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Linguistic and stylistic use of phraseology in lingual actualization of depression in the novels of the late twentieth century
Section 2. Applied and mathematical linguistics
Bosa Vita,
lecturer Grinchenko Borys Kyiv University, Department of Romanic Languages and Comparative-typological Linguistics, E-mil: vitabosa2000@gmail.com
Linguistic and stylistic use of phraseology in lingual actualization of depression in the novels of the late twentieth century
Abstract: The article considers Spanish novels of the postwar period in order to study phraseological units describing characters’ depression. The analysis, carried out on the basis of the semantic classification, has shown that a greater number ofunits, belonging to the phraseological and semantic field of “depression”, are phraseological unities and phraseological combinations.
Keywords: phraseological units, depression, semantic classification, phraseological unities, phraseological combinations, phraseological fusions, Spanish novels, postwar period.
Given the fact that in contemporary linguistics different approaches to the classification of phraseological units (PE) exist, and there is no common opinion on the advantages and disadvantages of each type of classification, it would be appropriate to rely on two principles of the classification ofphraseological units when describing depression in texts: the semantic principle and the structural principle.
According to the semantic principle, the point of classification is to determine the degree of semantic connection between the components of a phraseological unit. The units with a partial transfer of meaning show the weakest connection between the components. The greater the gap between the meaning of a phraseological unit and the meanings of its components, the greater the degree of semantic connection. Thus, according to this principle, phraseological units describing color can be divided into three classes: 1) phraseological combinations; 2) phraseological unities, 3) phraseological fusions [1, p. 243].
The results of the sample show that the largest number of phraseological units describing depression in the texts is represented by phraseological unities and phraseological combinations. Let’s consider the examples:
(1) []... un buque desliza, veloz en los lejos mien-tras, acodado en la ventana, romäntica, lermotoviana-mente recitas el negro ensalmo [7, p. 88].
(2) [] ... reviviendo el recuerdo de tus humillacio-nes y agravios, acumulando gota a gota tu odio; sin Rodrigo, ni Frandina, ni Cava: Nuevo conde don Julian, fraguando sombrias traiciones [7, p. 89].
(3) Yo, a veces, tambien tengo miedo, me imagino que me voy a quedar muerta de repente... [6, p.132].
(4) Cientosy cientos de bachilleres caen en el intimo, en el sublime y delicadisimo vicio solitario [6, p. 316].
In the extracts (1) and (2) phraseological units describing depression are represented by a specific author’s occasionalism: romäntica, lermotovianamente recitas el negro
ensalmo (darkly romantic poems in imitation
of Lermontov) in the first case; actualized by synonyms humillaciones y agravios (humiliation/insults), a lexeme odio (hatred) and a metaphor fraguando sombrias traiciones (black treason plan) in the second case.
In the extracts (3) and (4) phraseological units describing depression are represented by the verbal construction tengo miedo (scary), infinitive construction me voy a quedar muerta de repente... (to die a sudden death) and nominative metaphorical word combination vicio solitario (vice ofloneliness)
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Section 2. Applied and mathematical linguistics
where the contextual meaning is almost identical to the lexical one.
In the extract (l) the phraseological unit sed del alma (spiritual thirst) is represented by the nominative model S + del + S, which is actualized in the context by synonymous lexemes desolacion (desolate) and inmovil ruta (deserted path).
The extracts (2), (3) and (4) demonstrate gradational stringing of “depressive” synonymous units of the first degree like de mala suerte (loser), de mala pata en esto del dinero (unlucky in money matters) ^ the second degree tuvo nada de suerte (he has no luck to boot) ^ the third degree ya veces van muy mal (most of the times everything is going very bad).
In our opinion, the proverbs describing depression should be singled out among other phraseological unities:
Ademas, ya sabes que no hay mal que den anos dure [6, p. 347].
The author inserted some phraseological units no hay mal que den anos dure (even the most terrible trouble won’t last for long) into Maribel Perez’s speech, Don Ricardo Sorbedo’s ex-girlfriend. When he complained that the world was becoming a bad place, Maribel tried to comfort him in a philosophical way (no te apures, no eches los pies por alto, no merece la pena). In the context there are four synonymous phraseological units describing consolation of anger and depression, where the proverb holds the final position.
Phraseological fusions are word groups with a completely changed meaning, but unlike phraseological unities, they are non-motivated, and the metaphor cannot be retraced [1, p. 139]:
(1) [] ... techo escamado por la humedad, paredes vacuas, el dia que aguar da tras la cortina, caja de Pandora [7, p.85].
