CC BY
46yflK 796 55K 75
DOI 10.47475/2500-0365-2023-8-3-21-26
SPORTS IN GREAT BRITAIN
V. D. Ivanov
Chelyabinsk State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
The author examines the features of the history and development of physical culture and sports in the UK. The legal aspects of sports competitions are considered. The culture of England has a number of features that distinguish it from other countries and states.
Relevance. Sport plays an important role in the life of every Briton. They take a very responsible approach to the popularization and integration of sports in people's lives. To do this, various programs are created, each of which has its own peculiarity. In the development of the sports sphere, the British are in no hurry to stop, the legal aspect of sports life is constantly regulated, and informal sports are also invented. Awareness of the sports life of the UK allows you to get to know their culture better.
Goal, tasks. The purpose of the work is to review scientific publications on this topic. Get acquainted with the history of sports in the UK. To study the system of popularization of sports events. Get acquainted with the legal aspects of sports life. Get acquainted with informal sports.
Materials and methods of research. The research materials were scientific sources published in the scientific electronic library elibrary (website https://elibrary.ru). Research methods: study of scientific literary sources, review of scientific publications.
Results and their discussion. Sport in the UK has come a long way from the beginning of its formation to the present day. Over time, it has undergone a large number of changes, most of which are directed for the better. As a result, this has led to the fact that sport is very responsibly regulated by law and is an integral part of people's lives, who, in turn, having the desire to play sports, come up with new informal types of it.
Conclusion. Sport in the UK, as in many other countries, has generally accepted norms. However, it also has its own peculiarities, starting from the history of the formation of sports, ending with legal aspects. The physical culture of the state is quite well developed, but this does not prevent it from growing and developing, new informal sports will constantly be invented, legal regulation will be clarified and the range of programs aimed at popularizing the sports lifestyle will expand, but most importantly, it will always be exclusively beneficial for the physical and cultural development of a person.
Keywords: sport in the UK, history of sports, legal aspects, popularization of sports, informal sports.
Relevance. Great Britain is a country in the northwest of Europe, which is famous for its traditions, quality of education and famous scientists. But apart from that, the UK is also famous for its contribution to the sporting life of a person. Sport plays an important role in the life of every Briton. It was here that such sports as tennis, curling, football, badminton, billiards, squash, boxing, snooker and many others appeared.
The sporting life of England begins from the XVII-XIX centuries. Then the British were engaged in horse racing, football and cricket. Later, football became the most popular sport, and then it was more like rugby. The royal family is also very sporty to this day, every member of the family has always been fond of at least one kind of sport. For example, the wife of Elizabeth II's youngest son, Countess Sophie of Wessex, loved to run, she even participated in the charity London Marathon [6]. But still, the most popular royal sport was horse riding. Even Queen Anna, who ruled in 1702-1714, did a lot for the development
of a thoroughbred horse breed. Since then and to this day, equestrian competitions have been held annually in England, which has become the calling card of the state [16].
Currently, physical education is one of the three required subjects for a student in the UK. Almost all schools provide opportunities to engage in a wide variety of sports, from swimming to cricket. The British also support non-traditional sports in schools, such as skateboarding. And in some schools there are even stables [3].
An example of the competent integration of sports into the lives of students is the University of Worcester. Such an approach, as at this university, includes certain programs consisting of physical education, sports science for coaches and an extensive community. The university gives students the opportunity to study with professional coaches and specialists. Such cooperation allows both sides to gain the necessary skills. This approach helps students decide what to do after graduation, gaining experience already during their studies [12].
England, generally, takes a very responsible approach to popularizing physical activity and mass sports among its population. Funds are constantly allocated from the state budget to create special programs that have their own target audience and orientation. Over 250 million pounds were allocated for the period from 2016 to 2020 [10]. And the Ministry of Health, in turn, actively promotes a healthy lifestyle, constantly distributing various information on a variety of media for all segments of the population. All this ensures the consistency and effectiveness of the implementation of the UK state policy on the popularization of physical culture [20].
England as a whole takes a very responsible approach to popularizing physical activity and mass sports among its population. Funds are constantly allocated from the state budget to create special programs that have their own target audience and orientation. Over 250 million pounds were allocated for the period from 2016 to 2020 [10]. And the Ministry of Health, in turn, actively promotes a healthy lifestyle, constantly distributing various information on a variety of media for all segments of the population. All this ensures the consistency and effectiveness of the implementation of the UK state policy on the popularization of physical culture [20].
