as well as in writing term papers and final qualification papers on this topic.
Research results Phraseological units (phraseological units, phraseological units, hereinafter phraseological units) are the object of the theory of phraseology. They are non-modeled phrases connected by semantic unity. PU are not created in the process of communication, they are reproduced as ready-made integral units and function as a single member of the sentence. According to V.V. Vinogradov, phraseological units are "stable" verbal complexes, opposed to "free" syntactic phrases as ready-made language formations, not created, but only reproduced in the process of speech [1, p. 4]. According to N.M. Shansky, a phraseological unit is a linguistic unit reproduced in finished form, consisting of two or more stressed components of a verbal character, fixed in its meaning, composition and structure [6, p. 21]. The components of a phraseological phrase are invariable, i.e. constant, closely related to each other and arranged in a strictly defined order.
Phraseologisms include: idioms (to eat like a horse - eat for three, to chew the fat - sharpen your hair, to be in the red - be in debt), proverbs and sayings, (truth will out - awl in you can't hide it in a bag, still water runs deep - there are devils in a still pool), popular expressions are aphoristic statements that go back to a specific author or an anonymous literary source (Disappointment is often the salt of life. - Disappointment is often the point life).
The main features of phraseological units are semantic integrity, stability, separate form and reproducibil-ity. PhUs are characterized by semantic integrity: the meaning of the whole expression differs from the values of its constituent elements, which is the result of their complete or partial rethinking. For example, the English idiom to take a leaf from smb's book (lit.: take a leaf from someone's book) means "take an example from someone", to go to the wall - not "go to the wall", but "go broke", hem and haw - not "hem and hawthorn", and "pull the cat by the tail." The integrity of phraseological units is based on its separate form and idiomaticity: phraseological units in most cases are formed from words and function as separate form formations. Idiomaticity is a semantic characteristic, which consists in the non-derivation of the meaning of the whole language formation from the totality of the meanings of its parts [5, p. 181].
FE is a stable combination. Words in phraseological turnover are combined according to linguistic customs and traditions. Change of the composition is unacceptable, or to a fairly limited extent. The stability of phraseological units implies the stability of use, i.e., the use of phraseological units by the entire language community. Phraseologisms appear as individual formations and then become public property. PhU is also stable in its lexical composition and its meaning. The components of phraseological units are either completely irreplaceable (to be tied by the leg - to be tied hand and foot, to burn the midnight oil - to work at night), or change slightly, while the replacement words are always limited to a narrow circle (to leave one self (wide) open - put yourself in jeopardy, to add oil to the fire / flame - add fuel to the fire, a run of bad / ill luck - a streak of bad luck). The stability of phraseological units is also manifested in the stability of the morphological forms of their components. For example, nouns in phraseological units can only be used in the singular form (to run in one's head - spin in the head, a skeleton in the closet - a family secret), only in the plural form (to knock over like skittles - do not leave a stone on a stone, thickasthieves - bosom friends) or in the possessive form (to hold smb. at arm's length - keep your distance, kids' stuff - a couple of trifles). Phraseological units are characterized by reproducibility, which lies in the fact that phraseological expressions are retrieved from memory as a whole. Phraseologisms leading light (celebrity), to be as good as a headache (completely unnecessary), to take one's life (lay hands on oneself) are not formed by speakers in the process of speech from the corresponding words (leading, light, good, headache, take , life), but are recreated as a whole, as synonymous words (acelebrity, tokill, useless). Phraseological units are characterized by their reproducibility in finished form with a fixed and strictly fixed meaning, composition and structure.
1. "But the silver lining, if you wanna it, is that he made this decision all by himself without any outside help whatsoever." "But there is a good side to it. He said that he made this decision himself, without anyone's help there. Silver lining (a glimmer of hope) is a substantive two-component phraseological unit, a complete metaphorical rethinking, motivated phraseological unit, refers to persons.
2. "That would be a judgment call." Judgment call (personal choice) is a substantive two-component phraseological unit, a complete metaphorical rethinking, motivated phraseological unit, refers to persons.
3. "Hey, are you cool with this? I don't want to leave you high and dry." "Are you sure you don't mind? Just do not think that I threw you. High and dry (abandoned) is an adjective non-comparative two-component phraseological unit with a coordinating structure, a complete metaphorical rethinking, refers to persons.
4. "It's wonderful to see you up and about again, my dear." "It's so wonderful to have you back on your feet, dear." Up and about (in good health) is an adjective non-comparative two-component phraseological unit with a coordinating structure, complete metaphorical rethinking, refers to persons.
