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ТЕКСТ В СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ФИЛОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ПАРАДИГМЕ: ГЕРМЕНЕВТИКА ОУДОЖЕСТВЕННОЙ КОММУНИКАЦИИ
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Thematic issue TEXT IN THE MODERN PHILOLOGICAL PARADIGM: HERMENEUTICS OF LITERARY COMMUNICATION
ПРЕЦЕДЕНТНЫЕ ФЕНОМЕНЫ В ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННОМ ТЕКСТЕ И МАССМЕДИА
PRECEDENT PHENOMENA IN FICTION AND MASS^EDIA
http://philjournal.ru 2022 No 4 136-144
Original Paper
https://doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2022-4-136-144
Precedent Allusions in the Structure of the English Detective Image
Elena E. Kusaeva
Khetagurov North Ossetian State University;
44-46 Vatutin Str., Vladikavkaz, Russian Federation, 362025;
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-9105-1289;
Web of Science Researcher ID: ADS-0690-2022; e-mail: lena_kusaeva@mail.ru
Abstract: Detective discourse abounds in linguistic units with cultural value including precedent phenomena that realize different functions and thus, are employed to achieve particular goals. Forensic fiction texts making use of precedent phenomena as efficient tools of encoding meaning are of special interest. The research is done within the framework of the theory of linguacultural types, discursive research and the theory of precedence. The relevance of the article is due to the interest of modern linguistics in the precedent phenomena studied in the functional and cognitive aspects. Significant features of linguacultural type are wide recognition, typicality and precedence. The focus is on English and American detective discourse. The research methods applied in this study were method of continuous sampling, semantic analysis, the methods of discursive and contextual analysis. This study seeks to investigate the precedent features of masculine linguacultural type "private detective", represented by the fictional private eye Sherlock Holmes, the protagonist of Arthur Conan Doyle. The task is to define the types of the precedent phenomena with the help of which the precedent feature of the cultural type "private detective" are actualizes in the English language detective discourse. The material includes fiction, cinema and cartoon genres. The author systematizes the repertoire of the precedent phenomena of the English detective discourse, singles out types, identifies the source domains. The study concludes that the masculine linguacultural type "private detective" is a precedent one, as its main cognitive attributes are verbalized by means of precedent phenomena in various genres of English-language detective discourse.
Keywords: cognitive linguistics, theory of precedence, detective discourse, detective genre, cognitive feature, precedent phenomena, precedent character.
For citation: Kusaeva E.E. Precedent Allusions in the Structure of the English Detective Image. Current Issues in Philology and Pedagogical Linguistics. 2022, no 4, pp. 136-144. https://doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2022-4-136-144 (In Eng.).
Оригинальная статья УДК 811.112
https://doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2022-4-136-144
Прецедентные аллюзии в структуре образа английского детектива
Е.Э. Кусаева
Северо-Осетинский государственный университет им. К.Л. Хетагурова;
362025, Российская Федерация, Владикавказ, ул. Ватутина, 44-46;
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-9105-1289;
Web of Science Researcher ID: ADS-0690-2022; e-mail: lena_kusaeva@mail.ru
Резюме: Детективный дискурс изобилует языковыми единицами, обладающими культурной ценностью, включая прецедентные феномены, которые выполняют различные функции и используются для достижения определенных целей. Особый интерес представляют детективные художественные тексты, в которых прецедентные феномены используются как эффективные средства кодирования смысла. Настоящее исследование проводится в рамках теории лингвокультурных типажей, дискурсивных изысканий и теории прецедентности. Лингвокультурный типаж отличают такие значимые характеристики как типичность, прецедентность и узнаваемость Актуальность статьи обусловлена тем, что в настоящее время интерес в лингвистической науке сконцентрирован на исследуемых в когнитивном и функциональном аспектах прецедентных феноменах. В центре внимания находится англоязычный детективный дискурс. Методы исследования, применяемые в данной статье, включают семантический анализ, методы дискурсивного и контекстуального анализа, метод сплошной выборки. Цель данного исследования заключается в выделении и последующей классификации прецедентных феноменов, актуализирующих наиболее значимые признаки лингвокультурного типажа «private detective», в основе моделирования которого лежит художественный персонаж английского писателя Артура Конан Дойла - Шерлока Холмса. В результате изучения англоязычного детективного дискурса, в частности художественной литературы, анимационных фильмов и кино, определены прецедентные черты исследуемого типажа «private detective», нашедшие актуализацию в последующих протагонистах детективного жанра посредством прецедентных феноменов, таких как прецедентного имени, текста, высказывания, методов расследования и ситуации. Автор систематизирует и классифицирует канву прецедентных феноменов английского детективного дискурса, идентифицирует сферы-источники. В заключении делается вывод о том, что лингвокультурный типаж «private detective», на формирование и развитие которого значительное влияние оказал фикциональный образ Шерлок Холмс, является прецедентным, так как его основные когнитивные признаки вербализуются посредством прецедентных феноменов в различных жанрах англоязычного детективного дискурса.