As in every system, the system of promoting sports in the UK has its strengths and weaknesses. Previously, some advantages have already been highlighted, such as high-quality training of athletes, the ability to choose from various sports. They also include the fact that the sports education system provides an opportunity for a competent combination of academic disciplines and physical activity, so that it does not go to the detriment of any of the parties [19]. And of course, the obvious advantage is the physical form of students, which, thanks to such a system, is always normal. However, even here there are disadvantages. These include the fact that the variability of physical disciplines in public schools is a level lower than in private ones. And in private schools, in turn, you will have to pay a considerable sum of money to be able to study [13].
Despite the large number of sports programs, there is no general law on sports in the UK. The regulation of sports is handled by National Regulatory Authorities (NGBs). The state intervenes only when the discussion becomes important at the national level [2]. The responsibility of local authorities is primarily related to the active recreation of residents, which includes both sports events and leisure activities [4]. They not only directly organize these events, but also provide
support to private, voluntary, commercial organizations, if their activities are aimed at the benefit of the population. This support can be both financial and including the creation of a sports facility on a paid or free basis [5].
Of course, the national federations of Great Britain are interested in their athletes receiving as many awards as possible and improving as professionals. In addition to the fact that a considerable sum is constantly allocated for the development of sports and many sports programs are being created, they also approach the rights of their athletes with full responsibility [8]. In 2017, the Department of Culture submitted to the government a report on the duty of care in sports, which proposed changes to the legislation on the protection of athletes so that the latter could fully engage in their favorite business and reasonably be responsible for it [7].
In order for sport to remain an integral part of a person's cultural development, it is necessary to control the legal aspects of sport that relate directly to the athletes themselves. They strictly monitor and do not allow the athlete to prevent the possibility of using his physical superiority to the detriment of people [9]. However, there are sports that involve physical violence, and in order to avoid injustice or lack of due justice, clear rules and conceptual apparatus are prescribed in the statutes of various sports [14]. In the history of Great Britain, there have been cases when athletes were tried for harming an opponent in a sports competition, however, if it turned out to be a sport that involves physical violence, for example, rugby or boxing, then no serious and long-term problems were created for athletes, the court often made decisions in favor of the accused, just-again, because of the specifics of the sport [15]. Moreover, in the legislation of England, they explained such an issue as gender verification in sports. This allows transsexuals to fully participate in sports competitions, being in the correct gender group, and if anything, not to have problems with the legislation after that [11].
Great Britain does not stop at regulated official competitions in all known sports. They invented a variety of sports that are informal, and in which you can achieve great success quite quickly. This can include throwing mobile phones in length, various sports games with chicken eggs or competitions in which you need to break the fruit of an opponent's horse chestnut [1]. Interestingly, thanks to sports, sports journalism has firmly established itself as a genre of sports commentary. Sports in England are commented
on by such talented people that it was simply impossible to leave this phenomenon unnoticed [18]. And another influence of the culture of sports on the lives of people who are far from it is a sports metaphor. It is so firmly entrenched in the English business discourse that people who have nothing to do with sports use words or phrases from the world of sports games every day in their lives [17].
Conclusions. Sport in the UK, as in many other countries, has generally accepted norms. However, it also has its own peculiarities, starting from the history of the formation of sports, ending with legal aspects. The physical culture of the state is quite well developed, but this does not prevent it from growing and developing, new informal sports will constantly be invented, legal regulation will be clarified and the range of programs aimed at popularizing the sports lifestyle will expand, but most importantly, it will always be exclusively beneficial for the physical and cultural development of a person.
References
1. Pilipenko O. V. Neobychnye vidy sporta v Veliko-britanii [Unusual sports in the UK]. Studencheskaya nauka ob aktualnyh problemah i perspektivah innova-cionnogo razvitiya regionalnogo APK: Materialy XVIII nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii obuchayushihsya, Omsk, 28 marta 2019 goda [Student science on current problems and prospects of innovative development of the regional agro-industrial complex: Materials of the XVIII scientific and practical conference of students, Omsk, March 28, 2019]. Omsk, 2019. Pp. 84-86. (In Russ.).
