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Section 9. Philology and linguistics
https://doi.org/10.29013/ESR-20-1.2-106-112
Karimova Madina Saydulla kizi, 2nd year PhD doctorate at Andizhan State University, Republic of Uzbekistan E-mail: oybek.komilov@bk.ru
MATERIALS FOR THE STUDY OF MODERN PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS
Abstract. This article provides information on the problems of translating phrases, terms and phrases that are part of paremiology into other languages. All terms are easily translated into another language, and they have a general and clear meaning. The idiom on the contrary is individual, and often in direct translation is unintelligible and meaningless and needs special interpretations. Numerous examples have been proved by their use of text and their semantic analysis. It is also illustrated by the fact that different sets of phrases in different languages are not homogeneous, some of them are in sentences and their translation of syntax complicates the process.
Keywords: Phraseology, Phraseologisms, terms, idioms, understanding, development, language, translation.
Introduction subject of research of phraseology. However, not all,
Phraseology is "a section of linguistics that stud- not all phrases... As the simplest form of expres-ies stable figurative combinations of words with a sion of synthesizing thought, phrases are dissected generalized-integral meaning in their current state unity of speech related to syntax. But those phrases and historical development. The subject of study of in which the internal commeasure of component phraseology is phraseological turnovers, also called words is determined by semantic unity, semantic phraseological units". integrity cannot be the object of syntactic study -
Phraseologisms are called stable language units they are so close to vocabulary as compound tokens consisting of two or more components, the sum of that they must be considered either completely inde-the values of which is not equal to the whole. So, the pendently - in phraseology or in terms of lexicology, phraseology "through the sleeves" does not mean lexicography, as was done until recently. The phrase, deflated sleeves in the literal sense, but conveys the as a special and peculiar kind of speech unity, has idea of "poor quality work." In English, the phraseo- been relatively recently noticed and highlighted logical unit will be, for example, the expression "to by linguists. Further, it became apparent that the look forward" in the meaning of "expect". richest collection of phrases of any language is het-
According to B. A. Larina, "only phrases are in- erogeneous, that one part of it gravitates to a sen-cluded in the circle of observations and become the tence and relates to syntax, the other approaches
the word - these are "indecomposable combinations" (A. A. Shakhmatov), "stable combinations" (S. I. Abakumov), i.e. close unity of several words expressing a holistic view. They are decomposable only etymologically, i.e., outside the system of the modern language, in historical terms. This part of phrases should be distinguished from the syntax, but cannot be transferred to the jurisdiction of lexicology - it is precisely this that constitutes the subject of phraseology" [1].
Methods
There are several options for classifying phraseological units. A. A. Reformatski shared all the words into terms and idioms. The term is easily translatable into other languages, it is general and unambiguous. The idiom, on the contrary, is individual, often incomprehensible in translation, needs special comments. As an example of an idiom Reformatski cites the word "hare" in the meaning "passenger without a ticket" [2, P. 95].
Results and discussions
In his opinion, idioms are identical to phraseological units which allows us to speak of an extremely broad understanding of phraseological units: in this case, almost all words used in a figurative meaning fall under this concept.
By V. V. Vinogradov phraseological units in the languages of the world can be divided into three types:
1) Phraseological accretions - "maximally frozen lexical combinations, where the understanding of the whole does not depend on incomprehensible words ("get rid of it "," near the devil on the sand pipes, "sharpen the baldness"), from incomprehensible grammatical forms ("add nothing", "can hardly "," Parable "," and the whole short term") or where the words and forms are understandable, but the meaning of individual words does not clarify the whole (to starve a worm, sit on beans, how to drink to give), finally, in cases where this the phrase requires a special intonation that conveys a special expression (here's to you al! God forbid! That's how cranberries! Vanish into thin air!)" [3, P. 119].
In English, phraseological units of this type include expression using the zoononym it's raining cats and dogs, as well as expressive exclamations of the type by Jove!