Ключевые слова: когнитивная лингвистика, теория прецедентности, детективный дискурс, детективный жанр, прецедентный персонаж, когнитивный признак, прецедентные феномены.
Для цитирования: Кусаева Е.Э. Прецедентные аллюзии в структуре образа английского детектива. Актуальные проблемы филологии и педагогической лингвистики. 2022. №4. С. 136-144. https://doi.org/10.29025/2079-6021-2022-4-136-144.
Introduction
From the point of view of language studies, the frame of the concept "private detective" is formed taking into account information about the character covering various spheres of his existence, thus its study and description goes beyond the linguistics. The study of detective discourse is conducted within several priority fields: the researchers focus on the development of language features of the detective text; the detective discourse peculiarities become the subject of scientific work aimed at their determination and description, examining the categories, the whole structure and the pragmatic potential of the detective text, modelling its conceptual space.
The detective discourse reveals a number of features that characterize its genre strategies as precedent ones: for example, these are economy of visual means, simplification of the storyline description in order to focus the reader's attention on the main action and conciseness of the character descriptions.
The inclusion of precedent phenomena in the detective text leads to its transformation both at the level of structure and at the level of meaning, resulting in different levels of perception.
A detective text, as a brief and simplified narration about solving the mystery of a tangled crime, functioning within the framework of fiction discourse, is a linguistic formation that presents a clear sequential structure, namely, composition - plot - description of the crime, development - process of investigating the mystery and solving the crime - culmination - identification of the criminal [1; 2]. The classic detective as a canon, is a prototypical model on the basis of which other types of detective novels, including the postmodern detective, have formed.
The aim of the article
The present paper aims at identifying the precedent features of the linguacultural type "private detective", modelled by Sherlock Holmes - the fiction character of Arthur Conan Doyle. The focus is on the English and American detective discourse, which includes cinema, cartoon films and fiction forensic novels. In order to achieve the mentioned goal, we focus on determination and analyzing the precedent features referred to the considered cultural type that are represented by the precedent phenomena among which we can find precedent name, text, utterance, investigation methods and situation.
A review of the literature
The scientific works of domestic and foreign linguists in the field of the theory of cultural types, discourse and precedence of Karasik VI., Kertets A., Krasnykh VV., Tameryan T.Yu., etc. [3; 4; 5; 6; 7] served as the main theoretical basis of the investigation. The determination of the special type of the concept - the concept of the typified person - and the formation of the theory of cultural types are based on the scientific results in the field of language conceptology and personology [2, 3, 6]. Following Karasik V.I. "we determine a cultural type to be a well-known and an easily recognizable image of the representative of a certain culture. The formation of the image is influenced by socio-cultural criteria and specific features of verbal and non-verbal behavior" [4: 7].
