CC BY
18
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18454/RULB.2021.25.1.23
МЕМЕТИКА КАК ОДНА ИЗ ФОРМ ПРЕЦЕДЕНТНОСТИ ИНТЕРНЕТ-ТЕКСТА
Научная статья
Титлова А.С. *
Башкирский государственный университет, Уфа, Россия
* Корреспондирующий автор (nastyatitl[at]gmail.com)
Аннотация
В статье рассматривается прецедентность как одна из характеристик как текста, так и языковой личности. Выделяются особенности прецедентного текста, такие как хрестоматийность и реинтерпре-тируемость, а также подчеркивается ценность такого текста с познавательной и эмоциональной точек зрения. Интернет-текст характеризуется как особый вид текста, содержащий одно из проявлений прецедентности — интернет-мем. Приводятся примеры интернет-текстов, содержащие как вербальный, так и невербальный прецедентный компонент. Рассматривается случай возникновения и функционирования отдельного мема в интернет-дискурсе. Ставится вопрос о жизнеспособности такого вида прецедентного текста, рассматриваются причины его закрепления в дискурсе или полного исчезновения.
Ключевые слова: интернет-коммуникация, интернет-дискурс, прецедентный текст, мем, поликодовый текст.
MEMETICS AS ONE OF THE FORMS OF INTERNET TEXT PRECEDENCE
Research article
Titlova A.S. *
Bashkir State University, Ufa, Russia
* Corresponding author (nastyatitl[at]gmail.com)
Abstract
The article examines precedence as one of the characteristics of both the text and the linguistic personality. The features of the precedent text such as typicality and reinterpretability are highlighted, and the value of such a text is emphasized from the cognitive and emotional points of view. The Internet text is characterized as a special type of text that contains one of the manifestations of precedence - the Internet meme. Examples of the Internet texts containing both verbal and non-verbal precedent components are given. The case of the emergence and functioning of a separate meme in the Internet discourse is considered. The question is raised about the viability of this type of precedent text, the reasons for its consolidation in discourse or its complete disappearance are considered.
Keywords: Internet communication, Internet discourse, precedent text, meme, polycode text.
Introduction
Precedence is one of the characteristics not only of the text, but also of the linguistic personality, who turns to precedent phenomena when generating their own message. The precedent text refers to the "facts of culture" and is associated with cultural values of a certain period of the historical development of society. Therefore, a thorough study of the precedent text is relevant at any time and in any field of linguistics.
The sources of the precedent phenomenon may indicate the belonging of a linguistic personality to a certain type of speech culture, the use of precedent texts is one of the characteristic features of a linguistic personality, reflecting education, social status, professional affiliation, level of culture, etc. [6].
V.P. Belyanin speaks of precedence as the presence in the text of references to other texts [1]. N.V. Nemirova believes that precedence is manifested in how it is customary in national culture to perceive and evaluate certain historical events and personalities, myths, art monuments, characters of literature and cinema [5].
V.V. Krasnykh considers the object of studying the phenomenon of precedent to be "speech, spontaneous, improvisational" texts [3, P. 224]. According to the author, the speech does not use the precedent text itself since it belongs to the cognitive base of the recipient. Such a text is stored as an invariant of perception in the mind of an individual belonging to a certain national-linguocultural community, and, accordingly, is not linguistic, but cognitive in nature. In speech, obviously, other phenomena are used, such as precedent names and statements that act «as symbols of precedent texts.» [3, P. 225].
Yu. N. Karaulov, who was the first to introduce the term "precedent text", emphasizes its importance for a person in emotional or cognitive terms. Such a text is well known not only to the person himself, but also to the people around him, his predecessors and contemporaries. The precedent text is repeatedly referred to "in the discourse of a given linguistic personality" [2, P. 215].
The author also speaks of "typicality" as one of the basic characteristics that distinguish the precedent text: "the speakers know about it in one way or another" [2, P. 216].
Due to the well-known and typical character of the precedent text, such a feature as "reinterpretability" is also manifested, due to which the precedent text goes beyond the limits of verbal creativity, where it was originally born, and is embodied in other types of arts.
So, the precedent texts, being widespread and typical, are cognitively and emotionally valuable; such texts are reinterpreted. The result of the combination of these characteristics is the fact that the precedent texts are a "fact of culture" [2, P. 217].
Describing the characteristic features of the precedent text, many researchers talk about such traits as deicticity, auto-semantics and reinterpretability (i.e., "multiple repetition in the intertextual series"). It is believed that it is possible to extract
the precedent text from the source text without losing its aesthetic and cognitive value, and to use the extracted text further as an independent statement in the form of a separate mini-text or in other texts.
