Physical qualities formation of preschool children at taekwondo classes Текст научной статьи по специальности «Науки о здоровье»

UDC 796 DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2023-18-1-138- 144

Physical qualities formation of preschool children at taekwondo classes

Zinaida M. Kuznetsova*, Nikolay A. Shepelev, Soviya D. Fomicheva

Naberezhnye Chelny branch TISBI Management University Naberezhnye Chelny, Russia ORCID: 0000-0002-5558-474X, kzm_diss@mail.ru* ya.shepelevnikolai@gmail.com fomicheva-sofi30@yandex.ru

Abstract: Taekwondo was included into the program of the Olympic Games only in 2000. It is necessary to pay special attention to the questions of initial training of the youngest taekwondo practitioners, as native school of training sports reserves is not developed enough. Early involvement of children into sports activity demands thorough physical education means and methods selection. They would take into account not only the peculiarities of a child's development, but also the influence of physical exercises on an organism. The aim of the research: to form physical qualities of preschool children at taekwondo classes. Scientific novelty: we created the classification of special playing tasks taking into account their orientation for physical qualities development and technical skills formation among young taekwondo practitioners. Practical significance: the created methodology of preliminary training, based on special playing tasks use in the group of preschool children at taekwondo classes, helps to increase the effectiveness of physical qualities development and provides steady motivation and interest in taekwondo classes. Material and Research methods: scientific and methodical information sources analysis, experience of practical work summarizing, interviews with the coaches, questionnaire survey, pedagogical observations, control tests, pedagogical experiment, method of expert marks, methods of mathematical statistics. Results. The methodology of the training lessons is created with special playing tasks use for preschool children at taekwondo classes. Conclusion. Special playing tasks for preschool children use at taekwondo classes leads to valid increase of almost all results of physical development and physical readiness.

Keywords: taekwondo, sports activity, physical qualities, special playing tasks.

For citation: Zinaida M. Kuznetsova*, Nikolay A. Shepelev, Sofiya D. Fomicheva. Physical qualities formation of preschool children at taekwondo classes. Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2023; 18(1): 114119. DOI: 10.14526/2070-4798-2023-18-1-133-144.

Introduction

Taekwondo was included into the program of the Olympic Games only in 2000. It is necessary to pay special attention to the questions of initial training of the youngest taekwondo practitioners, as native school of training sports reserves is not developed enough. Early involvement of children into sports activity demands thorough physical education means and methods selection, which would take into account not only the peculiarities of a child's development, but also the influence of physical exercises on an organism.

Physical training of children demands special attention, as during preschool age the base of general working capacity, health, harmonious development, reliable activity of all systems of an organism is formed. Everything that provides further sportsmanship achievement develops during preschool age.

However, the practice of playing tasks use during the training lessons includes only relay-races

organization or independent games of children (during the break or before the lesson).

Sometimes special playing lessons are held, but they include only such games as basketball, football or rugby. In taekwondo educational supplies the question of playing method use during the initial training is either absent, or given in terms of general recommendations. In this connection the methodology of special playing tasks creation for the main objectives of techniques teaching and necessary physical qualities development is urgent enough.

The aim of the research is to form physical qualities of preschool children at taekwondo classes.

Object of the research - the training process for preschool children, who attend taekwondo classes.

The subject of the research is the methodology of the training classes with the use of special playing tasks for preschool children at taekwondo classes.

Theoretical significance of the research is in the fact that we analyzed playing method of training and

created the classification of special playing tasks, taking into account their orientation to physical qualities development and young taekwondo practitioners' technical skills formation. We defined two main groups: general preparatory playing tasks, directed toward physical qualities development and special-preparatory playing tasks, directed toward technical skills of taekwondo teaching and development.

Practical significance of the research is in the fact that the created methodology of preliminary training, based on special playing tasks use in the groups of preschool children at taekwondo classes, helps to increase the effectiveness of physical qualities development, increases the speed of technical skills formation and provides a steady motivation and interest in taekwondo classes. The results of the research can be used during programnormative documents creation for sports schools for children, sports clubs at place of residence, further education establishments of different profile.

