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ОБЗОРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
УДК 579.25, 579.61
N. Ohashi Y. Yoshikawa T. Masuzawa 2
OVERViEW OF TiCK-ASSOCiATED RiCKETTSiALES BACTERiA iN JAPAN
1University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan 2Chiba Institute of Science (CIS), Choshi, Japan
Rickettsiales bacteria are obligatory intracellular parasites in vertebrates and/or invertebrates, and some cause severe febrile illness in humans as well as livestock. In Japan, "Rickettsia japonica" and "Orientia tsutsugamushi" are well known as causative agents for "Japanese spotted, fever" transmitted, by ticks and "Tsutsugamushi disease" transmitted, by mites, respectively. In recent years, many researchers have reported, the presence of several tick-associated. Rickettsiales bacteria in Japan, mostly by molecular-based analyses. Some of these might be public health, or veterinary significance. Such. Rickettsiales bacteria include spotted, fever group rickettsiae other than R. japonica, Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., and Neoehrlichia sp. We will summarize and. introduce the representatives of these Rickettsiales bacteria present in Japan.
Key word: Rickettsiales, Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Neoehrlichia
ОБЗОР БАКТЕРИИ ПОРЯДКА RiCKETTSiALES, АССОЦИИРОВАННЫХ С ИКСОДОВЫМИ КЛЕЩАМИ В ЯПОНИИ
Н. Охаши Й. Йошикава т. Масузава 2
University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan 2Chiba Institute of Science (CIS), Choshi, Japan
Бактерии порядка Rickettsiales являются облигатными внутриклеточными паразитами позвоночных и беспозвоночных животных и. некоторые из них вызывают, тяжелые лихорадочные заболевания у человека и. домашних животных. В Японии хорошо известны, микроорганизмы. Rickettsia japonica и. Orientia tsutsugamushi, которые являются возбудителями Японской пятнистой лихорадки, переносимой иксодовыми клещами и. лихорадки. Цуцугамуши, переносимой соответственно краснотелковыми клещами. В последние годы появляется, много сообщений о выявлении, преимущественно молекулярногенетическими методами, в Японии нескольких новых бактерий порядка Rickettsiales, ассоциированных с клещами. Некоторые из этих бактерий могут иметь существенное ветеринарное или медицинское значение. Подобные бактерии включают, риккетсий группы, клещевых пятнистых лихорадок не относящихся, к R. japonica, Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., и Neoehrlichia sp. В данном, сообщении характеризуются, основные представители этих групп, обитающие на территории Японии. Ключевые слова: Rickettsiales, Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Neoehrlichia
The order Rickettsiales includes the genera Rickettsia, Orientia, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, and Neoehrlichia etc. [1, 2]. In Japan, before the first report of "Japanese spotted fever (JSF)” caused by Rickettsia japonica in 1984 [3], "Tsutsugamushi disease” caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi had only been known as a rickettsiosis. R. japonica and O. tsutsugamushi are transmitted by ticks and mites, respectively. In recent years, many isolation and molecular analyses revealed the presence of tick-associated Rickettsiales bacteria such as spotted fever group rickettsiae other than R. japonica, Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., and Neoehrlichia sp. in ticks or wild mammals. The representatives of these Rickettsiales bacteria in Japan are summarized as below.
SPOTTED FEVER GROUP (SFG) RICKETTSIAE
So far, SFG rickettsiae which were identified in Japan are R. japonica [4], R. helvetica [5], R. tamurae
[6], R. asiatica [7], Candidatus R. tarasevichiae [8],
and R. heilonjiangensis [9]. Rickettsia japonica was isolated from tick species of Haemaphysalis histricis,
H. cornigera, H. flava, H. longicornis, Dermacentor taiwanesis, and Ixodes ovatus [10]. R. helvetica was also isolated from ticks of Ixodes ovatus,
I. persulcatus, and I. monospinosus [5] and also detected from Sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) in Hokkaido, a northern part of Japan [11]. R. tamurae was isolated from Amblyomma testudinarium ticks
[6]. R. asiatica was isolated from I. ovatus ticks
[7]. Candidatus R. tarasevichiae was detected by PCR from I. persulcatus ticks in Hokkaido [8]. R. heilonjiangensis was isolated from H. concinna ticks [9]. Of these, R. japonica cause severe febrile illness in humans frequently in Japan [12]. Human infection by R. heilonjiangensis has recently been confirmed [9]. Additionally, R. tamurae was found to cause rickettsiosis, but it seems to be rare. The immunecompromised hosts are probably more sensitive to R. tamurae infection [13].
EHRLICHIA SPP.
Ehrlichia muris have firstly been isolated from a wild mouse of Eothenomys kageus (synonym of E. smithi) and reported in 1995 in Japan [14]. Later, several nonclassified genetic variants of the genus Ehrlichia have been found in Japan. Of these, the Ehrlichia HF strain has well studied. The HF strain was initially isolated and described from I. ovatus tick in 2000 [15]. The genetic variants of HF strain were detected by molecular analysis from wild mice of Apodemus argenteus, A. speciosus, and E.smithi [16] and dogs [17]. These bacteria cause fetal infection to immunocompetent laboratory mice. Recently, the Ehrlichia variant closely related to E. ewingii was identified from H. longicornis ticks [18]. E. chaffensis which is well known as a human pathogen was detected from Sika deer (Cervus nippon nippon) and described in 2009 [19], although there is no report of human infection in Japan to date.
anaplasma SPP.
We have initially detected Anaplasma phagocytophilum, a human pathogen, from I. persulcatus and I. ovatus ticks inhabiting Japan in
2005 [20]. Recently, we confirmed that H. formosensis, H. longicornis, and H. megaspinosa were also potential arthropod vectors for transmission of A. phagocytophilum [21]. The genetic variants of A. phagocytophilum have also been identified from Sika deer and boars in Japan [22, 23]. Besides A. phagocytophilum, A. centrale and A. bovis were detected from deer and Haemaphysalis ticks [22]. A. platys was identified from dog in Japan [24].
neoehrlichia SP.
Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis and its genetic variants have firstly discovered from wild rodents (Rattus norvegicus) and I. ovatus ticks in Japan in 2004 [2]. Later, we and the others were also detected from wild mice of A. argenteus, A. speciosus, and E. smithi [25, 26]. Recently, the human cases of Candidatus N. mikurensis infection have been reported in Europe [27-29]. In the most cases, the disease developed in immunecompromised individuals. The vector candidates are Ixodes ticks such as I. ricinus, I. persulcatus, and I. ovatus in Europe and Asia [2, 30, 31].
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Сведения об авторах
Ohashi N. - PhD, профессор, зам. декана School of Food and Nurtritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan (ohashi@u-shizuoka-ken.ac.jp)
Yoshikawa Y. - PhD, научный сотрудник University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan Masuzawa T. - PhD, профессор Chiba Institute of Science (CIS), Choshi, Japan
