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Вестник МГУ. Сер. 19. Лингвистика и межкультурная коммуникация. 2005. № 1
For the 95th Anniversary of Prof. Alexander V. Kunin
T.N. Fedulenkova
DERIVATIONAL TENDENCIES IN COMMUNICATIVE
PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS
The paper is dedicated to my teacher, to the outstanding linguist Alexander V. Kunin who introduced a most productive phraseological conception and an original method of phraseological identification that was first formulated in his doctoral thesis in the early sixties1 and developed and modified in the scholar's later books2. Alexander V. Kunin contributed greatly to the whole theory of phraseology. It was he who developed the basic notions of phraseology as a self-contained linguistic discipline, in particular the definition of the phraseological unit (PU), the co-relativity of the phraseological unit and the word, methods of phraseological research, the stability of phraseo-logical units, the phraseological meaning, the types of dependence of components in a phraseological unit, the volume of phraseology and its borders, stable word combinations of non-phraseological character, the demarcation of phraseology and phraseomaticity, the classification of phraseological units in modern English. Thus, Alexander V. Kunin represents "classical Russian theory", which as Antony P. Cowie has underlined, "with its later extensions and modifications, is probably the most pervasive influence at work in current phraseological studies and is unrivalled in its application to the design and compilation of dictionaries"3.
To begin with it is essential to define some of the terminology as there are many terms for the basic units within phraseology and what is more they are sometimes understood differently4. The most common one is the term idiom, which appears in a variety of senses, and hence it is vague and confusing. As Z. Kovecses puts it "The class of linguistic expressions that we call idioms is a mixed bag"5. Native English speakers use it to denote a mode of expression peculiar to a language, without differentiating between the grammatical and lexical levels6. It may also mean a group of words whose meaning is difficult or impossible to understand from the knowledge of the words considered separately. Moreover, idiom may be synonymous for the words "language" or "dialect", denoting a form of expression peculiar to a people, a country, a district, or to an individual.
Very often the term idiom is used in an extremely broad sense meaning a separate word, a combination of words, a proverb, a cliché or even a citation. Thus compound words are regarded as idioms by A. Makkai, I.R. Sheinin7, word combinations free of any metaphorical transformations are included in the category of idioms by N. Shanski and S. Gavrin8. A more or less agreeable definition of the term idiom is given by
D.M. Gulland and D.G. Hinds-Howell in the preface to "The Penguin Dictionary of English Idioms" who define an idiom as "a combination of words with a special meaning that cannot be inferred from its separate parts"9. An extremely broad understanding of idiomaticity is found in the book "English Idioms and How to Use them", in which the author supplies the example I am good friends with him stating that "this is, therefore, an example of the kind of idiom where the form is irregular but the meaning clear" and arguing that "a native speaker is not consciously aware of this inconsistency"10. If we follow this argumentation in the process of identification of idioms, then all the grammatical irregularities a native speaker is unaware of may be regarded as idioms, which is impossible.
At the same time, however, R. Gläser defines the term idiom in a much narrower, phraseological sense: "An idiom is a lexicalized, reproducible word-group of common usage which has syntactic and semantic stability, may carry connotations, and whose meaning cannot be derived from the meanings of its constituents. Thus, an idiom is characterized by a specific choice and combination of semantic components (or semantic markers or semes) carried by its constituents"11. It is pointed out by the author, that in British and American studies the umbrella term for word-like and sentence-like set expressions is idiom, irrespective of their semantic peculiarities, while in continental European studies the umbrella term is phraseological unit, and the idiom is understood as the largest subgroup of phraseological units inside the phrasicon.