2) Phraseological unity, where "there are weak signs of the semantic independence of individual words and the presence of dependence on understanding the whole on understanding the components (what the hell is not joking; and cheap and cheerful; not a bottom or a tire; an elephant grains; pour from empty to empty; make from an elephant's flies; to keep a stone in his bosom; to take litter out of the hut)" [4, P. 66]. In English, combinations of this type are expressions in a nutshell - in a nutshell, a rolling stone gathers no moss - a rolling stone of moss cannot collect, every cloud has its silver lining - each cloud has a silver side (there is no silver lining), etc.
3) Phraseological combinations are the most "free" of non-free combinations, where "understanding the meaning of individual words is necessary for understanding the whole and, as a rule, substitutions are possible, but within certain lexical limits, and the meaning of the whole may change: look down (look, eyes, head), thought found (doubt, inspiration), horror takes (fear, longing, chagrin, envy)" [5]. In English, such phraseological units are the expressions (as) blind as a bat (brickbat or mole) - blind as a bat (mole, bat), (as) dead as a door-nail - dead as a door nail, (as) dry as a bone - dry as a bone, (as) sober as a judge - drunk as a judge, (as) soft as butter - soft as butter, (as) weak as a cat (or as water) - weak as cat (like water).
N. M. Shansky later added to this classification the type of "phraseological expressions", to which he attributed expressions consisting of freely used words, but reproduced in speech - that is, case statements.
Precedent statements form part of precedent phenomena. Precedent phenomena can be divided into precedent texts - a reference to some well-known text, precedent situations - a reference to a certain proposition, plot, and precedent statements -a reference to a proverb, proverb and famous quote.
A case statement is "a reproduced product of speech and thought activity; a complete and self-sufficient unit, which may or may not be predicative; a complex sign, the sum of the values of which is not equal to its meaning; the latter is always "wider" than a simple sum of values; the precedent statement itself is included in the cognitive base" [6, P. 47]. In Russian and English practice, this can be a proverb, a proverb, a hidden or explicit quote from a classic work - To be or not to be - To be or not to be, May there always be a sun!
B. A. Larin considers phraseological units from the point ofview of their history: for each phraseological unit, as he points out, there is a certain precedent situation (which brings phraseological units closer to case phenomena), and its essence allows us to divide phraseological units into idiomatic and metaphorical ones. "The first category is the variable phrases that prevail in every language at any stage of its development. According to the steps of ascending to indecompos-
A. I. Smirnitsky, considering phraseological units on the example of the English language, identifies two main types ofphraseological units - single-peak and two-peak. "In modern English, it is possible to distinguish two structural-semantic types of phraseological units. Some of them, similar to derivative words, have one semantically full-valued element and can be conditionally called single-peak. Others, like complex words, have at least two such meaningful elements, but may have more (cf. every other day - every other day) - the same as the number of
able combinations (idioms), the closest category in the available classifications should be transition from free to stable, stereotypical phrases. ... The second category of collocations is clearly distinguished by the presence of stereotype, traditionality and metaphorical rethinking, a departure from the original meaning, allegorical application. We will call this group metaphorical phrases - according to the main attribute that defines them. ... The third and final category are idioms ... Idioms differ from metaphorical phrases in a more deformed, abbreviated, distant from the original composition (lexical and grammatical) and a noticeable weakening of the semantic articulation, which determines metaphoricality, i.e., semantic duplicity. Idioms, as was said, are formed as a result of the long-term development of both the form and meaning of phrases; this is the last stage, since in the future they can only fall out of the phraseological reserve, either turning into service elements of speech, or completely disappearing from everyday life" [7].
components of complex words (cf. one-hundred-horse-power- engine - a car with a capacity of one hundred horsepower). It seems possible to call this phraseological units conditionally two-peer and multi-peaks" [9, P. 212].
An example of a single-peak phraseological unit in the Russian language can be an expression from a plow characterizing a person with a peasant past, and a two-peak expression, reluctantly, washing hands, etc.
