Научная статья на тему 'Review of tintinnid species (Ciliophora: Tintinnina) from the Barents Sea'

Review of tintinnid species (Ciliophora: Tintinnina) from the Barents Sea Текст научной статьи по специальности «Биологические науки»

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Аннотация научной статьи по биологическим наукам, автор научной работы — Chovgan Olga

The paper presents a list of tintinnid species (Tintinnina Kofoid et Campbell, 1929) in the Barents Sea according to records from the XX through the XXI century. The research also includes original data (2012-2017), which allowed identifying three new tintinnid species in recent years: Ormosella hackeli Kofoid et Campbell, 1929, Parundella caudata (Ostenfeld, 1899) Jörgensen, 1924, and Amphorellopsis tetragona (Jörgensen, 1924) Kofoid et Campbell, 1929. These three alien species of marine ciliates belong to the warm-water fauna; they were recorded in the western part of the Barents Sea and are inhered to the North Cape Current. The research includes a brief biogeographic characteristic and photographic material of alien tintinnids in the Barents Sea.

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Текст научной работы на тему «Review of tintinnid species (Ciliophora: Tintinnina) from the Barents Sea»

Protistology 13 (3), 159-165 (2019)

Protistology

Review of tintinnid species (Ciliophora: Tintinnina) from the Barents Sea

Olga Chovgan

Murmansk Marine Biological Institute, Kola Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Murmansk, Russia

| Submitted June 18, 2019 | Accepted July 01, 2019 |

Summary

The paper presents a list of tintinnid species (Tintinnina Kofoid et Campbell, 1929) in the Barents Sea according to records from the XX through the XXI century. The research also includes original data (2012-2017), which allowed identifying three new tintinnid species in recent years: Ormosella hackeli Kofoid et Campbell, 1929, Parundella caudata (Ostenfeld, 1899) Jorgensen, 1924, and Amphorellopsis tetragona (Jorgensen, 1924) Kofoid et Campbell, 1929. These three alien species of marine ciliates belong to the warm-water fauna; they were recorded in the western part of the Barents Sea and are inhered to the North Cape Current. The research includes a brief biogeographic characteristic and photographic material of alien tintinnids in the Barents Sea.

Key words: Barents Sea, ciliates, distribution, plankton, Tintinnina

Introduction

Currently the total number of tintinnid species (suborder Tintinnina Kofoid et Campbell, 1929) in the Barents Sea remains unknown. There are heterogeneity and inconsistency of taxonomy information in plankton records (Lifshits, 1978; Burkovsky, 1974; Dolan et al., 2017). The morphological variability of lorica complicates distinguishing between typical forms of tintinnids, varieties and different stages of life cycle (Rossolimo, 1927; Lifshits, 1977; Dolan et al., 2017). In addition, records of the species composition of ciliates in the Western Arctic that allow to reliably assess the present ciliate diversity in the Barents Sea are limited

and episodic (Meunier, 1910; Burkovsky et al., 1974; Burkovsky, 1976; Lifshits, 1977, 1978; Lifshits et al., 1978; Dolan et al., 2017).

In recent decades, the thermal and ice regimes have been changed in the Barents Sea (Polyakov et al., 2017; Aksenov and Ivanov, 2018). This makes a comparative analysis of the tintinnid ciliates from the Barents Sea in the XX century and at present an ecologically relevant issue. The Atlantic currents provide more than 50% of the warm water contribution to the Barents Sea, so "atlantisation" is one of the key causes of water warming in the Western Arctic (Aksenov and Ivanov, 2018). Thus, there appears a possibility of natural invasion of the Barents Sea by the warm-water tintinnid species.

doi:10.21685/1680-0826-2019-13-3-5 © 2019 The Author(s)

Protistology © 2019 Protozoological Society Affiliated with RAS

Fig. 1. General view of the Barents Sea tintinnids: Amphorellopsis tetragona (A), Ormosella haeckeli (B), Parundella caudata (C).