I am inclined, therefore, to maintain Moon's statement that "idiom is an ambiguous term, used in conflicting ways"12. The extensive use of the term idiom only creates a terminological confusion. Hence A. Nacis-cione's recognition that "the terminological situation cannot be easily resolved except by avoiding the term idiom altogether"13 is quite understandable. Nevertheless I would not reject the term as I maintain that the term idiom is applicable to those phraseological units, which have full transfer of component meaning14 and are non-motivated as a result. In this respect I fully accept Victor V. Vinogradov's understanding of idioms as phraseological fusions, i.e. unmotivated combinations of words or set expressions functioning as word equivalents (fraseologicheskiye srasche-niya)15. Besides, there are also other terms, such as conventionalized multiword expressions16, multiword units11, idiomatic word groups, or collocations18, word-combination19, winged words20, fixed expressions21 multi-word lexical items, a particular lexical collocation or phrasal lexeme22 and many others. Among competing terms for word groups under study the following ones are enumerated: phrase, collocation, macrolexeme, hyperlexeme, string, word-group lexeme, ready-made utterance, set expression, etc.23
In my study of proverbial English phraseology I shall keep to the term a phraseological unit (PU) that was defined by Alexander V. Kunin as follows: "A phraseological unit is a stable combination of words with
a fully or partially figurative meaning"24. Actually this definition is best suited for the purpose as it embraces two inherent properties of PUs, i.e. stability and figurative meaning, which serve to differentiate phraseological units from free word combinations, on the one hand, and from set expressions with no figurative meaning, on the other hand. I also follow Alexander V. Kunin in his understanding of proverbs, possessing (or obtaining) transference of meaning, as communicative phraseological units25. However though some linguists find it debatable to regard proverbs as phraseological units and some supply arguments against including proverbs into the scope of phraseology26.
In modern English there is a general tendency to lessen the number of components in proverbs. It has been observed that long proverbs, i.e. those having more than ten components, gradually cease to be used in their full form and give birth to elliptical derivatives. Thus, the communicative phraseological unit The pitcher goes once too often to the well but is broken at last consisting of 14 components, and having the meaning "success will in the end be followed by failure" (Urdang 1996: 256) is not often used in current English in its full length. A natural streaming of native speakers to language economy causes clipping of components in the long proverb. During the process of primary clipping the five final components of the proverb undergo omission (but is broken at last), and as a result a nine-component quantitative derivative appears in speech The pitcher goes once too often to the well, which means the same as the original proverb (see the illustrations below: (e.g. 1), (e.g. 2)).
The clipping of component structure of the proverb becomes less occasional and more usual not only in oral speech but also in written speech. The quantitative change of the form of the proverbial communicative phraseological unit is accompanied by occasional changes in its grammatical structure with the view of producing a certain pragmatic effect (e.g. 3), (e.g. 4). Further clipping of the component structure of the given communicative phraseological unit results in a three-word set expression of non-communicative character which functions as an adverbial modifier in the sentence (e.g. 5), (e.g. 6).
The resulting clipped unit is actually a phraseological one as the meaning of the whole is different from the meanings of its components. The question arises as to what the linguistic status of the resulting phraseological unit is, i.e. if it is a variant of the original proverbial unit or whether it is its derivative. Some linguists maintain that the resulting unit is a variant of the initial proverb. The arguments for that are as follows: a) both the units obtain a lexical invariant, b) the resulting non-communicative phraseologism once too often retains the seme of recurrence of some condemned action and the pejorative colouring of the prototype.
I maintain that the structural foundation of phraseological variants consists in the lexical invariant, i.e. some constant component in the form of a notional word — a basic seme for all the variants, and the identity
of the image retains with all possible changes of a phraseological unit. If the lexical invariant is absent, then breakage of variability takes place and the unit cannot be regarded as phraseological. The identity of a phraseological unit is possible only when the lexical invariant is retained27. Besides, combinability of the phraseological units, or their distribution in an utterance, is to be taken into consideration. If the environment of PUs in the utterance is different, that means that their identity is broken and they cannot be regarded as variants of one and the same phraseological unit. Thus, in the case under analysis the phraseologism once too often exists in the English language as a reduced derivative of the corresponding proverbial PU. It cannot be considered a variant of its proverbial prototype because it does not possess all the features of the variant singled out by Alexander V. Kunin in his doctoral thesis28, namely:
a) identity according to the quality of meanings,
b) identity according to the quantity of meanings,
c) identity according to the stylistic functions,
d) identity according to the syntactic functions,
e) identity according to the combinability with other words,
f) partial identity in lexical composition,
g) partial identity in the forms of the word components,
h) partial identity in the component order.
