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DOI 10.14526/2070-4798-2019-14-1-94-101
Planning issues of the yearly cycle of training swimmers
Nataliya A. Moshkina*
Kalashnikov State Technical University, Izhevsk, Russia ORCID: 0000-0002-2380-8227, ffkis-mna@mail.ru
Abstract: During recent decades people try to define the preconditions for a successful planning of a training macrocycle in different kinds of sport. They take into account the fact that there are different kinds of planning in practical use. The article presents the author's approach to planning sports training of swimmers taking into account real conditions, which an athlete and his coach face. The difficulties in training athletes increase with their transfer from stage to stage during a long-term training. Materials. The article is about the questions of planning training among young athletes. While planning training process nowadays specialists take into account the standards of different kinds of sport, where they find the algorithm of actions. The effectiveness of the programs and methodologies is defined after athletes' results estimation. Research methods. Information sources analysis and summarizing, documents and program material study in "Swimming". The scheme of actions is created in planning training swimmers. It takes into account the demands of the traditional approach to planning. Results. We analyzed scientific-methodical literature. We created a block-scheme of planning the process of training swimmers. For the successful training process planning it is necessary to plan the sequence of actions, in order to move in one direction. Generally adopted rules of planning are presented in the variant of general specialist's actions characteristics. Two directions of planning are created. They include different variants: basic developing, basic accumulating (summary, fundamental) and final-realizable (resultative) mesocycles of training swimmers. Conclusion. Planning repeated mesocycles helps to avoid monotony. It make the process of training swimmers more emotional and interesting. Adaptation to changing physical loads helps to develop coordinated character of actions. The duration of mesocycles should be from 2 to 3-4 weeks. Directed toward physical qualities development long-term physical loads replacement helps to increase the concentration of the training influence. It takes into account the typology of swimmers.
Keywords: planning, block-scheme, swimming, competitive activity, microcycle, mesocycle.
For citation: Nataliya A. Moshkina*. Planning issues of the yearly cycle of training swimmers. The Russian Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2019; 14(1): 81-87. DOI 10.14526/2070-4798-2019-14-1-94-101
Introduction
Yearly training cycle planning and creation in different kinds of sport was and still is the issue, which demands further improvement.
Scientific-methodical literature analysis concerning the issues of planning yearly cycle of training showed that the base of planning should form the model of highly-qualified athletes competitive activity and their physical functional abilities [1,2,3,4,10,15].
In the works of E.A. Zolotov and others (2007, 2013) planning training in "Synchronized swimming" in a kindergarten is considered an innovative direction of this kind of sport introduction
into pre-school educational establishments. Successful planning means taking into consideration necessary demands for yearly training formation. It takes into account their age-related and anatomic-biological peculiarities [8,9,14].
E.A. Anisimova and others (2018) studied modeling individual technique development among sprinters. They created the model of athletes' individual technique improvement. It presents a schematic block of training development [1,15].
D.R. Zakirov (2010, 2013) considers planning wrestlers' training. He took into account personality typology during general volume of physical loads planning and distribution [5,6,7].
V.D. Koba (2012) pays great attention to the necessity to create the profiles of physical, functional and psycho-emotional readiness, and the level of boys' physical development in order to create the models of competitive activity according to the years of training [7].
Thus, many authors think that successful planning means the following: athletes' full model characteristics, their abilities and the dynamics of competitive activity results revelation.
The plan should include all units of sports training. It should create preconditions for further readiness and athletes' effectiveness improvement, but at the same time, provide health preservation.
The conditions for this research work writing were the results of long-term observations, studies, experiments and practical experience of the author.
It is known that the main issues of theory and methodology of sports training were developed by N.G. Ozolin, L.P. Matveev, V.N. Platonov, E.P. Vrublevskiy and many other specialists [4,11,12,13]
Material and methods
The author presents the results of different approaches analysis to developing the systems of planning training of swimmers. It is mentioned that in planning the process of training athletes nowadays we should take into account the standards of different kinds of sport, where the algorithm of actions is defined. The effectiveness of the programs and methodologies is defined after athletes' results estimation. We analyzed scientific-methodical literature, documentation and program material in "Swimming". We considered the algorithms of planning actions of training swimmers in comparison to traditional approaches. The author's approach of organizing yearly cycle, local and weekly planning is presented. It is based on model characteristics of swimmers' competitive activity study.