(2; []... se sentaba al pie de la escalera y alli se estaba las horas muertas, cogiendo calor [7, p. 25].
(3) No se preocupe, senora, este no tiene nada importante, un susto de ordago y nada mds [7, p. 163].
(4) Tiritan los dos y ella empieza a dar diente con diente (зуб на зуб не попадает) [5, р. 204].
(5) No te digo que no nos reserven algunos tragos amargos... (неприятности) [5, p. 259].
In the given extract (1) caja de Pandora myth, Pandora’s Box means a source of troubles, all sorts of discords [8, p. 112].
In the extracts (2) and (3) the use of phraseological units las horas muertas (for hours) and un susto de ordago (fright) is contextually appropriate. In the passage (4) the lexical meaning of the PE dar uno diente con diente is “to chatter one’s teeth (with cold or fear)” [8, p. 235] and coincides with the contextual meaning, where it is actualized be the lexeme tiritar (to tremble).
The extract (5) demonstrates the use of tragos amargos phraseological units, which in the context acquires the meaning of “troubles” and is similar in meaning to the definition given in the dictionary of phrase and idioms by E. I. Levintova — trago amargo, i. e.: 1) an ordeal, a cup of woe; 2) a bitter pill [8, p. 674].
Thus, we perceive phraseological fusions as stable indivisible word combinations, the meaning (sense) of which cannot be derived from the meanings of words composing that phraseological unit. The semantic merge in such phraseological units is due to the presence of outdated, obscure words. Phraseological fusions in semantics closest to a single word. It should be noted that phraseological fusions describing depression are the least presented in the studied material.
We use the term “psyche” and consider it as “a subjective imprint of the objective reality in the ideal images, on the basis of which human interaction with the environment is regulated.” Taking this into account, we single out the term “mental state” and define it as “a psychological category composed of different types of integrated human reflection of both internal and external influences” [4, p. 526] while the term “depression” is perceived as “a person’s dejection accompanied by indifference, frustration and dissatisfaction with his/her life” [2, p. 145].
Examining phraseological and semantic group (PSG) of “a person’s depression,” the following phraseological and semantic subgroups have been identified (PSSG):
1) the mental state of sadness and sorrow:
Pinturas aminoro de mala gana la marcha del au-tomovil [5, p. 39].
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Linguistic and stylistic use of phraseology in lingual actualization of depression in the novels of the late twentieth century
Las casas aparecian envueltas en oscuridad y silen-cio, y al ruido del coche, preludio de otros mäs siniestros (зловещий) que pronto sembrarian el espanto (страх) y las despedidas de muerte... [5, p. 39].
;Ay, Rosa, tü siempre viendolo todo negro! [6, p. 402].
The phraseological units describing sadness and sorrow are verbalized in the text with the help of such units as de mala gana (upset), las despedidas de muerte (deep melancholy of farewells), viendolo todo negro! (to take a gloomy view of things), which, along with other lexical units like oscuridad y silencio, siniestros (sinister), el espanto (fear), reflect the general background of events.
2) the mental state of boredom and indifference:
Angel miro a Molina, que permanecia en la misma
actitud indiferente [5, p. 24].
[]... aunque se aburren como ostras [6, p. 43].
Dos ninos de cuatro o cinco anos juegan aburrida-mente (уныло), sin ningün entusiasmo, al tren por entre las mesas [6, p.42].
The phraseological units of boredom and indifference are represented by the following expressions: en la misma actitud indiferente (indifferently), se aburren como ostras (bored to death), sin ningun entusiasmo (unenthusiastically), the overwhelming majority of which is an individual work of authorship.
3) the mental state of fear:
No tengas miedo. Todavia no se ha perdido la guerra
y ... [5, p. 9].
Lleva dentro del cuerpo un miedo espantoso que no se explica [6, p. 302].
[]...paralizados de stupor, los miembros delgrupo observan el edificante espectäculo [7, p. 140].
The given extracts show a gradation of synonymous phraseological units tener miedo (to be afraid), un miedo espantoso (unfathomable
fear), paralizados de stupor (terror-struck), the contextual meaning of which is reflected literally in their lexical meaning.
4) the mental state of anxiety and worry:
He pasado un mal rato al salir — dijo ella mirän-dole una vez mäs los ojos [5, p. 66].
[]... el silencio y la gravedad de su mirada dicen mäs que cualquier discurso [7, p. 284].
Pronto empezaron a sonar las primeras voces de alarma [5, p. 99].
In the above-mentioned text extracts, phraseological units pasar un mal rato (be worried to death), el silencio y la gravedad (strained silence) and voces de alarma (anxious voice) show certain manifestations of depression and are context dependent.