One might disagree with the arguments on the points (d) and (e), which is actually done by some Russian authors. Though, Vial'tseva, for example, insists on stylistic differentiation of proverbs and their clipped derivatives and argues that native speakers are more favourable in their comprehension of occasionally clipped proverbial phraseologisms as full-length proverbs seem to sound too didactic29. As to the identity of the syntactic role of the proverb and its derivative, the matter is that: though English sentence is able to undergo lexicalization30 it is not practically employed in any function in the sentence except that of an attribute.
The proverbial communicative phraseological unit The pitcher goes once too often to the well but is broken at last looses — as a result of bilateral clipping — about 80% of its component structure and nevertheless it retains its associative ties with its genetic prototype. And this is not the only case in modern English. The same percentage relation is observed between some other proverbial PUs and their clipped derivatives. For instance, in PU Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise there are also fourteen components. And due to the speech elimination only three components are left early to bed, and the resulting non-communicative phraseological unit shows the growth of abstraction of its nominative potential (e.g. 7), (e.g. 8).
The tendency to clip poly-component communicative phraseological units is characterized by stability in modern English which is testified to by numerous textual examples fixed in dictionaries (Cowie 1984; Urdang 1996; Warren 1997; Walter 2001). Among the most outstanding dictionaries of this type is Alexander V. Kunin's English-Russian Phraseological
Dictionary31 acknowledged by Anthony P. Cowie as "a meticulous work of scholarship and a model of theory-driven lexicography"32:
a) Do not count your chickens before they are hatched > count one's chickens (e.g. 9), (e.g. 10).
b) Talk of the devil and he is sure to appear > talk of the devil (e.g. 11), (e.g. 12).
c) What is bred in the bone will come out in the flesh > bred in the bone (e.g. 13), (e.g. 14).
d) It is an ill bird that fouls its own nest > foul one's own nest (e.g. 15), (e.g. 16).
e) It is the last straw that breaks the camel's back > the last straw (e.g. 17), (e.g. 18).
In his last book on phraseology of modern English Alexander V. Kunin draws the attention of the reader to the ability of long proverbs to become obsolete33. One cannot but agree with the statement though it may be debatable in the sense that the life of poly-component proverbs is usually prolonged by their clipped derivatives as the latter serve as a constant allusion pointing out to their poly-component prototype. It has nevertheless been observed that not only poly-component proverbial PUs undergo clipping in modern English speech which is later fixed in dictionaries. Many short proverbs of modern English, comprising 5—6 or even 4 components demonstrate an evident tendency to clip their structure and thus enrich the corresponding lexico-phraseological paradigm with two-component phraseologisms (for the term see also: Smirnitskiy34) of non-communicative character:
a) A new broom sweeps clean > a new broom (e.g. 19), (e.g.20).
b) Habit is (a) second nature > second nature (e.g. 21), (e.g. 22).
c) There is safety in numbers > safety in numbers (e.g. 23), (e.g. 24).
d) Second thoughts are best > second thoughts (e.g. 25), (e.g. 26).
e) Forbidden fruit is sweetest > forbidden fruit (e.g. 27), (e.g. 28).
These observations lead me to the conclusion that clipping of components in the field of communicative proverbial phraseology is presently of extensive character. The tendency of clipping of communicative phraseological units is realized by means of omitting one component or the whole group of components. According to the position of the proverbial part that has been omitted, I suggest the following terms for the resulting clipped derivatives: 1) initially clipped phraseological derivatives, 2) finally clipped phraseological derivatives, and 3) bilaterally clipped phraseological derivatives (For the terms apocope, apheresis, anti-etclipsis see: Fedou-lenkova35).