In order to solve the set problems we used the following research methods: scientific and methodical information sources analysis, experience of practical work summarizing, interviews with the coaches, questionnaire survey, pedagogical

observations, control tests, pedagogical experiment, method of expert marks, methods of mathematical statistics.

Pedagogical experiment was carried out on the basis of limited liability company "Kempo" Naberezhnye Chelny Taekwondo school, Naberezhnye Chelny, Russia. The experiment revealed the influence of playing tasks on the level of physical qualities development and technical readiness of young taekwondo practitioners at the stage of preliminary training. The experimental group included 6-7 year-old taekwondo practitioners (16 people). In this group apart from usual tasks we included playing tasks with the orientation to the technique teaching and physical qualities development, which took 50 % of general time of the lessons. Control group included 16 people, the lessons were held according to generally adopted methodology.

In order to increase the training effect of playing tasks, the level of mastering the studied material and training load influence optimization on the organism of children we defined the most reasonable place for each type of tasks during the training lesson (table

1).

Table 1

The ratio of playing tasks of different orientation at the training lessons in the experimental group

PT for quLclueaa ¿kvdotfttroi

In our experiment the ratio of playing tasks and the orientation to movements teaching and physical qualities development was 35 to 65%. In the offered methodology the lessons were organized using playing tasks, which took 50% of the main part of the lesson time.

Playing tasks were held during each part of the lesson alternating with "non-playing" tasks, as strictly regulated exercises combination with playing tasks helps to preserve steady interest in exercises fulfillment during the whole lesson.

The structural element of the playing task is the playing objective, which is realized by children in playing activity. Different combinations of

the elements of playing tasks define the possible structure of the game, its target function. Depending on the target function the structure of the game can vary.

It is necessary to remember, that in case of the task change one and the same exercises influence the development of different qualities. For example, if we give the task "who is better in "nerechkhagi" strike fulfillment?", the technique of this strike will develop; if we set the aim to make this strike as quickly as possible, then speed oriented abilities will be developed, if we ask to fulfill the strikes within 2 minutes, endurance is improved.

Table 2

Games with preferential orientation to the definite physical quality development

PT

PliMng liiki. dijoctul k'v- irvJ i.iji. hrihj.il skillx ill' bLclcwando kikjhini;

Pli_\ing Ink-;. di reeled kiv- ird KlrLincth -ori^nlod. qualilics Jl^ -jlif moit

Pliying li-ik-;. directed li 'l', jrJ uukkn'j-■; Jl". olupmcni

Pliying I ■:. di reeii/d tcward dex len i;. dciclojimenl

Pli_\ing Ink-;. di reeled tawjjd endurance dcvclapancnL

Plwing li-^ki. di reeled luward tli:Dc.ihility dc\clupmcni

Tilllc

'tut Ihc ptimt Rvae learn '.-E-1cp ica-ward'". 'Lost during Ihc Wiy", 'Double Luiiut", "frnbidding L^slLirc"'. "A Inck"

In sqiutlmg pouliua", 't'crcmanul parade'. 'Wnk'". "Slccl picas-"1. "fitciw-i hi™''

"Quick ttnLc''. "C'ltuoI'". £pccd~. "Shoulder Kjwt". "whipping". ""Lending."

"Flailing", "DutTLdnip'', "Uilanee "RcLw-rjcc with.-jac'' IjjiikILt"", "Hlirasuhapper". ^Ouct Ihc ubvitt". "][cran"

"ijlinc k I hi1 ptimt as quickly as paxjibk ". 'PteoiiJiinccd number". "Run aviJK qn^ker". "Keep pacc nviLh ibr cmmting". "Hern' chain". "Quick and uUenlr. iT. Tail"

"Bndi^:"- "Tcuch Ihc " pjw "by Ihc Icy.-. "Raise yauj kg ever thu " paw"', ""Slicking to i.lh: Li,j||". ""C.'utcrpal]ar". "Kelp yOUT legs"

The coach should be able to change the direction of the playing tasks owing to the aim setting. The main aim of the playing tasks for endurance development is the following exercises fulfillment: "who will do more...?", "who will ... farther?", "who can ...longer?" and etc. These playing tasks are connected with a long-term, but not too intensive work.

Playing tasks can be used not only during the main part of the lesson. The introductory part with the playing tasks use becomes renewed and interesting.