2. Azarov D. N., Ivanova L. A., Kazakova O. A., Reshetin A. A. Analiz pravovogo regulirovaniya sporta na primere Rossii i Velikobritanii [Analysis of the legal regulation of sports on the example of Russia and Great Britain]. Uchenye zapiski universiteta im. P. F. Lesgafta [Scientific notes of the P. F. Lesgaft University], 2020, no. 4 (182), pp. 10-13. (In Russ.).
3. Knyazev E. A., Shamshurova M. Y. Fizicheskaya kultura i sport v SShA, Velikobritanii i Rossii [Physical culture and sport in the USA, Great Britain and Russia]. Sovremennye tendencii razvitiya nauki i tehnologij [Modern trends in the development of science and technology], 2017, no. 3-9, pp. 40-43. (In Russ.).
4. Kozharinov A. V., Razygraeva M. G., Shchu-kin I. A. Deyatelnost organov mestnogo samoupravleni-ya po razvitiyu fizkultury i sporta v SShA i Velikobrita-nii [Activity of local self-government bodies on the development of physical culture and sports in the USA and Great Britain]. VINajdenovskie chteniya. Innovacionnye processy i kultura predprinimatelstva na potrebitelskom rynke tovarov i uslug: Mezhdunarodnaya nauchno-prak-ticheskaya konferenciya. Sbornik nauchnyh statej prepo-
davatelej, aspirantov i studentov: v 2 chastyah, Moskva, 16-18 aprelya 2014 goda. Chast 1, 2 [VI Naidenov readings. Innovative processes and entrepreneurship culture in the consumer market of goods and services: International Scientific and Practical Conference. Collection of scientific articles by teachers, postgraduates and students: in 2 parts, Moscow, April 16-18, 2014]. Moscow, 2014. Pp. 264-265. (In Russ.).
5. Yurasova O. N. Sistema upravleniya massovym sportom v Velikobritanii [Mass sports management system in the UK]. Aktualnye voprosy nauchnyh issledo-vanij: sbornik nauchnyh trudov po materialam V Mezh-dunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii, Ivanovo, 15 oktyabrya 2016 goda [Topical issues of scientific research: a collection of scientific papers based on the materials of the V International Scientific and Practical Conference, Ivanovo, October 15, 2016]. Ivanovo, 2016. Pp. 53-55. (In Russ.).
6. Kardash D. S. Sport v zhizni korolevskoj semi Velikobritanii v XXI veke [Sport in the life of the royal family of Great Britain in the XXI century]. Studencheskaya nauka i XXI vek [Student science and the XXI century], 2020, vol. 17, no. 2-2(20), pp. 48-49. (In Russ.).
7. Ivanova L. A. Normativnyj aspekt pravovogo regulirovaniya sporta v Rossijskoj Federacii i Velikobritanii [Normative aspect of legal regulation of sports in the Russian Federation and Great Britain]. Nauka XXI veka: aktualnye napravleniya razvitiya [Science of the XXI century: current directions of development], 2020, no. 1-2, pp. 447-453. (In Russ.).
8. Dolmatova T. V. Gosudarstvennoe upravlenie v sfere sporta za rubezhom: opyt Velikobritanii [Public administration in the field of sports abroad: the experience of Great Britain]. Vestniksportivnoj nauki [Bulletin of Sports Science], 2020, no. 1, pp. 4-7. (In Russ.).
9. Fedik E. N., Shcherbakov A. D. Voprosy ugolovnoj otvetstvennosti za prichinenie vreda zhizni i zdorovyu v sporte: opyt Velikobritanii [Issues of criminal liability for harm to life and health in sports: the experience of Great Britain]. Ugolovno-pravovye i kriminologicheskie problemyprotivodejstviyaprestupnosti v sporte: sbornik materialov Vserossijskogo nauchno-prakticheskogo stola, Sankt-Peterburg, 31 oktyabrya 2020 goda [Criminal law and criminological problems of countering crime in sports: a collection of materials of the All-Russian Scientific and practical table, St. Petersburg, October 31, 2020]. St. Petersburg, 2020. Pp. 119-127. (In Russ.).