Results and Discussion
Scientific-methodical literature and documentation of sports school analysis in "Swimming" helped to create the sequence of necessary work. It is directed toward the main aim in sports reserve training achievement.
Picture 1 shows the algorithm block-scheme
of planning process of training swimmers, on the basis of specialists' works analysis. This block-scheme presents the sequence of necessary kinds of operations, fulfilled during plans formation.
It seems that this block-scheme doesn't differ from a traditional training planning. It presents the whole algorithm of planning actions, which we use. The block-scheme helps to create one training lesson, weekly and monthly plans. We can use the algorithm of planning for one lesson and for the whole microcycle of training planning.
The initial stage of any planning is the aim setting and objectives preparation. The aim should be the definite and concern the whole stage of training. The aim is specified, taking into account model characteristics of highly-qualified athletes and also the training level indices and competitive activity effectiveness.
The aim defines the final result of training. The absence of the definite aim makes the process of training means and methods choice very difficult.
The aim also defines what an athlete should do in order to achieve the definite result, which is physical, physical and functional readiness, normatives fulfillment development.
The next important factor is presented by the conditions of athletes training. The plan of training is always formed and corrected. It takes into account the conditions, in which an athlete would train. This factor includes sports constructions, the conditions of educational-training camps organization, equipment use, results control and estimation.
During the planning process it is necessary to take into account competitions schedule as the main factor, which defines the aims and the main starts of the competitions. The success in planning and training swimmers depends directly on a coach and the participants, who take part in preparation: a coach a doctor, a massagist, the second coach, a Methodist and others.
Coaches' report documentations analysis showed that all they use cycle planning of training, which includes the following periods: preparatory, competitive and transitional period with the definite stages of training macrocycle.
Aim, model characteristics of competitive activity of liighly-qualified swimmers
Picture 1 - The block-scheme of planning the process of training swimmers
During the planning process it is necessary to take into account competitions schedule as the main factor, which defines the aims and the main starts of the competitions. The success in planning and training swimmers depends directly on a coach and the participants, who take part in preparation: a coach a doctor, a massagist, the second coach, a Methodist and others.
Coaches' report documentations analysis showed that all they use cycle planning of training, which includes the following periods: preparatory, competitive and transitional period with the definite stages of training macrocycle.
An important component is the content determination of each microstructure of a yearly
cycle of training. The main microstructures of a training macrocycle include the following lessons: weekly, monthly and semi-annual. The components and content of sports training include the volume and intensity of the load, means and methods, the ratio of different zones of intensity use.
Control provides effectiveness check of the swimmers' training process organization (medical control, other kinds of control, control normatives, competitions).
The existing traditional planning of training seems to be the initial simple way. However, during our work we revealed some drawbacks, which should be discussed.
It is known that during the preparatory
period the definite volume of work is fulfilled in order to increase the following qualities: general endurance, strength, technicality and physical abilities. During the competitive period speed loads increase owing to aerobic loads decrease.
Right before the competitions pre-competitive training is held, in terms of which athletes should fulfill the loads of close-to-competitive speed with aerobic orientation loads decrease. The drawback is in the following: during each training lesson we influence different qualities, not thinking about the training lesson effectiveness. For example, in order to increase muscular mass we always use the exercises with the poundage, with the training simulators, own weight. If such kind of work is held after special endurance training, the effectiveness will be zero. Speed work is effective after the whole day of rest. While working with children it is important to follow the rational distribution of physical loads depending on their orientation, it is necessary to control them, take into consideration their ratio in a yearly cycle of training, in order to avoid monotony.
