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146в сознании человека» [1, с. 28] - носителя конкретного языка. Новая научная парадигма -лингвокогнитивная - ставит вопрос о преобразовании предметов и явлений в когнитивные или ментальные структуры - концепты, которые, с одной стороны, являются «источником функционально-семантической и грамматической структуры языкового знания», а с другой -накопителями информации о познаваемом объекте.
Работы многих отечественных и зарубежных исследователей в области когнитивной лингвистики, психолингвистики, лингвометодики дают возможность для формулирования основных положений, на основе которых может строиться коммуникативно-когнитивное обучение иноязычному речевому общению: - семантическая структура любого языка не является универсальной, так как она в значительной степени зависит от специфики самого языка, а также базируется на конвенциальной образности и соотносится со структурами знания, объективируемыми в конкретном языке [2, с. 511]; - лексикон и грамматика являются хранилищами «конвенциальной образности», которые отличаются от языка к языку.
Это означает, что при коммуникативно-когнитивном обучении иностранному языку студентов необходимо принимать во внимание следующие критерии, на основе которых строится осознанное понимание языковых единиц: 1) анализ и изучение каждого грамматического явления в аспекте формы, значения языковых средств и особенностей их использования в различных речевых ситуациях; 2) выявление особенностей выражения грамматических значений, отношений и показ актуализации языковых средств в речи; 3) учет особенностей использования языковых единиц в зависимости от сферы употребления; 4) показ роли тех или иных языковых единиц в процессе иноязычной речевой деятельности [3, с. 52].
Более того, коммуникативно-когнитивное обучение дает возможность студентам прежде всего самим осознавать и учитывать не только структурно-системную, но и коммуникативно-когнитивную значимость изучаемых языковых единиц, закономерности их употребления в различных речевых ситуациях, понимать, что от этого во многом зависит эффективность формирования и развития их профессионально-коммуникативной компетенции.
Список литературы
1. Бабушкин А.П. Типы концептов в лексико-фразеологической семантике языка. Воронеж: Изд-во Воронеж. гос. ун-та, 1996.
2. Langacker R.W. Foundations of cognitive grammar. Stanford, Calif. [Great Britain]: Stanford Univ. Pr., 1991. Vol. 2: Descriptive application.
3. Халеева И.И. Основы теории обучения пониманию иноязычной речи: подготовка переводчиков. М.: Высш. шк., 1989.
SEMANTIC AND STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE ENGLISH AND UZBEK IDIOMS Shoyimkulova M.Sh.
Shoyimkulova Mahzuna Shavkatovna — Teacher, DEPARTMENT THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, BUKHARA ENGINEERING-TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, BUKHARA, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: this article states about the importance of using Phraseology. Here is said that phraseological system reflects the rich historical heritage and customs of any nation; it is passed on from one generation to another. Abundance of idioms forming the system is a result of enriching a language and speech.
Keywords: the forms of word combination, semantic and structural constant unities, phraseological unities, research, similarities, differences, interrelations.
Phraseology is considered to be a microsystem of the general system of a language. Phraseological system reflects the rich historical heritage and customs of any nation; it is passed on from one generation to another. Abundance of idioms forming the system is a result of enriching a language and speech. The interrelations between the components of idioms form a phraselogical system. "The complex of phraseological unities or idioms form the phraseological layer of any language." Idioms are the word combinations comprised of two or more words which are inseparable and constant
according to semantic and structural formation. Idioms are used for figurative sense and have definite norms of historical usage. Their meanings are revealed during a certain discourse. Although idioms possess the forms of word combination or even sentence they deeply differ from these speech patterns. As a lexical unity they are mostly close to words; most of the features concerning a word are inherent in idioms too. Idioms are not made during the speech like a word combination or sentence, but is ready-made pattern in a language as words. So idioms are considered to be a language phenomenon not the speech one.
It is possible to research the similarities and differences between the English and Uzbek languages studying them through comparative- typological analysis. In both languages which are being compared idioms are formed by two or more words and are semantic and structural constant unities. They have peculiar morphological and syntactic formation and grammatical and semantic connection of the words makes a whole meaning.
Russian linguist V.V. Vinogradov divides idioms in both languages into three groups according to semantics. (Table 1) As the linguist G.B. Antrushina says, "this division is the first semantic one and hasn't lost its value in linguistics" [1, 189].