Material and methods

To analyze the species composition of tintinnids, we summarized the published data from the XX century until present. In addition, this research bases on the original data from the plankton samples of the Murmansk Marine Biological Institute collected in 2012—2017. The plankton material was collected in the autumn-winter and spring seasons; the sampling area is located in the western part of the Barents Sea: the standard oceanographic section "Kola meridian" (69°30'-77° N, 33°30' E). Sampling was carried out using a bathometer and plankton net with a mesh size of 30 ^m; the obtained samples were concentrated by gentle inverse filtering through a lavsan filter and were fixed in buffered formaldehyde (1% final concentration). A Nageotte counting chamber was used to examine ciliate assemblages. In order to clarify the tissues of the organisms, a hypochlorite solution was applied, followed by heating.

Results and discussion

According to the references, the taxonomic composition of tintinnid ciliates is represented by 20 genera, including 73 species (Table 1). Original data display first appearance of three alien tintinnid species in the Barents Sea region. In 2012—2017, the presence of Parundella caudata (Ostenfeld, 1899) Jorgensen, 1924 (Fig. 1C) and Ormosella haeckeli Kofoid et Campbell, 1929 (Fig. 1B) (Makarevich and Oleinik, 2017) was confirmed. Amphorellopsis tetragona (Jorgensen, 1924) Kofoid et Campbell, 1929 (Fig. 1A) has not been previously noted in the Barents Sea and adjacent waters (Meunier, 1910;

Rossolimo, 1927; Burkovsky et al., 1974; Burkovsky, 1976; Lifshits, 1977; Dolan et al., 2017).

Amphorellopsis tetragona (Jorgensen, 1924) Kofoid and Campbell, 1929 (= Amphorella tetragona Jorgensen, 1924).

The species was described in the Mediterranean Sea (Brandt, 1906; Jorgensen, 1924; Zakaria et al., 2007; Dolan, 2016). A. tetragona was noted in the Eastern Pacific (Kofoid and Campbell, 1929; Gomez, 2007), in the Marmara (Toklu-Ali^li et al., 2010; Durmus and Balkis, 2014) and the Adriatic (Monti et al., 2012) seas.

In the original description (Kofoid, Campbell, 1929), the genus Amphorellopsis included 7 species, which differed mainly in the number and degree of development of the facets and plicae. A key feature that differentiates A. tetragona from other species of genus Amphorellopsis is four alary plicae and more flaring mouth above fusiform bowl (Kofoid, Campbell, 1929).

Ormosella haeckeli Kofoid and Campbell, 1929.

For the first time, tintinnids of this species were found in the Pacific Ocean: Peruvian and Equatorial Counter Current (Kofoid and Campbell, 1929); date on O. haeckeli was included to ciliate fauna of the South Atlantic (Alder, 1999; Dolan and Pierce, 2014). Previously this species was listed for the Barents Sea as Ormosella aff. cornucopia (Makarevich and Oleinik, 2017).

In the first description, the genus Ormosella included 7 species, of which 3 are characterized by common features: contracted bell-shaped lorica; wall of lorica is hyaline without agglutinates; the collar is clearly defined, in the shape of a truncated cone; the aboral part is sharply narrowed. The

Table 1. List of tintinnid species (suborder Tintinnina) recorded from the Barents Sea.

Species (according to the a World Register of Marine Species "WoRMS") Literature sourcet Original name in the literature source

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Acanthostomella norvegica (Daday, 1887) + + + + + + + + +

Amphorellopsis tetragona (Jörgensen, 1924) Kofoid et Campbell, 1929 +

Amphorides amphora (Claparede et Lachmann, 1858) +

Amphorides quadrilineata (Claparede et Lachmann, 1858) +

Amphorides steenstrupi (Claparede et Lachmann, 1858)* +

Codonellopsis contracta Kofoid et Campbell, 1929 +

Codonellopsis ovata Jörgensen, 1925 + + + + +

Codonellopsis pusilla Jörgensen, 1924 + + + + + +

Coxliella ampla (Jörgensen) Brandt, 1907*** + + +

Coxliella helix (Claparede et Lachmann, 1858)*** + +

Coxliella meunieri Kofoid et Campbell, 1929*** + + + + +

Coxliella pseudoannulata (Jörgensen, 1899)*** +

Cyttarocilis hemifusus* +

Cyttarocilis spiralis* +

Epicancella nervosa (Cleve, 1900) Kofoid et Campbell, 1939 + +

Eutintinnus lusus-undae (Entz, 1885) + + Tintinnus lusus-undae (9), Eutintinnus lususundae (11)