According to A. A. Pozhidaeva and other researchers, phraseological units with a positive connotation of the nominated fragment of reality are much less numerous than the phraseological units with a negative implication; this fact can be attributed to the value perceptions of reality by the native Spanish speakers [3, p. 39-42].
Thus, analyzing the novels of the postwar period in order to study characters’ depression, we have arrived at the following conclusion: according to the semantic classification by V V Vinogradov, a greater number of units, belonging to the phraseological and semantic field of “depression” in the Spanish language, are phraseological unities and phraseological combinations.
All the selected units in the phraseological and semantic field of “depression” in the Spanish language are synonymous within the respective semantic field (for example: the semantic microfield of “anxiety” — las sombras densas, un silencio apretado, un silencio dramatico, etc.).
References:
1. Vinogradov V S. Spanish Grammar/Vinogradov V S. - M.: University, 2000. - P. 432.
2. Kolyada E. K. Social and Philosophical Grounds of the Notion of “Pessimism” Study in Linguistics/E. K. Kolyada, V M. Boychuk//Scientific Notes of the National University “Ostroh Academy”. - 2012. - № 24. - P. 145-147.
3. Pozhidaeva О. А. Lexicographic Description ofthe Emotional Units in the Spanish Language/О. А. Pozhi-daeva//State and Regions. - 2012. - № 3. - P. 39-42.
4. Shcherbatykh Y. V. Differentiation of Mental States and Other Psychological Phenomena/Y. V Shcher-batykh, A. N. Mosina. - Kazan, 2008. - P. 526-528.
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Section 2. Applied and mathematical linguistics
5. Angel Marfa de Lera Las ultimas banderas. Barcelona, Espana, Editorial Planeta, S. A., Corcega 1967, -407 p.
6. Cela C.J. La colmena. — Madrid: Edicion de Jorge Urrita 1951, Edicion Cadedrales S. A. 1955., Catedra Letras Hispanicas. - 1980. - 335 p.
7. Juan Goytisolo Reivindicacion Del Conde Don Julian. Letras Hispanicas. Segunda Edicion ed. Madrid: Catedra, 1995. 306 p.
8. Spanish-Russian Dictionary of Phrase and Idioms/E. I. Levintova. - M.: Russian language, 1985. - P. 1080.
Dr. Gjata Suzana Samarxhiu, Lecturer at University “Moisiu Aleksander",
Durres, Albania.
Faculty of education, Department of Foreign Languages
E-mail: smrxh@yahoo.com
The structure of coordinate construction in English and Albanian
Abstract: The main aim of this article is to analyze the structure of coordinate construction in English and Albanian. Contrasting these structures in two different languages is a very important approach because it highlights the similarities and differences in two different languages which genetically are not the same. Based on my experience in teaching English as a second language, students find learning a second language easier if it is compared with their mother tongue.
Coordination is a device used in a language to take two elements together to form a single element. In both languages, the equality of the coordinates is reflected in the fact that they usually either of them can stand alone in place of the whole coordination. In contrast to the subordination, where the elements are of unequal status and one element is head, the other is dependent; the coordinate is of equal status that functions of head.
Keywords: coordination, non-hierarchical, coordinate, coordinator, grammar, contrast.
Introduction
Many authors have conducted several studies regarding coordination, which is a non-hierarchical connection in language. Most of them dispute on the difference between coordination as a non-hierarchical connection and subordination as a hierarchical one. Both types of connection have been examined on sentence level. However our main aim is to focus on coordination as non-hierarchical connection.
When you say or write something, you often want to put together two or more clauses, nouns phrases, verbs, adjectives and adverbs, or other word groups. For example:
1. John and Katelyn are friends. [NP]
Xhon dhe Kejtlin jane shokä.
2. They arrived on Tuesday or Wednesday. [adverbial]
Ata mberritän tä martän ose te märkuren.
3. They arrived on Tuesday or they arrived on Wednesday. [clause]
Ata mbärritän tä martän ose ata mbärritän tä märkurän.
A coordinate is a syntactic constituent consisting of two or more units and its category is identical to that of at least one of the conjuncts. Generally, there is an element to link the conjuncts. Such an element is called a coordinator, which is further classified as a conjunctive (and), disjunctive (or) and adversative coordinator (but) [1, 9].
The structure of coordination
As mentioned above, coordination is a relation between two or more elements of syntactically equal status. From a semantic point of view a coordinator expresses the relation between the coordinates, but syntactically it belongs to the coordinate that follows it, they form a constituent together [2,
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