Initially clipped phraseological derivatives are phraseological units that appear as a result of clipping / omitting an initial component or a group of components of the communicative phraseological unit: stand on one's own bottom < Every tub must stand on its own bottom; return to one's vomit < The dog returns to his vomit; call the tune < He who pays the piper calls the tune; the better part of valour < Discretion is the better
part of valour; etc. The structural-grammatical types of initial PU derivatives are as follows:
a) two-component attributive-nominative phraseologisms (about the number of actual PU components see: Kunin36): second nature < Habit is a second nature; desperate remedies < Desperate diseases must have desperate remedies; a silver lining < Every cloud has a silver lining; spilt milk < It is no use crying over spilt milk (e.g. 29);
b) three-component prepositional-nominal phraseologisms: nine points of the law < Possession is nine points of the law; wise after the event < It is easy to be wise after the event; a rose without a thorn < There is no rose without a thorn (e.g. 30);
c) poly-component verbal-objective phraseologisms: make a silk purse out of a sow's ear < You cannot make a silk purse out of a sow's ear; stick to one's last < The cobbler should stick to his last; put back the clock < One cannot put back the clock (e.g. 31).
Finally clipped phraseological derivatives are phraseological units that appear as a result of clipping / omitting a final component or a group of components of the communicative phraseological unit: a burnt child < A burnt child dreads the fire; ill-gotten goods < Ill-gotten goods never prosper; it is an ill wind < It is an ill wind that blows nobody good; etc. As a result of final clipping of communicative PUs the language is enriched with the following types of phraseological units of non-communicative character:
a) substantival phraseologisms: barking dogs < Barking dogs seldom bite; a good beginning < A good beginning makes a good ending (e.g. 32);
b) verbal phraseologisms: spare the rod < Spare the rod and spoil the child; give a dog a bad name < Give a dog a bad name and hang him (e.g. 33);
c) adverbial phraseologisms: When in Rome < When at Rome, do as the Romans do; out of sight < Out of sight, out of mind (e.g. 34).
Bilaterally clipped phraseological derivatives are phraseological units that appear as a result of simultaneous clipping, i.e. omitting both the initial and the final component or a group of components of the communicative phraseological unit: lock the stable door < It is too late to lock the stable door when the horse is stolen; bred in the bone < What is bred in the bone will come out in the flesh; once too often < The pitcher goes once too often to the well but is broken at last; sleeping dogs < Let sleeping dogs lie (e.g. 35).
The clipped proverbial derivatives under study acquire the status of independent phraseological units as they obtain their own form, their own meaning and, what is more, their own function in discourse. Thus, one of the most productive tendencies in phraseological derivation in English is clipping of communicative phraseological units.
4 ВМУ, aHHraHCTHKa, № 1
Illustrations
(e.g. 1) "He went after the poachers, did he not?" said I. "Yes, as usual," replied my Tutor; "he has done it before scores of times." "The pitcher goes often to the well, but is broken at last," returned I. "I should not be surprised if the wretched man has been murdered by some of those against whom he waged such unceasing war" (J. Payn).
(e.g. 2) "It was fun scooping money from banks, trains and postoffices and the so-called security vans! It was fun planning and deciding, glorious fun and I'm glad I had it. The pitcher goes to the well once too often? That's what you said just now, wasn't it? I suppose it's true. Well, I had a good run for my money" (A. Christie).
(e.g. 3) "...the thief, or the kleptomaniac, is always the same — convinced that she can get away with it." Battle nodded his head. "That's true enough. Incredibly stupid. The pitcher goes to the well time after time... " (A. Christie).
(e.g. 4) "Rich tourists arriving in France and not worried unduly by the Customs because the Customs don't worry tourists when they're bringing money into the country. Not the same tourists too many times. The pitcher mustn't go to the well too often" (A. Christie).
(e.g. 5) "Glory be to the White Magic!" he cried. "Glory be to the silver bullet! The hellhound has hunted once too often, and my brothers are avenged at last" (G.K. Chesterton).