Among the significant features of the cultural type, the characteristic of precedence is singled out [3:10], which is actualized through an allusion to a certain cultural fact, event, to a real or fictional character. According to the source of precedence the phenomena are represented by precedent texts, precedent utterances, precedent names, precedent situations and events (allusions) [8: 171].
Being linguacultural units, precedent phenomena indicate the belonging of the fiction world of a detective text or individual characters to a particular linguaculture. Their main functions in detective discourse are this of substituting (precedent phenomena act as cultural referents) and producing humorous effect [9]. The detective text consists of the tale of the crime and the tale of the investigation which unravels the hidden problem.
Research methods and materials
The research material contains the works of British and American detective discourse, cinema, TV series, as well as cartoon films. The research methods applied in this study were critical discourse analysis and multi-modal critical analysis complemented by linguacultural method, stylistic and semantic analysis, and sampling.
Results and discussion
A widely known Victorian Era fictional private detective Sherlock Holmes served as a creation model for masculine lingua-cultural type "private detective". This statement is proved by the super popularity of the character which is caused, firstly, by the fact that in the history of mankind the largest number of film versions (over 300) was shot on the novels of Arthur Conan Doyle describing his adventures, and secondly, Conan Doyle's fiction works have been published in 76 languages. Moreover, if we look at the its sales rating, we can see that it traditionally comes second, following the Bible. Due to these significant facts within the research we introduce such a notion as a precedent character (PC) which can be found in detective discourse including both the detective fiction and in the cinema and cartoon genres.
Before turning to the stated problem, we need to sketch out briefly the history of the genre and the image of Sherlock Holmes. The roots of the detective story can be traced to Gaboriau's policeman protagonists (1977), Wal-pole's princes of Serendip (first mentioned in 1754) or Voltaire's Zadig, first published in 1747. However, Edgar Allan Poe is considered the first practitioner of the modern detective story. He greatly influenced Conan Doyle's fiction and creation of Sherlock Holmes (1887), an immensely popular figure and the model detective-researcher.
Private eye Sherlock Holmes - the most famous fictional detective who used his observational skills to detect physical evidence first appeared in the 1887 story 'A Study in Scarlet'. Unlike his police foil, Inspector Lestrade of Scotland Yard, who relies on conventional policing methods, Holmes relies on his expert knowledge of scientific subjects, chemistry in particular, in his deductive reasoning [10].
The analyzed cultural type "private detective" represented by the precedent character of Sherlock Holmes bears the characteristics of precedence. Having analyzed the printed and visual text material we have identified the following types of the detective discourse precedent phenomena:
1. Precedent texts (PT).
In the given research under precedent texts we imply texts that are cognitively and emotionally significant for the personality. They have extrapersonal character, i.e. they are well known to the wide environment of the predecessors and contemporaries of this personality; finally, in this language personality's discourse the allusion to these texts is repeatedly renewed [11: 216]. Precedent texts include works of fiction, song lyrics, films, advertisements, political and journalistic texts, etc.
Within the present study the cognitive category of intertextuality is distinguished from the category of precedence. The term "intertextuality" stands for the inclusion of reminiscences, direct or changed quotations, allusions into the text [12].
Intertextuality, which connects generations and traditions, is the conversion of the printed or audit text into a new entity. Precedent phenomena, broadly precedent texts, are the most significant in the arsenal of intertextuality means.
The intertextual framework of the cognitive features of the precedent name of Sherlock Holmes has become the main fictional device for the creation of visual art genres. Thus, the precedent field of allusions to Conan Doyle's text permeates the American TV series "House M.D."(Doctor House). First comes the number of Doctor House's house which stands for allusion to 221B Baker Street, the residency of Sherlock Holmes. To create the effect of precedence through phonetic play the method of patronymic attraction is used: Doctor House's true friend and assistant's name is James Wilson sounded like John Watson, Sherlock Holmes' companion. Another allusion to the behavior of Sherlock Holmes is realized through the appealing to the drug addiction:
"Perhaps you are right, Watson," he said. "I suppose that its (cocaine) influence is physically a bad one"1.
