CC BY
92СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ТЕНДЕНЦИИ В КОГНИТИВНОЙ ЛИНГВИСТИКЕ
Нуркенова Г. С.
Магистрант
Казахский национальный университет имени Аль-Фараби,
г. Алматы, Казахстан Джубатова Б.Н.
д.филол.н., профессор кафедры Ближнего Востока и Южной Азии факультета востоковедения
Казахский национальный университет имени Аль-Фараби,
г. Алматы, Казахстан
CURRENT TRENDS IN COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS
Nurkenova G.
MA candidate
Аl-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Jubatova B.
Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Department of the Middle East and South Asia, Faculty of Oriental
Studies
Аl-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Аннотация
В данной статье описывается исследование современных тенденций в когнитивной лингвистике. На основе анализа 138 научных статей, опубликованных в журнале «Когнитивная лингвистика» в период с 2015 по 2021 год, было выявлено несколько современных тенденций. Огромное количество статей, актуальных и активно исследуемых современными лингвистами, посвящено тематике языка жестов в таких странах, как Швеция, Америка и Аргентина, темам концептуальной метафоры, когнитивной грамматики, а также научных статей, посвященных изучению когнитивной лингвистики. Также в статье дается краткий обзор истории становления когнитивной лингвистики и вклада в развитие подходов основоположников когнитивной лингвистики. Данное исследование имеет большое значение, поскольку оно определяет направления исследований когнитивной лингвистики, которые представляют собой не только язык жестов, когнитивную грамматику и метафоры, но и их взаимосвязь на всех уровнях. Это исследование важно тем, что впервые систематизировало данные о текущих тенденциях в исследованиях когнитивной лингвистики за последние 7 лет. Такое исследование может оказать большую поддержку в понимании дальнейшего развития когнитивной лингвистики и выявлении факторов, влияющих на ее развитие. Анализ, приведенный в данной статье, имеет ряд ограничений, которые ставят задачу для последующего изучения современных тенденций в когнитивной лингвистике.
Abstract
This paper describes a study on current trends in Cognitive Linguistics. Based on the analysis of 138 scientific articles published in the journal "Cognitive Linguistics" in the period from 2015 to 2021, several modern trends were identified. An enormous number of articles, relevant and actively researched by modern linguists, are devoted to topics of sign language in such countries as Sweden, America, and Argentina, topics of conceptual metaphor, Cognitive Grammar, and scientific articles devoted to the study of cognitive linguistics itself. Also, this article provides a brief overview of the background of the formation of Cognitive Linguistics and the contribution to the development of the approaches of the founders of Cognitive Linguistics. This study is meaningful as it determines trends in cognitive linguistics research, which are not only sign language, cognitive grammar and metaphors, but their interconnection at all levels. This research is significant in that it was the first to organize data on current trends in cognitive linguistics research over the past 7 years. Such research can be a great support for understanding the further development of Cognitive Linguistics and tracing the factors of influence in its development. The analysis presented in this article has a number of limitations that pose a problem for the subsequent study of current trends in Cognitive Linguistics.
Ключевые слова: когнитивная лингвистика, тенденции, язык жестов, концептуальная метафора, когнитивная грамматика, жесты.
Keywords: cognitive linguistics, trends, sign language, conceptual metaphor, cognitive grammar, gesture.
Introduction
What is the Cognitive Linguistics? One can say that it is about metaphors. Others that it is a branch of psycholinguistics, yet other people might think that Cognitive Linguistics is associated with the type of lin-
guistics that calls itself functional linguistics. It concerns with communicative functions of languages and Cognitive Linguistics is more of the functional approach. Cognitive Linguistics attempts to describe what speakers know when they know a language, to relate that to general cognitive processes, and finally attempts
to explain how that knowledge comes into being through language use. Cognitive Linguistics began in the late 1970s in response to the dominant, generative paradigm in linguistics. Unlike the work in generative linguistics, defined by the Chomskyian revolution, cognitive linguists assume the analysis of the conceptual and experiential basis of linguistic categories and constructs is of primary importance: the formal structures of language are studied not as if they were autonomous, but as reflections of general conceptual organization, categorization principles, and processing mechanisms [4,1].