(e.g. 6) "No sudden catastrophe had overwhelmed them, no grand conflict in which they could at least die nobly. They had simply got drunk once too often and lost their money..." (R. Aldington).
(e.g. 7) "Well, it was not like the doctor to hold his peace at this glaring opposition to his favourite theory, and yet, to Tom's astonishment, he forbore to quote that threadbare and detestable adage, 'Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise' — proverbial and uncomfortable philosophy that Tom hated with all his foolish young heart" (J. Cary).
(e.g. 8) "I can't bear to tear myself away from the fun," she said, and it was clear that she really meant it. "But early to bed, you know. I'm sure I could do with a lot more wealth," she added with a sigh" (M. Wilson).
(e.g. 9) "My dear," said Cosmo, "I do wish you would not count all your chickens so long before they are hatched. You're not fair to yourself. I've told you so before." Her elation disappeared. Yes, she told him, that was just his way, wasn't it? To destroy her confidence?" (P Johnson).
(e.g. 10) "...he had his superstitions, and one of them was that counting your chickens in advance brought bad luck" (P.G. Wodehouse).
(e.g. 11) "The next morning she had a letter. When she saw the handwriting she thought, 'Talk of the devil and he'll appear.' And her heart leaped suddenly" (Bromfield).
(e.g. 12) "Oh, it's you, Mr. Wormold. I was just thinking of you. Talk of the devil," he said, making a joke of it, but Wormold could have sworn that the devil had scared him" (Gr. Greene).
(e.g. 13) "With wise and careful training many of her faults may be cured," said uncle Wallace, pompously. "I doubt it," said Aunt Ruth, in a biting tone. "What's bred in the bone comes out in the flesh. As for Douglas Starr, I think that it was perfectly disgraceful for him to die and leave that child without a cent" (Montgomery).
(e.g. 14) "I suppose you are devoted to your profession?" "Yes," he said simply. "It's bred in the bone, we've always had a sailor in the family" (J. Galsworthy).
(e.g. 15) "Do you mean to say, you scoundrel, that an Englishman is capable of selling his country to the enemy for gold?" "Not as a general thing I wouldn't say it, but there's men here would sell their own mothers for two coppers if they got the chance." "...it's an ill bird that fouls its own nest" (B. Shaw).
(e.g. 16) "You'll soon tell me I'm fouling my own nest, and I shall retort that it's foul enough without any assistance from me" (R. Aldington).
(e.g. 17) "It is the last straw that breaks the camel's back, though under many of the previous ones it has been cracking; and (although in reading of it, the cause seems absurdly disproportioned to the effect) at the request for the fish sauce recipe, she feels as if she must begin sobbing — begin and never stop" (R. Broughton).
(e.g. 18) "This was the last straw. He was throwing up her lawless girlhood to her as an offence" (Th. Dreiser).
(e.g. 19) "Everybody said how well the new Secretary was doing, but old Mr. Carr said shortly, 'Yes, new brooms sweep clean'" (B. Henderson).
(e.g. 20) "...D'ye know what they're callin' him round here? The "New Broom", because he's always sayin' he'll sweep the idea of God clean outa th' mind o' man" (S. O'Casey).
(e.g. 21) "Do you remember the good old saying, "Do what you ought, that you may do what you like"? Habit is second nature. Were I told that I might lie in bed every morning till nine or ten o'clock, as a great favour, I should consider it a great punishment" (Wood).
(e.g. 22) "Those rules of deduction laid down in that article which aroused your scorn are invaluable to me in practical work. Observation with me is second nature" (A.K. Doyle).
(e.g. 23) "After seeing him she thought at first that she would question him, but later decided that she would wait and watch more closely. Perhaps he was beginning to run around with other women. There was safety in numbers — that she knew" (Th. Dreiser).
(e.g. 24) "I might join you too," he said, "if no other arrangements have been made for me. It would be a bit like staying on shipboard if we stuck together." "Safety in numbers," the purser agreed" (Gr. Greene).