According to the series, Dr. House originally having the problems with the health got addicted to the drugs like his prototype; the character who plays the piano and the model-guitarist became more alike on the base of the common hobby - music.
Gregory House became addicted to the drugs because of his problems with health. In addition, they both are fond of music: Holmes plays the violin, while House plays the piano and guitar. The precedence is reinforced by the coincidence of the names of enemies: House's foe was also Moriarty.
Reliance on the structure and basic component of the title realizes the intertextual connection between the original and derivative titles. For example, the title of the episode "Study in Sherlock" of the Canadian series "Murdoch mysteries" alludes to the title of Conan Doyle's "Study in Scarlet". The title of the episode "Return of Sherlock Holmes", where the suspect with mental problems imagines himself to be Sherlock Holmes, reminds the precedent text "The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes", in which we find the method of substitution of the first component.
The animated character from the cartoon "The Great Mouse Detective" by the American company Walt Disney Pictures, the young mouse Basil of Baker Street, which is running in the cellar of his prototype's house, stands for an animalistic version of the precedent character Sherlock Holmes. The animated private detective broadcasts almost the entire set of precedent traits in the relevant genre.
2. Precedent name (PN).
In considering the notion of the precedent name, we refer to Krasnykh V.V. who described it as a personal name linked to a well-known and easily recognized text or precedent situation [11: 199].
The character of Sherlock Holmes created by Conan Doyle influenced the formation and the development of the fictional private investigators in English detective discourse. It should be highlighted that the allusion to the referent's proper name through the differential characteristics and attributes of the precedent character Sherlock Holmes is actualized both explicitly and implicitly. Thus, in the novels with the private investigator
1 Doyle A. The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. Barnes & Noble Books: 2004. Available at: https://www.kobo. com/ww/en/ebook/the-adventures-of-sherlock-holmes-barnes-noble-collectible-editions-1. Accessed October 21, 2022.
Hercule Poirot as a leading character of the English writer Agatha Christie we can find the earliest allusions to the private eye Sherlock Holmes. Hercule Poirot's storyteller and the companion Captain Hastings uses a direct allusion to the precedent name of Sherlock Holmes in the narration about their first meeting:
"Well, I've always had a secret hankering to be a detective!"<... >"The real thing Scotland Yard? Or Sherlock Holmes?< ...>Oh, Sherlock Holmes by all means"2.
Private investigator Dirk Gently by Adams Douglas standing for the modern representation of the cultural type "private detective" opposes his forensic methods to those of Sherlock by direct allusion to his name:
"Sherlock Holmes observed that once you have eliminated the impossible then whatever remains, however improbable, must be the answer. I, however, do not like to eliminate the impossible"3.
The direct allusion to the precedent name of Sherlock Holmes is widely presented in English fiction and forensic discourse titles: "Kissing Sherlock Holmes" (T.D. McKinney, Terry Wylis); "Sherlock's Sisters: The British Female Detective 1864-1913" (Joseph A.); "The Last Sherlock Holmes Story" (Michael Dibdin); "The Boy Sherlock Holmes" (Shane Peacock);
The description of the specifics of John Dollar's communicative behavior, forensic doctor from the story "The Crime Doctof' (E. Hornung), contains an allusion to Sherlock Holmes' tactics:
"He will be preventive officer, private detective, and father confessor in one, if not even privileged accessory after some awful fact"4.
Sherlock Holmes in his desire to obtain personally a confession from the perpetrator used to change into the father confessor. This tactic is used when the evidence of guilt is irrefutable. The same technique is used by doctor John Dollar.
In Ernst Brama's collection of detective stories about private detective Max Carrados, the actualization of the precedent name of Sherlock Holmes is based on contrast. Thus, one of the main tactics of Holmes' detective investigation -observation and fixation of all details - are contrasted with the detective tactics of Max Carrados blind from birth:
"Carrados can read a newspaper headline with the touch of his fingers, detect a man wearing a false moustache because 'he carries a five-yard aura of spirit gum' and shoot a villain by aiming at the sound of his beating heart' 5.