Helicostomella subulata (Ehrenberg, 1833) Jörgensen, 1924 + + + + + + +

Leprotintinnus bottnicus Jöergensen, 1900 + + + + + +

Leprotintinnus pellucidus (Cleve, 1899) + + + Tintinnus bottnica Nordq. (1)

Metacylis vitreoides Kofoid et Campbell, 1929 + + + Amphorella vitrea, A. fistula, A. tubularis (1)

Ormosella haeckeli Kofoid et Campbell, 1929 + + Ormosella aff. cornucopia (10)

Parafavella acuta (Jörgensen, 1901) + + + + +

Parafavella denticulata (Ehrenberg, 1840) + + + + + + + + +

Parafavella gigantea (Brandt, 1906), Kofoid et Campbell, 1929 +

Parafavella parumdentata (Brandt, 1906)* + + +

Parundella caudata (Ostenfeld, 1899) Jörgensen, 1924 + +

Poroecus apiculatus (Cleve, 1899) Cleve, 1902 + +

Ptychocylis acuta Brandt, 1896 + +

Ptychocylis arctica Brandt, 1896 + + +

Table 1. (Continuation).

Species (according to the a World Register of Marine Species "WoRMS") Literature sourcet Original name in the literature source

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Ptychocylis drygalskii Brandt, 1896 + +

Ptychocylis minor Gruber, 1879* +

Ptychocylis obtusa Brandt, 1906 + + + + + + + + +

Ptychocylis urnula (Claparède et Lachmann, 1858) + + +

Salpingacantha ampla Kofoid et Campbell, 1929 +

Salpingacantha undata (Jörgensen, 1899) +

Salpingacantha unguiculata (Brandt, 1906) Kofoid et Campbell, 1929 + + Salpingella cf. ungiculata (8)

Salpingella acuminata (Claparède et Lachmann, 1858) Jörgensen, 1924 + + + + + + + + +

Salpingella decurtata Jörgensen, 1924 + Tintinnus acuminatus (1, 9), Salpingella aff. acuminate (10)

Salpingella minutissima Kofoid et Campbell, 1929 +

Salpingella rotundata (Kofoid et Campbell, 1929)** +

Salpingella secata (Brandt, 1896) + +

Steenstrupiella steenstrupii (Claparède et Lachmann, 1858) Kofoid et Campbell, 1929 +

Stenosemella oliva (Meunier, 1910) + + + + + + Stenostomella cf. oliva (8)