Cognitive linguistics is an interdisciplinary branch of linguistics that combines the knowledge and research of cognitive psychology, neuropsychology, and linguistics. Models and theoretical explanations of cognitive linguistics are considered psychologically real, and research in Cognitive Linguistics is aimed at helping to understand cognition in general, and is viewed as a pathway into the human mind [11,3]. Cognitive Linguistics is a relatively modern branch of linguistics. The roots of Cognitive Linguistics are found in a critical review "B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior". Chomsky's abandonment of behavioral psychology and his subsequent anti-behaviorist activities helped to shift the emphasis from empiricism to mentalism in psychology within the framework of new concepts of cognitive psychology and cognitive science [5,3]. One of the approaches to cognitive linguistics is called Cognitive Linguistics, but cognitive linguistics is also often written with lowercase letters [3,4]. This movement originated in the early 1980s when George Lakoffs metaphor theory was combined with Ronald Langaker's cognitive grammar, followed by construction grammar models developed by various authors. Unification entails two different approaches to linguistic and cultural evolution: conceptual metaphor and construction. Ronald Langacker published the first of his volume on Cognitive Grammar, Foundations of Cognitive Grammar in 1987 [12,5]. Lakoff coined the term "cognitive linguistics" in 1987 in his book "Woman, Fire, and Dangerous Things", one of his most famous writings.
Justify the choice of topic and goals and objectives
The purpose of our research is to identify trends in research in Cognitive Linguistics. Why does all this matter? It matters for our understanding of who we are as human beings and for all that follows from that understanding.
The goal is to identify current trends in Cognitive Linguistics research and systematization of research data for practical use in education. The man and the cognitive process are inseparable. Whatever we learn, we can hardly do without language. To do Cognitive Linguistics, we need to know what is known about language and the brain. This is especially true when we talk about education. Machine learning plays a huge role in modern innovative systems, and in order to properly organize it, it is necessary to have a good understanding of the algorithms and patterns of human thinking.
How we understand the mind is of great importance in all of these and other aspects. This is matters for what we value in ourselves and others for education, for research, for how we create human institutions, and, most importantly, for what is considered a humane way to live and act [8,15].
In addition, this study aims to analyze the literature on Cognitive Linguistics and review current trends in the study of Cognitive Linguistics. The final goal of the study is after identifying trends in the study to find gaps and analyze them.
This investigation can have practical importance and can be applied by undergraduate and graduate students of philological faculties. Since the science of Cognitive Linguistics is a fairly young science it is on the way of its development. Therefore, we believe that identifying current trends in Cognitive Linguistics will be a support for its further development.
Research Methodology
In this research, we have studied articles in the journal "Cognitive Linguistics" using access from the electronic library of Donguk University. We have downloaded research papers from 2015 to 2021 to study current trends in Cognitive Linguistics. The journal publishes 4 issues per year. Thus, over seven years, the journal published 138 articles. All these articles were downloaded from the website and formed into separate folders. Further, the process of studying and analyzing the research data began in order to identify current trends in the research of Cognitive Linguistics. Next, after careful reading, we highlighted the keywords in each article. After that, we organized words and expressions into groups. Then categorized these groups, identified themes, and ideas. This analysis made it possible to identify trends in the writing of scientific articles in this journal. During the analysis limitations in acquaintance with more material took place. Since not all scientific articles are in public access. We could not get acquainted with some of the articles in full, and we had only abstracted to read and analyze.
Literature Review and Theoretical Background
In this background section, some of the key concepts and theories used for data analysis and description will be introduced. In addition to briefly looking at the concept's embodiment and conceptual metaphor, metaphor in signed languages, and the use of signing space and body movements will also be covered.
Ulrike Zeshan's article explores how signers from different countries who do not have a common language are negotiated (cross-signing). This study also raises issues about modality differences between signed and spoken languages in the domain of language contact. The cross-signing data represent a distinct display of meta-linguistic resource, and extreme language contact of this kind may be one of the communicative settings where signers have a considerable preference over speakers [15,211-212].
If we discuss sign language interpreters, which is also the object of modern research, sign language interpreters systematically use signing space and movements of their hands, arms and body to simultaneously layer metaphors for differences and for time, in ways
preliminarily not described. This is analyzed as the interpreters' embodying metaphors, and each of the conceptual metaphors they embody seems to be expressed in a definite manner that has not been noted before in accounts of the structure of signed languages [2,36].