Using outdoor games during warming-up it is

Key.-* i m m c nd a b uoi s-

■ pay altoition 1d Mil' dd^il^ (it' spccial-prjpirih'-n playmc Liiki fultllliunL it should be ni'mfc red in j clear hum. playing 1uxks include educilkHiil obncclmcs s^ILiilg und ibcir cilij.il.ion in a competition1 fmj_

The l'Tt1:-1 he'.i. i-i.u i kd hill ■;. rvipv ■■ inJ clc.) dc l^Drk in pairs IS UmJ. JilJ imjsclc CrUljpS 11 icnglbcnmg ¿pin?, dhtkimcn. ncck. -;li>.ld<jr cirdjc and hind--. lower exlirmitics: ebocdu lor I r-j n l; I hi 3 rn pro \l meal and power kicelher with other quiliiier-: jumping l-iik-; and slall bora, sloped bench climbing. mixed I:■:. ¿upparLj.

Give playing I j :-k:- with Nil jel U'h(i u quieter!'.7*'. Resqieoisc k the - llt il and quickjicu of muscular cixilrjctions. Ihc anyiunL dl' qcici-k" lulliljed movements. tpccd dI" b^dy nL'.l-,'jni'jnl DC its pari! 111 ■.■-J n IL' I! I in ipaL^I specified j-icnjli uil' fmuci d, viiuil. tKli Icl. quick lunl inavcinLiiti and tbLct-krm nj.'-,':nj:nl-- uu.

dying lu>k>. dircciLd k^jrd quickuLXj und KTCuraLy oJ' luUnl]rrii3iL kitLiiJ balanoc IcLLpmc ¿nJ Luordination priy^'idc dr^tcnLy dc\claptn>.-7it.

Eijicn:i!№. the LiTiknl «1' whicb hj:- naiclty

?lcmcn1. ar spcLial 1axItK. which demand the i^i lily !■.' jni;,/: ao kIilhs. Lncnt one writ'm ipxc. in time ¿ndibf degnie pl'irju^rlc knsionx.

The LocbniiLuc. enisling in Ihe piKticu of

1C3Lh.in.jJ.

■ the umounLat'thc pUycri in a km: deerene m ILrin:- oJ'preseT^'inLj. I he nta of the luod lor the |j:-k jrea:

■ Ihc bochniqucK and rules dl' the playinc lu^k oamplicjdion in tenru dK 1'iied amixinl nd' the pliyen:

- time of iJic playinc talk. Jiilfi lliTKnl iniKBr. Einikiranee dcvclapmenl villbc p'h.i', iJed h_v ujdi pliyuiL.»rlivity. v.henheartn.1c is l.VI btMls ini. Pla.yiDt lu>k> viilb un Ublne >*.ruguLe ot the puiinerv tirlp to Jevelop will pty^'cr qualili«. ■icn-ic ot purTvi^e1. >pi>rl> piir--;iji.in. prr-ii-ilenee.

5clcct Ihc giniei lor Ihc purpdHeliiU ollci: IlviI ¡nMuciicc cm Ihc lepink joinLs. I ij ¿ii>.tiI i. mu^ele grcupN. tuch plying Lulu slvoidd pnnide o.indLli'.in-; l(>r ibr amplitude of imi'dnent^ inerene. uddilicnal musclcj and ]igame nL-; ilrekliinc. Adhi llejchilily depends on the power oJ' miLicles. Ihal m vhy it ii- reuHimhle to ifkIlkIc onii vcich.1 o. ^reocunc playing task.^ ii! lo Ihc hsoru .

necessary to remember that physical and emotional states of the athletes before training are different and depend on previous training lessons and other activity, which they took part in. In the state of low working capacity a child starts warming-up without any enthusiasm and very often fulfills the exercises with low intensity. In the state of the increased working capacity a child fulfills the exercises with high intensity. Playing tasks inclusion into warming-up increases its intensity, which is necessary for organism orientation toward further loads and injuries prevention.

Strict demands are claimed on the playing tasks,

which are used during the main and the final parts of the lesson. With their help a coach can realize the aims not only of the present training, but also the aims of the whole cycle of educational-training lessons. That is why the volume, sequence and the dose of the planned playing tasks should be defined every time taking into account the necessity to master not only the technique of the presented task, but also the following tasks.