N. N. Amosova, classifying English phraseological units, identifies the so-called idioms and
Table 1. - Classification of phraseological units by V. V. Vinogradov and B. A. Larin [8]:
VVVinogradov BA. Larin
Phraseology Free = Free
Phraseological combinations = Free Metaphorical collocations
Idioms Phraseological Unities = Metaphorical wore combinations
Phraseological adhesions Phraseology
Idioms
phrases. If phraseologism is easily divided and its general meaning is deduced from the meaning of its parts, then such combinations are called phrases: "We agree to name the meaning of a semantically realized word, depending on a constant, that is, the only possible index minimum, a phraseologically related meaning. The unit of a constant context in which the meaning of a semantically realized word is phraseologically connected, we agree to call a phrase" [10, P. 59]. Phrases differ from idioms
whose components are less independent in meaning: "Therefore, we have a special type of constant context in which there is no distribution of contextual functions characteristic of the phrase between the components of the phrase: there is no semantically realizable and keyword, and none of the components has a phraseologically related meaning, depending on the relationship with other components. There is a certain general, indivisible meaning of the whole phrase as a whole...
Table 2.- The classification of English phraseological units by Smirnitsky can be combined in the following summary table: Single-vertex and two-vertex phraseological units
Phraseologisms Idioms
Single vertex Yes No
More than one vertex No Yes
Stylistically Neutral Yes No
Stylistically labeled No Yes
Units of a constant context in which the index and semantically realizable element normally make up the identity and both are represented by the general lexical composition of the word combination and which are characterized by a holistic meaning, we agree to call idioms" [11, P. 72].
Close to this is the understanding of the idioms of A. V. Kunin: "Holistic meaning is a type of structural meaning of phraseological units with constant completely rethought components. As a result of this rethinking, both the literal meanings of the components and the syntactic relations are weakened. ... An idiom is a nominative, interjective, or communicative phraseological unit with a holistic meaning, characterized by a monolithic structure, i.e. being a closed turnover. From this definition it follows that open phraseological units, even with completely rethought constant components, do not belong to idioms" [12, P. 316].
To phraseologisms according to Amosova's classification, one should include such expressions as smoking bamboo (phrasem), to take off- take off
(phrasem), beat baclos (idiom), an Easter egg - Easter egg (idiom).
A very detailed classification of English phraseological units belongs to A. V. Kunin. In his work, "English phraseology" provides a summary table of types ofphraseological units. (Look to the Table 3).
In the work ofA. V. Kunin distinguished nominative phraseological units, interjection units and communicative phraseological units:
"By nomination, we mean the designation of a non-linguistic entity (object, phenomenon, process, etc.) by means of a word, phrase or nominative-predicative phrase, i.e. turnover with the structure (of an object, phenomenon, process, etc.) by means of a word, phrase or nominative-predicative turnover, i.e. turnover with the structure of the proposal with nominative value".
These include, for example, phraseological units be on top of the world - to be on top of the world, a bitter pill to swallow - to swallow a bitter pill, a bull in a china shop - an elephant in a china shop, a cog in a machine - a tooth of a machine, a Daniel come to judgment - Daniel came to court, Hamlet without
the Prince of Denmark - Hamlet without the Prince the tower, new wine in old bottles - new wine in old of Denmark, have bats in the belfry - have bats in bottles and others.
Table 3.- Types of phraseological units by A. V. Kunin
Nominal phraseological units Nominative- communicative phraseological units Phraseological units that cannot be considered either nominative or communicative Communicative phraseological units
collocations with coordination link collocations with control link predicative combinations verbal units that can be transformed into a passive voice of the verb Interjection other types of phraseological logisms
as the crow flies - how a raven flies the ice is broken - the ice is broken By Jove! - By God!
In Russian, phraseological units of this type include not all of his expressions at home, Permian -salty ears, quieter driving - you will continue on, etc. "Interjectional phraseological units are phraseological units that serve to express feelings and volitional impulses. They have neither nominative nor communicative functions. Their syntactic nature remains unclear to this day" [12, P. 315]. These phraseolo-gisms include: by George! - I swear by St. George! by Jove! - by golly, hear, hear! - listen, listen!, sakes alive! - for the sake of the living! Jesus christ! - Jesus Christ! Father's lights! Christmas trees, sticks, etc.