Human thought processes can be seen as thoroughly metaphorical in nature [7,97]. According to them the essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another. Embodying metaphors This process, in turn, helps us grasp concepts that are either abstract or not clearly delineated in our experience. Central to the present study are a pair of conceptual metaphors used for event structure comparison: DIFFERENCE-BETWEENIS-
DISTANCE-BETWEEN and SIMILARITY-IS-CLOSENESS [7,110].
In addition to the fact that sign language has been frequently studied recently in Cognitive Grammar (CG), gestures themselves are a fairly popular research topic. Not only gestures are explored, but their interference with Cognitive Grammar too. Thus, in their article, the authors Kasper I. Kok and Alan Cenci argued that despite the many connections between Cognitive Grammar and gesture research made by these scholars, CG has thus far not developed so as to adopt multimo-dality in its basic design, nor has it become clear what it entails to incorporate speakers' gestures in actual cognitive grammatical analysis [6,68].
Alan Cienki considers that the current state of the relationship between Cognitive Linguistics and the study of gestures has become commonplace. New research groups are emerging using the Cognitive Linguistic approach to analyze multimodal communication. Given the relationship that has emerged between CL and the study of gestures (and research on multimodal communication in general), this relationship will not disappear any time soon [1,603-604].
Laura Ruth-Hirrel and Sherman Wilcox explored strategies for directing attention through gestures: beats and pointing. These movements typically include "simple flick of the hand or finger up and down, or back and forth"; however, beats can also be performed using other parts of the body, such as the head or eyebrows. It was found that the timing of rhythmic gestures with speech affects the perception of meaning at the word level. The author's findings serve as a useful starting point for future research that will test the patterns that we have observed in more tokens and speakers and in other genres [9,454].
Sign Language application was also explored by Terry Janzen. For instance, American Articulation Sign Language takes place in the space surrounding the signer, and importantly, this space includes the signer as a deictic center. In sign languages, we can openly see, perhaps more so than in spoken languages (except when we include the speaker's gestures), the embodiment of language, especially in terms of expressing point of view. Signers have an understanding of the physical space around them, into which they display their conceptual ideas about past spaces and events, movements and relationships of entities that fill these past spaces [13,256-257].
When it comes to metaphorical conceptualizations of life, previous cognitive linguistic research has identified cultural history as the single most important factor in electivity of the source domain [10,122-123]. As laid out by Lakoff and Johnson in what has become known as Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), abstract concepts, such as life, can only be understood or made sense of by relying on more concrete concepts, resulting in conceptual metaphors - such as LIFE IS A JOURNEY2 - that serve as the "principal vehicles for understanding" [7,170].
Recent groundbreaking work in Cognitive Linguistics has highlighted the semantic complexity of metaphors of time movement and time frames. On the other hand, the detailed grammatical structure of these metaphorical expressions received less attention. Such details include both elements that contribute to metaphorical meaning as well as those that have a non-metaphorical temporal function, e. g., tense and (central features of) aspect [14,1-2].
The metaphorical meaning of movement is strongest in metaphors based on verbs of movement, as opposed to those that rely only on prepositions. This is because the verb in terms of Cognitive Grammar is the determinant of the profile [12,5] of the clause.
Results and Discussion
As indicated above in this scientific article, we identified the most important trends, which include sign language, gestures, cognitive grammar and conceptual metaphors.
Sign language began to be studied in more detail and from different angles in Cognitive Linguistics. This can be judged by the analysis of articles that have been carried out over the past 7 years. In various articles, this topic is revealed not only from the side of the use of languages by signers but also such situations are investigated when signers use sign language while being representatives from different countries and they do not have a common language. Also, this study on sign language convincingly confirms the recent trend in linguistics to take multimodality of language seriously [15,212].
Recently, Cognitive Linguistics has begun to actively study multimodality, the way people communicate with each other not only in words, but also in intonation, tempo and volume of speech, hand gestures, head movements, facial expressions, and direction of gaze.