The characterization of precedence is used by the authors of the texts of modern print [3] and electronic [9] editions; this phenomenon is especially clearly traced in computer-mediated communication (on the Internet). At the same time, multimedia as a distinctive feature of the Internet communication makes it possible to use not only the verbal text, but also its non-verbal, pictorial component as a precedent.
If we consider the precedent text within the framework of the semiotic approach, then this concept can be interpreted quite broadly. V.V. Krasnykh believes that the system of precedent texts includes both verbal and non-verbal precedents (works of art: sculpture, painting, music, architecture, etc.) [3].
A number of researchers (G.G. Slyshkin and M.A. Efremova among them) see a precedent text as any arbitrary sequence of sign units, which is distinguished by coherence and integrity and has "value significance for a certain cultural group" [7, P. 53]. Thus, texts containing video or images can also be classified as precedent texts. Such texts are usually called creolized, or polycode, precedent texts.
An example of such a polycode precedent text are the posts (texts posted on the Internet) which contain not only a verbal text, but also a precedent pictorial component: for example, the image of the now former US representative to the UN, Colin Powell, showing his colleagues a test tube with powder, ostensibly evidence of the production of chemical weapons by Iraq, has become synonymous with groundless accusations. This image is accompanied by all sorts of verbal text: "Looks impressive, but hard to believe", "The most expensive washing powder", "You want proof? We have some!"
Speaking about the precedent text in the verbal part of the text of the post itself or users' comments to it, the most common here are the quotes from works of art and films. For example [8], "Based on the 'testimony' of a talking parrot, an American woman was found guilty of murder. Long live the American court, the most humane court in the world! " - the interpretation of the phrase from the famous film by Leonid Gaidai "Prisoner of the Caucasus", which in the original sounds like "Long live our court, the most humane court in the world!"
"All Quiet on the Western Front: shelling of the outskirts of Donetsk continues" - the text of the post uses the title of the work of Erich Maria Remarque.
One of the most interesting phenomena that has become widespread on the Internet and is characteristic mainly for network communication is the Internet meme.
It is customary to consider a meme as a kind of replicator, an imitation that conveys certain ideas and images. In a broad sense, it is an object of culture (often intangible), a unit of cultural information that is widely disseminated, popular, transmitted and stored in society. In turn, the Internet meme is a unit of information that has become widespread in the Internet-mediated environment.
Undoubtedly, not any information is subject to such dissemination on the network, but only that which is emotionally attractive to the reader. In this case, the evoked emotions may not necessarily be positive: sometimes indignation and anger in the reactions of the recipients of information are so strong that the phrase that caused such a violent reaction turns into a meme. However, in most cases, after the emotions have subsided, the phrase takes on a humorous / mocking meaning and produces a comic effect.
One of the relatively recent memes that have received incredibly wide distribution on the Internet, and especially in the microblogging service Twitter, and have become one of the most popular hashtags, was the phrase of the Prime Minister of Great Britain Theresa May "highly likely "). In the original, the words of the politician sounded as follows: "'Highly likely' Russia is responsible for spy's poisoning by nerve agent".
The first reaction to such an unsubstantiated accusation was indignation. Users left the following comments under the news: "Most likely? What a clown!", "Yeah, good ol' Brits, kind of low", "Close the British embassy in Russia!", " It's time to put the Brits in their place!", " Highly likely?! The Anglo-Saxons have completely lost their fear!", "What a level of evidence. Gosh. Highly likely".
With the development of events and the appearance of even more strange versions of poisoning (for example, with buckwheat), users began to invest irony, mockery and sarcasm in the meme. The examples of subsequent reactions are the comments: "Yeah, Boris 'poodle' Johnson and Teresa 'highly likely' May", "We bet that they have also found a poisoned balalaika and earflaps?", "Yes, Teresa is not Margaret at all ... Not Thatcher, highly likely".
It is interesting that the meme is also used in correspondence completely abstracted from politics: "Today are very highly likely having a barbecue", "I'll buy these sneakers. Veeeeery highly likely".
Conclusion
It is difficult to say how long the described meme will last in the Internet communication. Some memes "wander" around the network for years and do not lose their relevance. Others are forgotten as soon as the event or character with which they were associated becomes uninteresting. In any case, the study of the "life" of such phenomena has its own prospects in the study of linguistic, as well as psycho- and sociolinguistic fields.
Конфликт интересов Conflict of Interest
Не указан. None declared.
Список литературы / References
1. Белянин В. П. Психолингвистика / В.П. Белянин // Учебник. 2-е изд. - М.: Флинта: Московский психо-лого-социальный институт, 2004. - 232 с.
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3. Красных В.В. Основы психолингвистики и теории коммуникации: курс лекций / В.В. Красных // - М.: Гнозис, 2001. - 270 с.