(e.g. 25) "Your inclination is to close with the offer. My advice is wait and think more about it, second thoughts are best" (B. Henderson).
(e.g. 26) "Influenced by a second thought she readily obeyed" (Th. Hardy).
(e.g. 27) "Such is the contrariness of the human heart, from Eve downwards, that we all, in our old Adam state, fancy things forbidden sweetest. So Mary dwelt upon and enjoyed the idea of some day becoming a lady, and doing all the elegant nothings appertaining to ladyhood" (E. Gaskell).
(e.g. 28) "It is somewhat ironic that many places which need water most critically have huge reserves in their front yard — California and Texas for example. Yet the salt in the sea water makes it a forbidden fruit' (R.E. Lapp).
(e.g. 29) "But she wouldn't cry; she was fortified by all the conventional remarks which came automatically to her mind about spilt milk and will be the same in fifty years" (Gr. Greene).
(e.g. 30) "On Richmond Hill there lives a lass, More sweet than May day morn, Whose charms all other maid surpass. A rose without a thorn" (McNelly).
(e.g. 31) "I have friends too," I said furiously. "One word and I could have you torn in pieces, Ranjit. I could put the clock back here and in Bhighat a long way, back to the time they killed your policeman down here! I could destroy your career, and the Governor's. I've only got to raise my finger and you'll have a thousand men in rebellion in these hills" (E.S. Gardner).
(e.g. 32) "Catherine" — Fraser hesitated — "you don't really know much about Larry, do you?" Catherine felt her back stiffening. "I know I love him, Bill," she said evenly, "and I know that he loves me. That's a pretty good beginning, isn't it?" (Sheldon).
(e.g. 33) "When he came along with his bunch of cassia and squatted on the ground for a chat, Sally could not believe all the yarns she had heard about the youngster. It was a case of give a dog a bad name, she thought; and Paddy had had a hard time fending for himself" (Prichard).
(e.g. 34) "He got in, slammed the door and started up the engine. In a moment the Volkswagen was on its way, across the piazza de Duca Carlo and out of sight. And out of my life as well" (Maurier).
(e.g. 35) "The thing's got to be faced; it's not in human nature for a sleeping dog like that to be allowed to lie. I don't care about young Desert." "I do," said Michael. "It's Dinny I'm thinking of" (J. Galsworthy).
Notes
1 См.: Кунин А.В. Основные понятия английской фразеологии как лингвистической дисциплины и создание англо-русского фразеологического словаря: Дис. ... докт. филол. наук. М., 1964.
2 См.: Кунин А.В. Английская фразеология: Теоретический курс. М., 1970; Он же. Фразеология современного английского языка: Опыт систематизированного описания. М., 1972; Он же. Курс фразеологии современного английского языка. М., [1985] 1996.
3 Cowie A.P. Phraseology: Theory, Analysis and Application. Oxford, 1998. P. 2.
4 Fedulenkova T. Phraseological Units in Discourse: Towards Applied Stylistics by Anita Naciscione, 2001. Riga: Latvian Academy of Culture. P. XI + 283 // Language and Literature. L., 2003. N 12 (1). P. 86-89.
5 Kövecses Z. Metaphor: a Practical Introduction. Oxford, 2002. P. 199.
6 Arnold I.V. The English Word. M., [1964] 1986. P. 166.
7 Makkai A.. Idiom Structure in English. The Hague, 1972; Шейнин И.Р. Роль идиоматики в терминологической номинации: Дис. ... канд. филол. наук. Самара, 1999. С. 27, 65.
8 См.: Шанский Н.М. Лексикология современного русского языка. М., 1964; Гаврин С.Г. Фразеология современного русского языка. Пермь, 1974.