If we speak with an interlocutor via video communication, our contact will be more complete than over the phone, because we actually transmit most of the information through non-verbal channels. During the speech, people, on average, gesticulate for about half the time. By where the listener is looking, one can judge what he is paying attention to. It means that we are not indifferent to how our interlocutors gesticulate, we extract some information from this for ourselves. At the same time, there is a rather serious individual variation: different people in varying degrees pay attention to gesturing hands, but in general, the proportion of the time is noticeable. Thus, this study also raises questions about the differences in the modality of sign and spoken languages in the area of language contact. The question
of linguistic modality has been explored from different angles in the past, and this was an important contribution of previous research in the linguistics of sign language.
Sign languages of different countries are also being researched in the field of sign language research. For instance, Swedish translators use systematically space for gestures and hand and body movements, while simultaneously applying metaphorical layers to describe differences and timing in new ways. An analysis is made of how translators embody metaphors, and each of the conceptual metaphors they embody is expressed in a special way that has not been previously noted when describing the structure of sign languages. They synchronously express thoughts and ideas in metaphors while using the body in space [2,36]. On the other hand, American Sign Language explored how users of sign language have an idea of the physical space around them, into which they display their conceptual ideas about past spaces and events, movements and relationships. Just as the body of the signer, along with the physical and mental point of view, is central to the present space, the signer can take similar points of view on virtually any conceptualized point of view of an object in the past space [13,257].
Above statement indicates that in the trend of language gestures, a lot of attention is paid to metaphors. We can say that in addition to the fact that the study of metaphors is itself a trend in Cognitive Linguistics, it also has a relationship and is closely related to sign language.
Speaking of Cognitive Grammar, despite the connection between cognitive grammar and the study of gestures, Cognitive Grammar has not yet evolved in such a way that its basic construction uses multimodal-ity, and there is no clarity about what it entails to include the speaker's gestures in realistic cognitive processes. This link provides a more comprehensive overview of the points of contact between cognitive grammar and gestures. This is done with the aim of promoting the incorporation of gestures into Cognitive Grammar as needed [6,69].
Continuing with the discussion of gestures, it has become common to explore the relationship between Cognitive Linguistics and the study of gestures. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the study of gestures, as evidenced by the publication of scientific articles in journals such as Cognitive Linguistics, Review of Cognitive Linguistics and Cognitive. New research groups are emerging that use a Cognitive Linguistic approach to the analysis of multimodal communication with some of this work being funded by national science foundations. Evidence points to the in-stitutionalization of gesture research in Cognitive Linguistics. No other school of linguistics has embraced the study of gestures to the same extent as Cognitive Linguistics. Moreover, this interaction is reciprocal because it includes research using different theoretical approaches from Cognitive Linguistics in the study of gestures. Given the relationship that has emerged between Cognitive Linguistics and the study of gestures
(and research on multimodal communication in general), this relationship will not disappear any time soon [1,604].
Further, in the gesture study trend, we explore strategies for expressing gestures. In addition to the use of hands and body, beats and pointing are used. It was found that the timing of rhythmic gestures with speech affects the perception of meaning at the word level. Listeners perceive words that are expressed with bits as having a higher degree of significance than words that do not occur with bits.
If we speak with an interlocutor via video communication, our contact will be more complete than over the phone, because we actually transmit most of the information through non-verbal channels. During speech, people, on average, gesticulate for about half the time. By where the listener is looking, one can judge what he is paying attention to. It means that we are not indifferent to how our interlocutors gesticulate, we extract some information from this for ourselves. At the same time, there is a rather serious individual variation: different people in varying degrees pay attention to gesturing hands, but in general, the proportion of the time is noticeable. Thus, this study also raises questions about the differences in the modality of sign and spoken languages in the area of language contact. The question of linguistic modality has been explored from different angles in the past, and this was an important contribution of previous research in the linguistics of sign language. [10,124].
A large number of articles have been written on the topic of "concepts". Mentioning about the gaps in the study of conceptual metaphor, this is a very difficult question due to the fact that the so-called conceptology is an endless process. In fact, almost any word can be attributed to a concept, and there are hundreds of thousands of words in a language. It will take a large number of theses to describe each concept. Here we are confused by the infinity, repetition and uniformity of such works.
Conclusion
This article focused on the discovery and investigations of current research trends in Cognitive Linguistics, relied on the analysis of scientific articles of the journal "Cognitive Linguistics". These findings offer a deeper understanding and comprehension of current trends and research writing trends in this field. This investigation shows that over the past 7 years, linguistic researchers have paid a lot of attention to topics such as sign languages, conceptual metaphor, cognitive grammar and gesture itself.