4. Моисеева А.В. К вопросу о воздействующем потенциале текста гламурного журнала / А.В. Моисеева // Исследования по семантике: межвузовский научный сборник с международным участием. - Уфа, 2016. - С. 148-155.
5. Немирова Н.В. Прецедентность и интертекстуальность политического дискурса / Н.В. Немирова // Лингвистика. Бюллетень Уральского лингвистического общества. - 2003. - Т. 11. - С. 146-155.
6. Пешкова Н.П. Прецедентный текст как реакция реципиента при понимании пись-менных речевых произведений различных типов / Пешкова Н.П. // Межкультурная - интракультурная коммуникация: Прецедентный текст в коммуникации. Матер. 6-й Междунар. науч.-практ. конф. - М.: Институт языкознания РАН; Уфа: РИЦ БашГУ, 2017. - С. 199-206.
7. Слышкин Г.Г. Кинотекст (опыт лингвокультурологического анализа) / Г.Г. Слышкин, М.А. Ефремова // - М.: Водолей Publishers, 2004. - 153 с.
8. Титлова А.С. Меметика как модель передачи культурной информации в интернет-опосредованной среде / А.С. Титлова // Языки в диалоге культур. - Уфа, 2020. - С. 331-334.
9. Титлова А.С. Прецедентность текста микроблога / А.С. Титлова // Межкультурная - интракультурная коммуникация: Прецедентный текст в коммуникации. Матер. 6-й Междунар. науч.-практ. конф. - М.: Институт языкознания РАН; Уфа: РИЦ БашГУ, 2017. - С. 241-245.
Список литературы на английском / References in English
1. Belyanin V.P. Psikholingvistika [Psycholinguistics] / V.P. Belyanin // Uchebnik. 2-ye izd. [Textbook. 2nd ed.] - M.: Flinta: Moskovskiy psikhologo-sotsial'nyy institut, 2004. - 232 p. [in Russian]
2. Karaulov YU. N. Russkiy yazyk i yazykovaya lichnost' [Russian language and language personality] / YU.N. Karaulov // 7-ye izd. [7th ed.] - M.: Izd-vo LKI, 2010. - 254 p. [in Russian]
3. Krasnykh V.V. Osnovy psikholingvistiki i teorii kommunikatsii: kurs lektsiy [Fundamentals of psycholinguistics and communication theory: a course of lectures] / V.V. Krasnykh // - M.: Gnozis, 2001. - 270 p. [in Russian]
4. Moiseyeva A.V. K voprosu o vozdeystvuyushchem potentsiale teksta glamurnogo zhurnala [To the question of the impacting potential of the text of a glamorous magazine] / A.V. Moiseyeva // Issledovaniya po semantike: mezhvuzovskiy nauchnyy sbornik s mezhdunarodnym uchastiyem [Research on semantics: interuniversity scientific collection with international participation]. - Ufa, 2016. - P. 148-155. [in Russian]
5. Nemirova N.V. Pretsedentnost' i intertekstual'nost' politicheskogo diskursa [Precedence and intertextuality of political discourse] / N.V. Nemirova // Lingvistika. Byulleten' Ural'skogo lingvisticheskogo obshchestva [Linguistics. Bulletin of the Ural Linguistic Society].- 2003. - Vol. 11. - P. 146-155. [in Russian]
6. Peshkova N.P. Pretsedentnyy tekst kak reaktsiya retsipiyenta pri ponimanii pismennykh rechevykh proizvedeniy razlichnykh tipov [Precedent text as a recipient's reaction in understanding written speech works of various types] / Peshkova N.P. // Mezhkul'turnaya - intrakul'turnaya kommunikatsiya: Pretsedentnyy tekst v kommunikatsii. Mater. 6-y Mezhdunar. nauch.-prakt. konf. [Intercultural - Intracultural Communication: A Case Text in Communication. Proceedings of the 6th Int. scientific-practical conf] - M.: Institut yazykoznaniya RAN; Ufa: RITS BashGU, 2017. - P. 199-206. [in Russian]
7. Slyshkin G.G. Kinotekst (opyt lingvokul'turologicheskogo analiza) [Film text (experience of linguoculturological analysis)] / G.G. Slyshkin, M.A. Yefremova // - M.: Vodoley Publishers, 2004. - 153 p. [in Russian]
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9. Titlova A.S. Pretsedentnost' teksta mikrobloga [The precedent of the microblog text] / A.S. Titlova // Mezhkul'turnaya - intrakul'turnaya kommunikatsiya: Pretsedentnyy tekst v kommunikatsii. Mater. 6-y Mezhdunar. nauch.-prakt. konf.[ Intercultural - Intracultural Communication: A Case Text in Communication. Proceedings of the 6th Int. scientific-practical conf] - M.: Institut yazykoznaniya RAN; Ufa: RITS BashGU, 2017. - P. 241-245. [in Russian]
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