3. Precedent utterance (PU)
The use of a precedent utterance in speech demonstrates the allusion either to a precedent text or a precedent situation. The researchers say that without textual or situational background neither the meaning of the utterance, nor the connotations associated with the precedent phenomenon would be read [11: 90, 12].
In the American movie "Star track IV: The undiscovered country" the intertextual connection is made through a precedent utterance - a part of Sherlock Holmes' reasoning - which Spock's character attributes to his ancestor: "... when you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth"6.
It is interesting that the pseudo-precedent phrase "Elementary, my dear Watson," attributed to Conan Doyle's character was first heard in Cleve Brook's film "The Return of Sherlock Holmes", starring Basil Root-bone (1939).
4. Precedent situation (PS)
To define such phenomenon as "precedent situation" we base on the following definition made by Dmi-trieva O.A. where she describes it as a definite linguacultural type's typical behavior; a situation which reveals behavior patterns seen in this type and immediately emerges in the consciousness of a native or foreign language speaker [8: 90].
2 Christie A. Selected stories. Progress publishers. M.; 1976. Available at: https://fantlab.ru/edition288549. Accessed October 21, 2022.
3 Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency. Available at: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4047038/. Accessed October 01, 2022.
4 Hornung E. The Crime doctor. The Floating Press; 2014. Available at: https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/37338. Accessed October 01, 2022.
5 Bramah E. The eyes of Max Carrados Methuen & Co. Ltd.; 2013. Available at: https://www.scribd.com/ book/235607912/The-Eyes-of-Max-Carrados. Accessed September 01, 2022.
6 Star track IV: The undiscovered country. Available at: http://fantastika-online.ru/film/zvezdnyi-pyt-6-neotkrytaia-stra-na-1991.html. Accessed September 01, 2022.
While the precedent name is a verbal phenomenon, the precedent situation is verbalized in detective discourse. The forensic investigation realized by the precedent character Sherlock Holmes is considered to be the precedent situation the allusion to which can be found in the detective fiction of Agatha Christie. Hercule Poirot's crime detecting actualizes continuous nature of the communicative behavior of precedent character of Sherlock Holmes.
During his forensic investigation private eye Hercule Poirot sticks to situational slots which contribute to the cognitive scheme of Sherlock Holmes' detection [13, 14]. The investigation stages are presented as follows: "receiving the crime news ", during which the detective gets a note about the incident (directly from the client, a letter, phone call); "collecting clues by examining the scene", which suggests finding all those involved in the crime; "studying and analysis of the results obtained", which supposes looking through the available materials on the relevant topics. On this stage the private detective usually conducts the forensic experiments and selects evidence to confirm the preliminary findings. The detection frame ends with the final slot "exposing and explaining the course of the investigation"[15].
Thus, the direct allusion to the steps of the criminal detection of Sherlock Holmes in Agatha Christie's fiction, intensifies the precedency of the forensic detection situation.
5. Precedent methods of investigation
In order to conduct a polyaspect analysis of cognitive features of the precedent character Sherlock Holmes as one of the realizations of the linguacultural type "private detective", we introduce a research construct - precedent methods of investigation. The peculiarities of the professional behavior of the private eye, his professional tactics and developed strategies as well as cultural symbols play for his unique methods of investigation. We consider them to be precedent due to the fact firstly they are well known to the representatives of the British and American linguaculture, secondly these methods are actualized in different ways in later works of detective fiction. Thus, in the examples below taken from the series of Agatha Christie stories we can see the implicit allusion to Sherlock Holmes' detection tactics such as gathering clues, disguising. It is known that while engaged in surveillance, Sherlock Holmes resorted to various elements of disguise and theatricalization:
"The false beard, it is vieux jeu, and shadowing is only done by the lowest branch of my profession. The Hercule Poirot, my friend, need only to sit back in a chair and think"7.