It is expected that the article will be a help for students and researchers in finding out gain additional information on current trends in Cognitive Linguistics. It will allow understanding what innovations and gaps exist in the study of this issue.
However, this study has several limitations. Firstly, since not all scientific articles are in public access. We could not get acquainted with some of the articles in full, and we had only abstracted to read and analyze. Secondly, this topic is quite voluminous and it takes more time to cover and investigate it. Thus, there was not enough time to cover the entire material.
Thirdly, the topic devoted to conceptual metaphor is complicated by the fact that in fact almost any word can be attributed to a concept, and there are hundreds of thousands of words in the language. That is, this topic has precisely an endless character, and presupposes the repetition and uniformity of such works. It is more important to deal with key, central topics of linguistics. Despite its limitations, this study has shed light on current trends in the study of Cognitive Linguistics, and we hope it will become a valuable resource for researchers in the areas of sign languages, conceptual metaphor, cognitive linguistics, and gestures.
References
1. Alan Cienki. Cognitive Linguistics, gesture studies, and multimodal communication. Cognitive Linguistics; 27(4): 603-618 (2016)
2. Anna-Lena Nilsson. Embodying metaphors: Signed language interpreters at work. Cognitive Linguistics; 27(1): 35-65 (2016)
3. Croft, William; Cruse, Alan. Cognitive Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0511-80386-4 (2004)
4. Dirk Geeraerts and Hubert Cuyckens. The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics. (www.oxfordhandbooks.com). 1-21 (2021)
5. Greenwood, John D. (1999). Understanding the 'cognitive revolution' in psychology. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences. 35 (1): 1-22.
6. Kasper I. Kok and Alan Cienki. Cognitive Grammar and gesture: Points of convergence, advances and challenges. Cognitive Linguistics; 27(1): 67-100.
7. Lakoff G, Johnson M. (1980). Metaphors We Live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 242 (2016)
8. Lakoff G. Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About the Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 614 (1987)
9. Laura Ruth-Hirrel and Sherman Wilcox. Speech-gesture constructions in cognitive grammar: The case of beats and points. Cognitive Linguistics; 29(3): 453-493 (2018)
10. Reka Benczes and Bence Sagvari. Where metaphors really come from: Social factors as contextual influence in Hungarian teenagers' metaphorical conceptualizations of life. Cognitive Linguistics"; 29 (1): 121-154 (2018)
11. Robinson, Peter. Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition. Routledge. pp. 3-8 (2008)
12. Ronald W. Langacker. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar: Theoretical prerequisites. Stanford University Press. 540 (1987)
13. Terry Janzen. Shared spaces, shared mind: Connecting past and present viewpoints in American Sign Language narratives. Cognitive Linguistics; 30(2): 253-279 (2019)
14. Tuomas Huumo. The grammar of temporal motion: A Cognitive Grammar account of motion metaphors of time. Cognitive Linguistics; 28(1): 1-43 (2017)
15. Ulrike Zeshan. Making meaning: Communication between sign language users without a shared language. Cognitive Linguistics; 26(2): 211-260 (2015)
КОНЦЕПЦИЯ НЕПОВИНОВЕНИЯ В КОРАНЕ
Уманская А.В.
Выпускник
Российский Государственный Гуманитарный Университет DISOBEDIENCE IN THE QURAN
Umanskaya A.
Graduate
Russian State University for the Humanities
Аннотация
В современной арабистике Коран является одной из центральных тем для написания научных и исследовательских работ. Многие из них посвящены изучению его структуры, лексики, толкованию отдельных сур и аятов. Спектр выбора темы для работы крайне широк. Статья представляет собой краткое содержание исследования, посвященного анализу концепции неповиновения в Коране. Abstract
In modern Arabic studies, the Quran is one of the central topics for writing scientific and research papers. Many of them are devoted to the study of its structure, vocabulary, interpretation of individual surahs and verses. The range of choice of topics for work is extremely wide. The article is a summary of the research devoted to the analysis of the concept of disobedience in the Quran.
Ключевые слова: Коран, неповиновение, Бог, Мухаммад, посланник, пророк, сура, аят. Keywords: Quran, disobedience, God, Muhammad, messenger, prophet, surah, verse.