9 Gulland D.M., Hinds-Howell D.G. The Penguin Dictionary of English Idioms. Harmondsworth, 1994. P. 7.
10 Seidl J., McMordie W. English Idioms and How to Use Them. Oxford, 1978. P. 5.
11 Gläser R. Relations between Phraseology and Terminology in English for Special Purposes // Linguistic Features and Genre Profiles of Scientific English: Leipziger Fachsprachen-Studien. Bd 9. Frankfurt am Main, 1995. P. 38.
12 Moon R. Fixed Expressions and Idioms in English. Oxford, 1998. P. 3; Moon R. "Time" and Idioms // ZüriLEX'86 Proceedings: Papers read at the EURALEX International Congress. Zürich, 9—14 September 1986. P. 108.
13 Naciscione A. Phraseological Units in Discourse: Towards Applied Stylistics. Riga, 2001. P. 5.
14 Fedoulenkova T.N. Idioms as an Effective Means in Intercultural Approach // Approaches to Teaching English in an Intercultural Context / Ed. Meta Grosman. Ljubljana, 1997. P. 67—68; Eadem. Idioms of Biblical Origin in the English Language // Language and Literature. Vol. 2. Tjumen, 1998. P. 1—13.
15 См.: Виноградов В.В. Основные понятия русской фразеологии как лингвистической дисциплины // Лексикология и лексикография: Избранные труды. М., 1977. С. 121; Он же. Об основных типах фразеологических единиц в русском языке // Там же. С. 150.
16 Fernando Ch. Idioms and Idiomaticity. Oxford, 1996. P. 252.
17 Cowie A.P. Phraseological Dictionaries: Some East-West Comparison // Phraseology: Theory, Analysis and Applications. P. 211.
18 Hornby A.S., Gatenby E.V., Wakefield H. The Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English. L., 1970. P. X.
19 Ter-Minasova S. Language, Linguistics and Life. M., 1996. P. 28.
20 См.: Беркова О.В. Крылатые слова и проблемы их лексикографирования: Дис. ... канд. филол. наук. Л., 1991.
21 Walbe U. Phraseological Units in Contemporary English Journalistic Texts // Texte als Gegenstand linguistischer Forschung und Vermittlung (Festschrift für Rosemarie Gläser): Leipziger Fachsprachen-Studien. Frankfurt am Main, 1995. P. 288.
22 Moon R. Fixed Expressions and Idioms in English: A Corpus-based Approach. P. 1—3.
23 Gläser R. Linguistic Features and Genre Profiles of Scientific English: Leipziger Fachsprachen-Studien. Bd 9. P. 5.
24 См.: Кунин А.В. Английская фразеология: Теоретический курс. С. 210.
25 См.: Кунин А.В. Фразеология современного английского языка: Опыт систематизированного описания. С. 240.
26 См.: Амосова Н.Н. Основы английской фразеологии. Л., 1963. С. 77; Гурбиш Е. Сопоставительный анализ анималистической паремиологии русского и польского языков: Автореф. дис. ... канд. филол. наук. Л., 1982.
27 См.: Кунин А.В. Основные понятия английской фразеологии как лингвистической дисциплины и создание англо-русского фразеологического словаря: Дис. ... докт. филол. наук. М., 1964. С. 441.
28 Там же. С. 442.
29 См.: Вяльцева С.И. Речевое использование английских пословиц: Дис. ... канд. филол. наук. М., 1977. С. 76.
30 См.: Яковлева Е.Б. Лексикализация синтагматических рядов в современном английском языке: Дис. ... докт. филол. наук. М., 1990. С. 135.
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Résumé
The paper deals with the problem of phraseological derivation in the field of English proverbs regarded, after Alexander V. Kunin, as communicative phraseological units (PUs). As a result of proverbial clipping three new types of phraseologisms appear: initially clipped phraseological derivatives, finally clipped phraseological derivatives and bilaterally clipped phraseological derivatives. The clipped proverbial derivatives under study acquire the status of independent phraseological units as they obtain their own form, their own meaning and, what is the most important point, their own function in discourse. The further perspective in the studies of the clipped proverbial derivatives is seen in the analysis of their stylistic and pragmatic functions in the utterance.