"You have mistaken the idea implanted in your head that a detective is necessarily a man who puts on a false beard and hides behind a pillar "7.
Hercule Poirot's denial of the examination of footprints and the collection of cigarette ashes alludes to the investigative methods of Sherlock Holmes, on the subject of which he published scientific monographs:
"I do not need to bend and measure the footprints and pick up the cigarette ends and examine the bent blades of grass. It is enough for me to sit back in my chair and think"7.
Investigation tactics developed by Sherlock Holmes appear in Dorothy Sayers fiction about amateur detective Peter Wimsey: method of disguise; seeking information through confidential conversation; alibi checking; eliminating unbelievable facts; inference based on fact; method of logical analysis8.
Detective William Murdoch, the character of the Canadian series Murdoch mysteries, uses the same methods in his work as Sherlock Holmes -fingerprinting, blood testing, surveillance, trace evidence.
Conclusion
Precedent phenomena referring to the national as well as the intercultural world picture are their significant part. The present study resulted in fact that the analyzed cultural type "private detective" modelled on the base of the precedent character of the private detective Sherlock Holmes shows the precedent characteristics which are verbalized by different types of the precedent phenomenon. Among these types we distinguish precedent text, utterance, name, situation. In addition, within this paper we newly introduced a constructor - the precedent methods of investigation. The allusion to the precedence features of Sherlock Holmes is found in the British and American detective discourse.
The fiction novels of classical and modern detective narrators and forensic films demonstrate the use of a wide potential of intertextuality means represented both through explicit and implicit allusions to cognitive
7 Christie A. Selected stories. Progress publishers. M.; 1976. Available at: https://fantlab.ru/edition288549. Accessed September 01, 2022.
8 Sayers D. Whose body? NewYork: Wildside Press; 2009. Available at: https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/ Whose-Body/Dorothy-L-Sayers/Clydesdale-Classics/9781945186776. Accessed September 01, 2022.
characteristics of the precedent character. Explicit allusions are the most frequent in the titles of the scientific research, the works of detective cinema fiction.
The intertextuality of the precedent character of Conan Doyle, embodied in the examined cultural type "private detective", first manifested itself in Agatha Christie's forensic fiction about Hercule Poirot.
The substitution of Holmes' name or another recognizable lexeme in the titles of contemporary works of the visual genre serves as a typical technique of referring to the cognitive features of the original is defined as the method of component substitution.
From the functional point of view precedent utterances are less significant and frequent. At the same time, Conan Doyle's precedent character's pseudo-precedent utterance contributed to the cultural and semiotic space of cinema discourse.
The precedent situation of the crime investigation consisting of the slots is Sherlock Holmes' distinctive detection style. The allusion to this situation particularly to the situational stages is considered as a cultural sign which links the precedent protagonist with Hercule Poirot, its subsequent realization.
The modern protagonists of detective discourse use the precedent methods of investigation of Sherlock Holmes as a foundation for their forensic techniques.
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История статьи:
Получена: 19.10.2022
Принята: 15.11.2022
Опубликована онлайн: 25.12.2022
Article history:
Received: 19.10.2022
Accepted: 15.11.2022
Published online: 25.12.2022
Elena E. Kusaeva, PhD in Philology, Assistant Professor of the Department of Foreign Languages for Non-linguistics Specialties, Khetagurov North Ossetian State University, Vladikavkaz, Russian Federation; e-mail: lena_kusaeva@mail.ru.
Сведения об авторе:
Кусаева Елена Эльбрусовна, кандидат филологических наук, ассистент кафедры иностранных языков для неязыковых специальностей, Северо-Осетинский государственный университет им. К.Л. Хета-гурова, Владикавказ, Российская Федерация; e-mail: lena_kusaeva@mail.ru.
Bionote:
Статья опубликована на условиях лицензии Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0).
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0)