A traditional program of training swimmers doesn't take into account the duration of the loads fulfillment that is why it is necessary to distribute the ratio of time, used for physical qualities development, both during one lesson and during the whole period of training. During the preparatory period physical swimmers' qualities are developed by means of gradual volume of work increase. Technical training during this period is less effective, as for this purpose it is necessary to achieve the definite level of readiness.
Thus, for an effective training of swimmers it is necessary to reconsider the plan of different lessons and tasks, taking into account compatibility and incompatibility of the fulfilled physical loads.
A traditional planning drawbacks consideration helps to improve the planning process of training swimmers.
We offer the author's model of planning training. It is based on swimmers' bioenergetics typology use. It helps to change wavily the orientation of training. Taking into account the typology of swimmers helps to alternate several kinds of mesocycles within a semi-annual macrocycle of
training.
In monthly planning of different orientation training we should take into account the control over adaptive process orientation in an organism, taking into consideration their typology.
Monthly planning has three directions: basic developing; basic accumulating (summary, fundamental) and final-realizable (resultative).
All three directions formed the names of the main mesocycles of training swimmers. Each direction included the main means, realized on land or water. Basic developing direction considered the exercises inclusion directed toward children's muscular mass maximum power, speed and correction development. Basic accumulating direction was as the fundamental part of training. It included summary changing training means use. They were used for swimmers' special speed endurance development. Power endurance was also very important (exercises with own weight and external resistance and the exercises with aerobic and anaerobic power of threshold of anaerobic metabolism (individual dynamics of the indices in test)).
The resultative part of training is characterized by making conclusions after each stage of mesocycles realization and includes educational-training complexes organization, which develop special abilities of swimmers during competitive exercise fulfillment in terms of complicated and eased conditions. For this purpose model trainings, applied and control competitions were held.
An important moment is planning means of training with their division according to conditions of fulfillment (on land and water). On land we prefer generally developing and special exercises. In water special exercises are mainly used: swimming with resistance (moderate and average); swimming with interval and even method use; fulfilling fractional interval and even swimming.
Used by us directions of mesocycles help to repeat them several times within a macrocycle, creating wavy increase of physical loads in different ratio.
Basic-accumulating mesocycle is repeated 4-5 times a macrocycle, basic-summarizing mesocycle can be repeated 5-6 times, final- realizable
mesocycles increase general volume of physical load can be also increased.
Picture 2 shows mesocycles of different orientation with the percentage of loads volume and intensity. Physical loads ratio can be calculated both for one lesson and for the whole micro and mesocycle.
Picture 2 - Approximate volume and intensity of physical loads distribution among swimmers during
mesocycle overcoming
notatio conventions: 1 - basic mesocycle; 2 - basic accumulating mesocycle; 3 - basic summarizing mesocycle; 4 - final-resultative mesocycle; 5 - resultative mesocycle
Scientific research works in the sphere of planning are always urgent and necessary for experience exchange. Further works in this direction would help to reconsider the regularities of sports training. They take into account typology of energetic development.
mesocycle till 5-6 depending on the schedule of starts. Such not traditional planning of swimmers training helps to finish each stage with the definite starts training.
General number of mesocycles should be defined taking into consideration the stage and the level of readiness of swimmers or because of
Conclusion
Planning the repeated mesocycles helps to avoid monotony, make the process of training swimmers more emotional and interesting. Adaptation to changing physical loads helps to develop coordinated character of actions. The duration of mesocycles should be from 2 to 3-4 weeks. Directed toward physical qualities development long-term physical loads replacement helps to increase the concentration of the training influence. It takes into account the typology of swimmers.
Often change of different influences on an organism of swimmers changes the components of readiness. It makes control-transfer standards fulfillment successful. The success of this approach is in the fact that it can be adapted to any schedule of competitions.
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Submitted: 15.02.2019
Author's information:
Nataliya A. Moshkina* - Senior Lecturer, Kalashnikov State Technical University, Izhevsk, Russia, 426069, Studencheskaya str., House 7, e-mail: ffkis-mna@mail.ru*