A coach should know which quality or a motor skill is reasonable to develop in different parts of the lesson, what kind of warming-up should be before the planned playing task fulfillment.

The methodology of the playing tasks use at the initial stage of training has its peculiarities, taking into account different dosage of exercises, their technical difficulty and etc. It is important to select the exercises correctly for motor (physical) qualities development, as the movements transformation prevents conditioned-reflex connections standardization, which is accompanied by barriers in strength, speed and endurance increase [30, 35] and provides harmonious development, the definite traits of character improvement.

In the offered methodology in terms of the developing education playing tasks were held during each part of the lesson, as the combination of usual exercises and playing tasks helps to keep steady interest of children in the exercises fulfillment during the whole lesson and preserves necessary emotional level.

The percentage of playing tasks with the orientation toward motor qualities development and technical actions teaching at the initial stage is 60-70% to 30-40%.

The load during the lesson can decrease owing to often use of technique playing tasks and increase owing to the use of playing tasks for quickness and endurance development.

In order to make playing tasks more useful

and increase the effectiveness of the lessons it is necessary to define the most reasonable place of each type of tasks during the lesson.

As speed stimulants are the most effective in case of optimal level of nervous system sensibility, than playing tasks, which provide speed qualities development, should be held at the beginning of the lesson before children are tired [25, 5].

The games, directed toward dexterity development, become not effective enough in terms of the developing tiredness. These exercises demand great accuracy of muscle feelings. That is why in case of playing tasks repetition it is necessary to have breaks for rest. It is necessary to organize playing tasks, when children are not very tired after the previous load.

Before the games for flexibility development it is necessary to organize the corresponding warming-up in order to avoid tension of ligaments and torn muscles. It is necessary to organize the playing tasks of this orientation several times during the training.

Playing tasks oriented toward endurance development are connected with a long-term work of moderate intensity. The duration of the load should have the limits of time interval, during which aerobic system of energy supply manages to achieve maximal intensification, creating the conditions for more effective oxygen supply. At the same time complete activation of aerobic systems of energy supply is achieved within 2-3 minutes of the load.

The exercises, directed toward strength qualities development, should be short, the amount of repetitions - from 4-6 to 8-10.

Taking into account the recommendations, which are presented in a special literature, we present below optimal parameters of playing tasks fulfillment for motor skills mastering and the technique teaching, for quickness and endurance development and also the percentage of load volumes, directed toward motor qualities development (table 3,4,).

Table 3

The parameters of the training load in playing tasks of different orientation

OS LLTItJtjui'l Of thC Time orTuiniJn^uc Amwd ßf repetition Pauütü afiHt tici^^LiL

inldVLIUJ. läbkb ilit rutilions

Tcwafd îhchût iiilli 1-j itiirt l-ft [¡rati 2D^0 1

1 "1 jLiLuc inu J:IJ Ivulm ¡L|UL'

teaching

T«wd nduraui l-l 1 k 1J ci 1-2 [I ikiL->

dfiriopml

Tcwai'd quicIciK-ü 2-6 times 3CM501

deirin|iiul

The ratio of the load volumes, directed toward motor skills development (in %)

Table 4

MLHUI (J UJ]L! ¡L*>

Speed-strength Dnsstod Qnidneu Endurance FLtsLbility Deutcrity

15 ID 45 13 li

The results, presented in table 5, prove that in comparison with the initial level. It is connected during the pedagogical experiment the level of with physiological growth of children of the studied

physical development and physical fitness among the respondents of both groups increased significantly

age group and constant trainings.