10. Abalyan A. G., Dolmatova T. V., Fomichen-ko T. G. Vovlechenie naseleniya v zanyatiya fizicheskoj kulturoj i sportom: analiz uspeshnyh zarubezhnyh praktik na primere Velikobritanii [Involvement of the population in physical culture and sports: analysis of successful foreign practices on the example of Great Britain]. Vestnik sportivnoj nauki [Bulletin of Sports Science], 2018, no. 5, pp. 53-64. (In Russ.).
11. Zenin S. S., Mashkova K. V., Suvorov G. N. Problema gendernoj verifikacii v sporte: opyt Velikobritanii
[The problem of gender verification in sports: the experience of Great Britain]. LexRussica (Russkij zakon) [Lex Russica (Russian Law), 2021, vol. 74, no. 1 (170), pp. 94-100. (In Russ.).
12. Mozhaev E. E. Lichnostno professionalnoe razvi-tie kadrov v sfere fizicheskoj kultury i sporta (opyt vuza Velikobritanii) [Personal and professional development of personnel in the field of physical culture and sports (experience of the University of Great Britain)]. Kazans-kaya nauka [Kazan Science], 2013, no. 10, pp. 256-261. (In Russ.).
13. Burlakova I. I., Sergeenko A. I. Zaimstvovanie polozhitelnogo opyta: sport v shkolah Velikobritanii [Borrowing positive experience: sport in schools of Great Britain]. Sovremennye zdorovesberegayushie tehnolo-gii [Modern health-saving technologies], 2016, no. 4(5), pp. 45-51. (In Russ.).
14. Ponkin I. V., Ponkina A. I. Osobennosti sootnosh-eniya polozhenij normativnyh pravovyh aktov v oblasti sporta zarubezhnyh gosudarstv i norm reglamentnyh do-kumentov zarubezhnyh sportivnyh organizacij (na pri-mere opyta Argentiny, Brazilii, Velikobritanii, Irlandii i SShA) [Features of the correlation between the provisions of regulatory legal acts in the field of sports of foreign states and the norms of regulatory documents of foreign sports organizations (on the example of the experience of Argentina, Brazil, Great Britain, Ireland and the USA)]. Pravo i obrazovanie [Law and Education], 2016, no. 1, pp. 79-84. (In Russ.).
15. Ponkin I. V., Ponkina A. I. Otvetstvennost za prichinenie vreda zdorovyu sportsmenam vo vremya za-nyatiya sportom (v tom chisle pri provedenii sportivnyh meropriyatij): opyt Avstralii, Velikobritanii i SShA [Responsibility for causing harm to the health of athletes during sports (including during sporting events): the experience of Australia, Great Britain and the USA]. Pravo i obrazovanie [Law and Education], 2016, no. 2, pp. 58-64. (In Russ.).
16. Stoilov A. Yu. Istoriya korolevskogo sporta [History of royal sports]. Vestnik sportivnoj istorii [Bulletin
Поступила в редакцию 10 февраля 2023 г.
of Sports history], 2019, no. 2(17), pp. 69-82. (In Russ.).
17. Stolyarchik A. A., Matveeva L. A. Sportivnaya metafora v anglijskom delovom diskurse [Sports metaphor in English business discourse]. Molodyozh tretego tysyacheletiya: sbornik nauchnyh statej XLV regional-noj studencheskoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii, Omsk, 05-25 aprelya 2021 goda [Youth of the third millennium: Collection of scientific articles of the XLV regional student scientific and practical conference, Omsk, 05-25 April 2021]. Omsk, 2021. Pp. 568-574. (In Russ.).
18. Kanevskaya Ya. E., Soldatov D. O. Stanovlenie sportivnogo kommentariya kak zhanra zhurnalistiki v Velikobritanii [The formation of sports commentary as a genre of journalism in the UK]. Aktualnye nauchnye issledovaniya v sovremennom mire [Actual scientific research in the modern world], 2020, no. 7-5 (63), pp. 120124. (In Russ.).
19. Dmitriev G. G., Politov A. V., Korchagin I. V., Kerimov Sh. A. Struktura podgotovki sportivnogo rezerva v Velikobritanii [The structure of sports reserve training in the UK]. Strategicheskie napravleniya re-formirovaniya vuzovskoj sistemy fizicheskoj kultury: sbornik nauchnyh trudov V Vserossijskoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem, Sankt-Peterburg, 19 aprelya 2018 goda [Strategic directions of reforming the university system of physical culture: collection of scientific papers of the V All-Russian Scientific and Practica Conference with international participation, St. Petersburg, April 19, 2018]. St. Petersburg, 2018. Pp. 328-330. (In Russ.).