5. "And he said that only once in a blue moon does a dog's ear grow back." "And he also said, one chance in a million that the ear will grow back." Once in a blue moon (very rare) - adverbal non-comparative PU, adverbial PU of time, complete metaphorical re- comprehension.
Nominative-communicative phraseological units:
1. "Listen, Bob, I'm probably way out of line here." "Look, Bob, I must be being terribly stupid." Be out of line (to allow oneself too much) is a verbal non-comparative phraseological unit with a subordinating structure, a complete metaphorical rethinking, motivated by phraseological units, refers to persons.
2. 2.Things change. Roll with the punches." — "Plans are changing. Get used to it." Roll with the punches (to resist the blows of fate) is a verbal non-comparative phraseological unit with a subordinating structure, a complete metaphorical rethinking, motivated by phraseological units, refers to persons.
3. 3. "Phoebe, what's the matter?" "Nothing, I'm sorry, I'm just out of sorts." "Phoebe, what's the matter?" "Nothing. I'm sorry, it's just a terrible day today. Be out of sorts (to be out of sorts) - verbal non-comparative phraseological units with a subordinating structure, partial rethinking, motivated phraseological units, refers to persons. Modal FE: "You know, on second thought, gum would be perfection." "You know, chewing gum is a good idea." On second thought (thoroughly thought- liv) is a non-comparative phraseological unit with a subordinating structure.
Communicative phraseological units:
1. "Excuse me, uh, that's my puck." "I found it. Finders keepers, losers weepers." "I'm sorry, but that's my puck." "I found her. What has fallen is gone." Finders keepers, losers weepers (what fell is gone) - proverb, partial rethinking, negative assessment, sentence structure.
2. "Well, are n't we Mr. The Glass is Half Empty?" "That's who's glass is always half empty." The glass is half empty (the glass is half empty) - proverb, complete metaphorical rethinking, negative assessment, sentence structure
During the study, the following results were obtained. Of the 104 phraseological units, 15 nominative phraseological units were found, of which 8 are substantive, 3 are adverbal, 4 are adjective; 80 nominative-communicative phraseological units, 8 communicative phraseological units and 1 modal non-interjective phraseological unit. Among the phraseological units found, the most numerous group is nominative-communicative phraseological units (80 phraseological units). This is explained by the fact that this type of phraseological units is more related to a person, to the actions performed by him, and to the state in which he is. All found verb phraseological units are non-comparative, motivated and have a subordinating structure. Also, 37 of them are partially rethought, and 43 are completely rethought, the rethinking is based on a metaphor. 75 phraseological units refer to persons, 4 phraseological units refer to both persons and non-persons, and only 1 verbal phraseological unit refers to non-persons. Among the substantive phraseological units, 6 refer to persons, 1 refers to non-persons, and 1 refers to both. 5 of them are partially rethought, and 3 are completely rethought, the rethinking is also based on metaphor. Of the adjectival phraseological units, 3 refers to persons and 1 — to non-faces, 1 — partially rethought and 3 — completely rethought. In addition, adjectival phraseological units can have a subordinating structure (1 phraseological unit) and a coordinating structure (3 phraseological units). Among the adverbal phraseological units, 2 adverbial tenses and 1 qualitative tense were found, denoting the manner of action. All 3 adverbal phraseological units are completely rethought. Of the 8 communicative phraseological units, 6 proverbs and 2 sayings were found. All 8 communicative phraseological units have a negative assessment. 2 communicative phraseological units are partially rethought and 6 are completely rethought, also metaphorically. 6 communicative phraseological units have a sentence structure, the remaining 2 are phrases. Also, one modal non-interjective non-comparative phraseological unit with a subordinate structure was found.
Conclusion.
Thus, based on the linguistic analysis of the American TV series "Friends" (Friends), we have identified various types of phraseological units, namely: nominative, nominative-communicative, interjectional, modal, communicative. The data obtained showed that nominative-communicative phraseological units are used in the speech of Americans much more often than other types of phraseological units. In addition, there are also substantive and communicative phraseological units. Most phraseological units are completely rethought and motivated. Phrase-ologisms with the structure of a phrase and a subordinating connection predominate. Most phraseological units refer specifically to persons and express the qualities and actions associated with a person, only a small part has a sentence structure, all other phraseological units are formed by a phrase.
ISSN 2223-4047
Вестник магистратуры. 2022. № 4-2 (127)
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ACHILOVA ZILOLA TOLIBOVNA - master student, Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages.