Indicators young taekwondo athletes physical fitness of at the end of the experiment

Table 5

4,'UEICIU] ucfeüea ELeanlta P %

1. Step-Test E 92,2^2,1 <0,0 L I7J

C 5,4

2. JQirt lUnnLiyj. & E 5,74=0,5 >0jft5 5,8

C ü.03±0.]7 1.79

X Shuttle fu QxLO^s E 8,9dO,L2 <0,0 L 11

C 9,6rf,L9 4.95

4. Stjndmu jililip. № E IG5.2±5.5 <0,05 11.9

C 14 0.2±6,1 5,8

5. Sniffed lull ilt^vi»^ (2 ■ E 24I.3±9.S >0jft5 4,8

C 7.95

6. lll-ltl i[l LH LT-, ■ E 1 L55±32Jt <0,05 48.5

C

7. FIL-NJhiLiiM. ILJI 1 r'ui^-aiJ fiuni üLtlinu um C 975^22,22.1 ■^0,001 24J5

E I3.7rf.56 87.7

8. Bodv LlliJciu tv'LiLIICI 3Qu., quajLuiy C 9,4rf,92 <0,05

E 21,71:1,1 19 2

9. OiLhu^jÜL- IMI, s C I9.lrf.ii5 <0jft5 7.9

E S5±S,D 97.7

Comparative analysis of a relative testing results increase, in percentage of the initial level, showed the advantage of the experimental group over the control group according to several indices.

Physical development indices increase (StepTest) was validly higher in the experimental group (P<0,01). It can be the fact of a positive effect from the playing tasks for the functional state and physical working capacity increase.

The best average results in shuttle run (3x10) (P<o,oi) and flexibility indices (P<0,001), were also in the experimental group.

The indices increase in 30 meters running and stuffed ball throwing in the experimental group had the advantage over the indices of the control group, but were statistically invalid (P> 0,05).

The indices increase in other tests in the experimental group were validly higher, than in the control group, which proves the advantage of special playing tasks use during the lessons with young taekwondo practitioners.

Thus, the program of the lessons with the playing tasks inclusion turned out to be more effective according to the degree of physical readiness indices increase among young taekwondo practitioners.

The positive role of the lessons with the playing tasks use for young taekwondo practitioners' interest

formation, is proved by the amount of children, who continued training after the holidays.

From the experimental group 87,5% of athletes continued training, from the control group - 43,8%.

All mentioned above proves the effectiveness of the created methodology of the playing tasks use at the lessons of the initial stage of training among young taekwondo practitioners.

The pedagogical experiment showed that special playing tasks use in the groups of initial training among young taekwondo practitioners leads to valid increase of almost all physical development and physical fitness results. According to the results of testing the indices of physical working capacity, explosive force, speed endurance, general endurance, coordination and flexibility development in the experimental group turned out to be higher, than in the control group.

References

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2. Simakov A.M. Structure of physical readiness of young taekwondo practitioners. Uchenye zapiski universiteta imeniP.F. Lesgafta. 2008; 2(36): 13-17

[In Russ.].

3. Kamnev R.V., Sedykh N.V. Methodology of the differentiated special physical training of young taekwondo practitioners. Uchenye zapiski universiteta imeni P.F. Lesgafta. . 2010; 2(60): 5962 [In Russ.].

4. Bakulev S.E. Aspects of the integral readiness formation of young taekwondo practitioners: technical readiness. Uchenye zapiski universiteta

imeni P.F. Lesgafta. 2008; 1: 13-17 [In Russ.].

5.KuznetsovA.S.,VladykoYu.V. Individualization of physical training among athletes-taekwondo practitioners of high qualification. Pedagogiko-psihologicheskie i mediko-biologicheskie problemy fizicheskoj kul'tury i sporta = Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2022; 17(4): 84-88. DOI: 10.14526/2070- 4798-2022-17-4-84-88 [In Russ., In Engl.].

Submitted: 20.02.2023 Author's information:

Zinaida M. Kuznetsova - Doctor of pedagogics, professor, Naberezhnye Chelny branch of Higher Educational Establishment "University of Management "TISBI", 423806, Russia, Naberezhnye Chelny, Komsomolskaya embankment str., House 6, e-mail: kzm diss@mail.ru

Nikolay A. Shepelev - master, Naberezhnye Chelny branch of Higher Educational Establishment "University of Management 'TISBI", 423806, Russia, Naberezhnye Chelny, Komsomolskaya embankment str., House 6, e-mail: ya.shepelevnikolai@gmail.com

Sofiya D. Fomicheva - master, Naberezhnye Chelny branch of Higher Educational Establishment "University of Management 'TISBI", 423806, Russia, Naberezhnye Chelny, Komsomolskaya embankment str., House 6, e-mail: fomicheva-sofi30@yandex.ru