Table 1. Semantic classification of idioms
№ GROUPS ENGILSH UZBEK
1 Phraselogical fusions To leave smb. in the lurch, kick the bucket, red tape, a pie in the sky, once in a blue moon, heavy father Esi chiqib ketdi, tepa sochi tikka bo'ldi, boshi osmonga yetdi, yuragiga qil sig'maydi
2 Phraseological unities To catch at a straw, between two fires, to know which way the wind blows, to see the world through rosy spectacles Og'zi ochilmoq, yerga qaradi, bel bog'ladi, temirni qizig'ida bosmoq, tarvuzi qo'ltig'idan tushmoq
3 Phraseological combinations Gospel truth, bosom friends Achchiq gap, gapning tuzi
Both languages are relatively rich in phraseological unities. Phraseological patterns are classified according to structure as following (Table 2):
Table 2. Structural classification of idioms
№ GROUPS ENGILSH UZBEK
1 Verbal To talk through one's hat Kavushinito'g'rilabqo'ymoq
2 Substantive Dark horse Ammamningbuzog'i
3 Adjective Safe and sound Mayda gap
4 Adverbial By hook or by crook Og'ziqulog'ida
5 Interjectional Good heavens! Qulingo'rgilsin!
The analyses of the patterns indicate that verbal patterns are mostly spread out in both languages. Idioms of the languages have typical syntactic part and they are analyzed as a whole but not separable as word combinations are done (Table 3).
Table 3. Syntactic role of idioms
№ PARTS OF SPEECH ENGILSH UZBEK
1 Substantive Your new broom looks very smart. Aravani quruq olib qochish sizga yarashmas ekan.
2 Predicate Don't play ducks and drakes with your father's money. Hozir Zamirning ko'ngliga qil ham sig'masdi.
3 Object Do you want to examine our new broom? Nazokatning oldiga kirish uchun xezlanardi-yu, biroq qizishib turgan bir paytda yana qosh qo'yaman deb ko'z chiqarib qo'yishdan hayiqardi.
4 Attribute Mr. Smith is a suspicious man. This is the house of the dark Qo'y og'zidan cho'p olmaydigan Ergashga nima bo'ldi?
horse.
5 Adverbial modifier He was thrown out neck and crop. Ko'z ochib yumguncha necha ming piyoda va suvori kishilar paydo bo'ldi.
The phenomena of lexical and grammatical variations are intrinsic in both languages.
As A.A. Reformatsky says, "idioms are combinations of word tending to be a single word"[4, 92]. It should be pointed out that idioms in the English and Uzbek languages cannot always be the equivalent of a word. For example:
To stand (stick) to one's guns, to catch (clutch) at a straw, not to lift (raise, turn, stir) a finger;
Boshdayong'oq (tosh) chaqmoq, bir tiyin (pul);
Soyasiga salom bermoq- soyasiga ko 'rpacha solmoq.
Besides, a phenomenon of grammatical variation is observed in both languages:
The Procrustes' bed= the Procrustean bed; take away somebody's breath= take somebody's breath away;
A Herculian labour= Herculian labours= a labour of Hercules;
O'tirgani joy topolmaslik= o 'tirishga joy topolmaslik;
Qo 'yninipuch yong 'oqqa to 'ldirmoq= qo 'yninipuch yong 'oq bilan to 'ldirmoq.
One of more peculiarities of idioms in both languages is the vast usage of them in fiction and oral speech. For instance, the outstanding Uzbek writer Abdulla Kakhkhor and English writer Arthur Conan Doyle widely and effectively used idioms in their works.
Recent investigations show that there are some differences between English and Uzbek idioms.
In English phraseological unities are separated into nominative, communicative, neither nominative nor communicative types. In Uzbek they are divided into synonyms, antonyms, homonyms and paronyms according to semantic-structural formation.
It is known that the English and Uzbek languages genetically belong to two different familiesthat are the German and Turkish. English is an analytic language; however Uzbek belongs to synthetic languages. It is obvious in phraseological samples of English and Uzbek.
Most of English idioms are formed by prepositions existing in the English language:
To catch at a straw, lose one's heart to smb., to look a gift horse in the mouth, a fish out of water, to lock the stable door after the horse is stolen.
In Uzbek suffixes are widely used for this case:
Ammamning buzog'i, og'zi qulog'ida, kalavaning uchini yo'qotmoq, ko'ngli to'q, tandirni qizig'ida yopmoq.
Some of English idioms are conveyed as a delineating interpretation in Uzbek. For instance, the idiom "ship of desert" in English means "a camel" and it is uttered into Uzbek as "sahrokemasi". "Sahrokemasi" is not an idiom but a delineating interpretation. Some linguists assume that idioms have interdependent connection. Idiom is a unity of words which possess a figurative sense together. It is composed of components that are words which have a specific interrelation. All the components are equal. They are analyzed as a whole either from semantic side or syntactic one. If they are analyzed separately they turn into a common word combination. So it is the evidence of absence of interdependence. As a conclusion, the analyses of samples point that there are a number of similarities and differences between structures of two compared languages. (Table 4).
Table 4. Similarities and differences of the english and uzbek languages
Idiom Semantic classificat ion Structural classification Synta ctic role Lexical variation Grammatic al variation Formation
By preposit ions By suffixes
English + + + + + +
Uzbek + + + + + +
References
1. Antrushina G.B. and others. English Lexicology. M., 1985.
2. KuninA.V. English phraseology. M., 1970.
3. Rahmatullaev Sh. Beautiness of our speech. T., 1970.
4. Reformatsky A.A. Introduction to linguistics. M., 1956.
5. ^rry D. Illustrated American Idioms.
6. McMordie W. English Idioms and How to Use Them. Oxford University Press, 1956.