20. Kainkov I. V. Fizicheskoe vospitanie v Velikobritanii [Physical education in Great Britain]. Research leadership: Sbornik statej Mezhdunarodnogo nauchno-issledovatelskogo konkursa, Petrozavodsk, 29 noyabrya 2020 goda [Research leadership: Collection of articles of the International Research Competition, Petrozavodsk, November 29, 2020]. Petrozavodsk, 2020. Pp. 97-101. (In Russ.).
Финансирование. Исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки.
Конфликт интересов. Автор заявляет об отсутствии конфликта интересов.
Для цитирования: Ivanov, V. D. Sports in Great Britain / V. D. Ivanov // Физическая культура. Спорт. Туризм. Двигательная рекреация. — 2023. — Т. 8, № 3. — С. 21-26.
Information about the author
Ivanov Valentin Dmitrievich — Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Physical Education and Sports, Chelyabinsk State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia. ORCID: 00000002-2952-3222. AuthorlD: 229821. E-mail: vdy-55@mail.ru.
Спорт в Великобритании В. Д. Иванов
Челябинский государственный университет, Челябинск, Россия
Автор рассматривает особенности истории и развития физической культуры и спорта в Великобритании. Исследуются правовые аспекты спортивных соревнований. Культура Великобритании имеет ряд особенностей, отличающих её от остальных стран и государств. Спорт играет важную роль в жизни каждого британца. Они очень ответственно подходят к популяризации и интеграции спорта в жизни людей. Для этого создаются различные программы, каждая из которых имеет свою особенность. В развитии спортивной сферы британцы не спешат останавливаться, постоянно регулируется правовой аспект спортивной жизни, а также появляются неформальные виды спорта. Информированность о спортивной жизни Великобритании позволяет лучше узнать их культуру.
Ключевые слова: спорт в Великобритании, история спорта, правовые аспекты, популяризация спорта, неформальные виды спорта.
Список литературы
1. Пилипенко, О. В. Необычные виды спорта в Великобритании / О. В. Пилипенко // Студенческая наука об актуальных проблемах и перспективах инновационного развития регионального АПК : материалы XVIII научно-практической конференции обучающихся, Омск, 28 марта 2019 г. — Омск, 2019. — С. 84-86.
2. Азаров Д. Н. Анализ правового регулирования спорта на примере России и Великобритании / Д. Н. Азаров, Л. А. Иванова, О. А. Казакова, А. А. Решетин // Учёные записки университета им. П. Ф. Лесгафта. — 2020. — № 4 (182). — С. 10-13.
3. Князев, Е. А. Физическая культура и спорт в США, Великобритании и России / Е. А. Князев, М. Ю. Шамшурова // Современные тенденции развития науки и технологий. — 2017. — № 3-9. — С. 40-43.
4. Кожаринов, А. В. Деятельность органов местного самоуправления по развитию физкультуры и спорта в США и Великобритании / А. В. Кожаринов, М. Г Разыграева, И. А. Щукин // VI Найденов-ские чтения. Инновационные процессы и культура предпринимательства на потребительском рынке товаров и услуг : международная научно-практическая конференция. Сборник научных статей преподавателей, аспирантов и студентов : в 2 ч. Москва, 16-18 апреля 2014 г. Часть 1, 2. — М., 2014. — С. 264265.
5. Юрасова, О. Н. Система управления массовым спортом в Великобритании / О. Н. Юрасова // Актуальные вопросы научных исследований : сборник научных трудов по материалам V Международной научно-практической конференции, Иваново, 15 октября 2016 г. — Иваново, 2016. — С. 53-55.
6. Кардаш, Д. С. Спорт в жизни королевской семьи Великобритании в XXI веке / Д. С. Кардаш // Студенческая наука и XXI век. — 2020. — Т. 17, № 2-2 (20). — С. 48-49.
7. Иванова, Л. А. Нормативный аспект правово-
го регулирования спорта в Российской Федерации и Великобритании / Л. А. Иванова // Наука XXI века: актуальные направления развития. — 2020. — № 1-2. — С. 447-453.