Under communicative A. V. Kunin understands phraseological units, which are whole sentences. "Communication in accordance with the traditional linguistic understanding is a message about reality expressed by a sentence. The message can be both narrative, and interrogative and incentive. Hence the division ofsentences into narrative, interrogative and incentive".
For example, these expressions are the coast is clear - the shore is clean, the fat's in the fire - add oil to the fire, the shoe is on the other foot - the shoe is on the wrong foot, that's a horse of another color -this horse is a different color, that's another pair of shoes is another pair of shoes, it's as broad as it's long = it's as long as it's broad - as long as wide (what to put, what to put).
In the Russian language to communicative phraseological units by A. V. Kunin should include all sorts of proverbs and sayings. "Among communicative phraseological units, one should distinguish sayings, that is, communicative phraseological units of a non-logical character, and proverbs, i.e. communicative units, which are short sayings of a generalizing and edifying nature. At first glance, the difference between proverbs and proverbs is purely semantic. However, it is not. In general, proverbs have a more closed structure than sayings. This is proved by the absence of proverbs with constant-variable and constant-variable-variable dependencies of the components. Proverbs are characterized not only by a completely rethought meaning, but also partially rethought, rarely found in proverbs, and the English proverb may contain one word with a metaphorical meaning, two words with a metaphorical meaning or a phrase with a metaphorical meaning" [13, P. 313].
The phraseology of any nation is inextricably linked with the history, culture, traditions and literature of a nation that speaks that language, and accordingly is often used by authors of literary works. Phraseologisms in Russian and English differ in their characteristics, since Russian phraseological units are more often single-peak phraseological unions in which obsolete or uncommon words are
preserved: beat bacilli, sharpen laces, etc. English-language phraseological units are for the most part more flexible, more transparent in meaning, and therefore, you can often see a component replacement or addition in them: for example, the name of the Die Hard franchise in the fifth series is expanded to Good Day to Die Hard.
Further, Russian phraseological units often go back to some precedent situations: for example, porridge from an ax is part of a fairy tale about a soldier who cooked porridge from an ax a lime foot is also part of a fairy tale about a bear that broke his leg. In English-language practice, many phraseological units have not retained ties with certain precedent texts.
If we take the situation with the use of phraseological units in speech, then the use of phraseological units in everyday speech, in anecdotes, in stories of life stories, etc. is common in the Russian language uzus. At the same time, phraseological units are more often used in English-language practice as part of a journalistic and even scientific style. In Russian practice, there is a "gap" between everyday colloquial style and book styles: official business, scientific, etc. In English practice, this "gap" does not exist: a person can use phraseology in an official speech, and this will not seem inappropriate to any of the listeners or offensive.
Thus, phraseological unit (phraseological unit) is a stable expression consisting of two or more words, the meaning of which does not equal the sum of the values of the whole, but acquires a special idiomatic character. Several approaches to the classification of
phraseological units are proposed. V. V. Vinogradov identifies phraseological units, phraseological unity and phraseological combinations based on the tightness of the cohesion of the elements of phraseological units. N. M. Shansky adds to this a fourth type with even less close connections between the components, phraseological expressions. B. A. Larin examines the types of phraseological units by their origin, highlighting the metaphorical and idiomatic phraseological units.
Conclusion
In order to study modern phraseological units, it is advisable to evaluate them according to the following criteria:
- The presence of one or more peaks of phrase-ologism - the number of phraseological units, which are semantic centers;
- The attribution of this phraseology to one of the types according to the classification of V. V. Vi-nogradova - phraseological units (indivisible units in which one of the components or both practically does not have independent use), phraseological units (independent units that combine into phraseological units, the meaning of the whole is not equal to the sum of the values of the components) and phraseological combinations (independent components in stable phrases);
- The type of phraseologism stability - sustainable use, lexical stability (a typical combination with a stable meaning), syntactic stability (a typical often reproduced phrase structure);
- The connotation attached to the precedent statement within the framework of phraseology.
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