Stenosemella robusta* + + + +

Stenosemella steinii Jörgensen, 1912 + +

Stenosemella ventricosa (Claparède et Lachmann, 1858) Jörgensen, 1924 + + +

Tintinnopsis acuta* +

Tintinnopsis angusta Meunier, 1910 +

Tintinnopsis baltica Brandt, 1896 +

Tintinnopsis beroidea Stein, 1867 + + + + + +

Tintinnopsis campanula Ehrenberg, 1840 + + + +

Tintinnopsis cylindrica Daday, 1887 + +

Tintinnopsis fimbriata Meunier, 1919 + + + + +

Tintinnopsis fucus* +

Tintinnopsis japonica Hada, 1932 + +

Tintinnopsis karajacensis Brandt, 1896 + +

Tintinnopsis lata Meunier, 1910 + +

Tintinnopsis major Meunier, 1910 +

Tintinnopsis meunieri Kofoid et Campbell, 1929 + +

Tintinnopsis nana Lohmann, 1908 + + + +

Tintinnopsis nitida Brandt, 1986 + +

Tintinnopsis oliva* +

Tintinnopsis parvata (Joergensen, 1924)* +

t Literature sources: 1 - Meunier, 1910; 2 - Burkovsky, 1976; 3 - Lifshits, 1977; 4 - Lifshits, 1978; 5 - Lifshits et al., 1978; 6 - Boltovskoy et al., 1991; 7 - Matishov et al, 2000; 8 - Jensen and Hansen, 2000; 9 - Dvoretskiy, 2010; 10 - Makarevich and Oleynik, 2017; 11 - Dvoretskiy and Dvoretskiy, 2018; 12 - this work. * Species is absent in base of "WoRMS"; ** "nomen dubium"; *** "taxon inquirendum".

Table 1. (Continuation).

Species (according to the a World Register of Marine Species "WoRMS") Literature sourcet Original name in the literature source

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Tintinnopsis parvula Jorgensen, 1912 + + + + +

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Tintinnopsis patula Meunier, 1910 +

Tintinnopsis rapa Meunier, 1910 +

Tintinnopsis sacculus Brandt, 1896 + +

Tintinnopsis sinuata Brandt, 1896 +

Tintinnopsis tubulosa Levander, 1900 + +

Tintinnopsis turbo Meunier, 1919

Tintinnopsis undella Meunier, 1910 + + +

researched tintinnids were identified as O. haeckeli Kofoid and Campbell, 1929 by 12 longitudinal equal facets on the bowl and pedicel; large collar, clearly prominent from a bowl with an inner nuchal edge (Kofoid and Campbell, 1929).

Parundella caudata (Ostenfeld, 1899) Jorgensen,

1924 (= Tintinnus caudatus Ostenfeld, 1899; = Undella (Parundella) caudata Jorgensen, 1899).

A typical representative of the ciliate fauna, inhabiting the waters of the South Atlantic (Fernan-des, 2004; Thompson and Alder, 2005; Krsinic and Grbec, 2006) and the northern Indian Ocean (Asha Devi et al., 2018); one was found in the Pacific Ocean, the coast of the Philippines and Chile (Fonda Umani et al., 2011; Santiago, 2018). The nearest location to the Barents Sea is North Atlantic, Norwegian, North and Baltic seas (Marshall, 1969; Cordeiro and Sassi, 1997). The earlier information for the presence P. caudata in the Barents Sea (Makarevich and Oleinik, 2017) is confirmed by this report.

The first description (Kofoid and Campbell, 1929) included 22 species of the genus Parundella, most of which only slightly differed in size, proportions, and general shape of lorica. The investigated tintinnids were assigned to the Parundella caudata (Ostenfeld, 1899) Jorgensen, 1924 by a combination indistinct signs (lorica expands slightly below the oral rim, reaching a maximum width in the lower part, then narrows sharply, turning into a long and thin pedicel).

Thus, the found species of tintinnids belong to warm-water fauna. Probably the reason of the atypical finds in the western part of the Barents

Sea is natural invasion through the North Cape Current under the present conditions of temperature fluctuations in this water area. Thereby there is area expansion of ciliate species A. tetragona, O. haeckeli, P. caudata are new for this region in recent years and have a warm-water genesis.

Conclusion

1. The total list of tintintinnid composition of the Barents Sea consists of 73 species belongs to 20 genera.

2. Amphorellopsis tetragona (Jorgensen, 1924) Kofoid and Campbell, 1929, Ormosella haeckeli Kofoid and Campbell, 1929, Parundella caudata (Ostenfeld, 1899) Jorgensen, 1924 are new for the Barents Sea and have a warm-water genesis.

Acknowledgements

Thank researchers of MMBI plankton laboratory: A.A. Oleinik and E.V. Druzhkova for significant assistance during this project. The research was carried out within the state assignment of MMBI KSC RAS (No. 0228-2019-0003).

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Address for correspondence: Olga Chovgan. Murmansk Marine Biological Institute KSC RAS, Vladimirskaya St. 17, Murmansk, 183010, Russia; e-mail: chovgan@mmbi.info.

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