8. Долматова, Т. В. Государственное управление в сфере спорта за рубежом: опыт Великобритании / Т. В. Долматова // Вестник спортивной науки. — 2020. — № 1. — С. 4-7.
9. Федик, Е. Н. Вопросы уголовной ответственности за причинение вреда жизни и здоровью в спорте: опыт Великобритании / Е. Н. Федик, А. Д. Щербаков // Уголовно-правовые и криминологические проблемы противодействия преступности в спорте : сборник материалов Всероссийского научно-практического стола, Санкт-Петербург, 31 октября 2020 г. — СПб., 2020. — С. 119-127.
10. Абалян, А. Г. Вовлечение населения в занятия физической культурой и спортом: анализ успешных зарубежных практик на примере Великобритании / А. Г. Абалян, Т. В. Долматова, Т. Г. Фомиченко // Вестник спортивной науки. — 2018. — № 5. — С. 53-64.
11. Зенин, С. С. Проблема гендерной верификации в спорте: опыт Великобритании / С. С. Зенин, К. В. Машкова, Г. Н. Суворов // Lex Russica (Русский закон). — 2021. — Т. 74, № 1 (170). — С. 94-100.
12. Можаев, Э. Э. Личностно профессиональное развитие кадров в сфере физической культуры и спорта (опыт вуза Великобритании) / Э. Э. Можаев // Казанская наука. — 2013. — № 10. — С. 256-261.
13. Бурлакова, И. И. Заимствование положительного опыта: спорт в школах Великобритании / И. И. Бурлакова, А. И. Сергеенко // Современные здоровьесберегающие технологии. — 2016. — № 4(5). — С. 45-51.
14. Понкин, И. В. Особенности соотношения положений нормативных правовых актов в области спорта зарубежных государств и норм регламентных документов зарубежных спортивных организаций (на примере опыта Аргентины, Бразилии,
Великобритании, Ирландии и США) / И. В. Понкин, А. И. Понкина // Право и образование. — 2016. — № 1. — С. 79-84.
15. Понкин, И. В. Ответственность за причинение вреда здоровью спортсменам во время занятия спортом (в том числе при проведении спортивных мероприятий): опыт Австралии, Великобритании и США / И. В. Понкин, А. И. Понкина // Право и образование. — 2016. — № 2. — С. 58-64.
16. Стойлов, А. Ю. История королевского спорта / А. Ю. Стойлов // Вестник спортивной истории. — 2019. — № 2 (17). — С. 69-82.
17. Столярчик, А. А. Спортивная метафора в английском деловом дискурсе / А. А. Столярчик, Л. А. Матвеева // Молодёжь третьего тысячелетия : сборник научных статей XLV региональной студенческой научно-практической конференции, Омск, 05-25 апреля 2021 г. — Омск, 2021. — С. 568-574.
18. Каневская, Я. Е. Становление спортивного
комментария как жанра журналистики в Великобритании / Я. Е. Каневская, Д. О. Солдатов // Актуальные научные исследования в современном мире. — 2020. — № 7-5 (63). — С. 120-124.
19. Дмитриев, Г. Г. Структура подготовки спортивного резерва в Великобритании / Г. Г. Дмитриев, А. В. Политов, И. В. Корчагин, Ш. А. Керимов // Стратегические направления реформирования вузовской системы физической культуры : сборник научных трудов V Всероссийской научно-практической конференции с международным участием, Санкт-Петербург, 19 апреля 2018 г. — СПб., 2018. — С. 328-330.
20. Каинков, И. В. Физическое воспитание в Великобритании / И. В. Каинков // Research leadership : сборник статей Международного научно-исследовательского конкурса, Петрозаводск, 29 ноября 2020 года. — Петрозаводск, 2020. — С. 97-101.
Сведения об авторе
Иванов Валентин Дмитриевич — кандидат педагогических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры физического воспитания и спорта, Челябинский государственный университет, Челябинск, Россия. ORCID: 0000-00022952-3222. AuthorID: 229821. E-mail: vdy-55@mail.ru
Это произведение доступно по лицензии Creative Commons «Attribution-NonCommercial» («Атрибуция — Некоммерческое использование») 4.0 Всемирная — https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
