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17NON-STANDART VERBS OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE. ANALOGIES USED IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LINGUISTIC UNITS LINGUOCULTURAL
FEATURES
Sardor Sattorov
Master of the Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages sottorovsardor50@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
No language is relevant to society and cannot develop on its own outside of society. Language is, first of all, a means of interaction between society and people, so society is a direct link between people and the formation of language vocabulary. It is important to remember that language itself is important because of the laws of its internal system of formation. Depending on the situation, a single idea in any developed language will be interpreted differently. Regardless of style, stylistic color, or situation, there are neutral words that are used in communication only for certain situations as the core of the language.
Keywords: neutral words, non-literary vocabulary, non-standard verbs, styles, legal aspects, complex and diverse, verbal style, scientific style, functional style, symbol.
Introduction
We refer to this category of words in dictionaries as words of non-literary or nonstandard vocabulary. Before looking at non-standard vocabulary, if we look at the problems with its style, it becomes clear that there are basically two different styles of use: functional and expressive. Functional style is interpreted as a specific, goal-oriented communication style specific to a certain group of people, i.e. for situations involving specific legal aspects of human movement, such as entrepreneurial style, verbal style, scientific style, etc. verbal style, scientific style, in modern languages are very complex and diverse. It should be noted that the style can be divided into written and oral forms, and can be divided into different forms for public use. But so far, linguists, although they have a lot of information, have not come to a consensus on the types of styles. Styles are divided into the following sections: scientific, public, journalistic, artistic (theater, painting, dance, etc.), oral, correspondent style, newspaper style, poetry, professional-technical, formal-administrative methods. A functional style is a set of people who communicate in a particular language use words and phrases from their native language for a specific purpose, based on different situations and workplaces. The style of expression is such that during communication you express
your emotional feelings about a particular situation. Various linguists also use other terms for communication styles.
Main body
According to the Russian linguist R.G.Pyotrovsky, styles are divided into high-level, lavish poetry, and scientific language style, i.e., literary storytelling, literary speaking styles, and other low-level non-basic styles. The English linguist J. Kenon, on the other hand, emphasizes two levels - standard and non-standard styles, or formal and informal styles. According to the German linguist Y. Hannerts, styles should be of high and low or formal and informal. Russian linguist V. N. According to Yartseva, the style is divided into book-written and oral-speech types. So, we can say that there are several different types depending on the use of language methods. [1]
In this article, we will look at a separate style, that is, low-level words and phrases -colloquialism ("colloquial" - phrases and expressions specific to the style of speech), slang ("slang" - slang from English). , simple, lexical words), general slang, special slang (slang and slang - special words) and vulgarism (rough words). However, it should be noted that to date, no special manuals have been developed to show the words in a separate style. For example, colloquialisms lie between standard and non-standard vocabulary. Some linguists describe colloquialism as a more non-standard lexicon. For example, the English linguist E. Partridge in his book "World of Words" states that colloquialism is "below" the standard lexicon, but above the slang. We support the idea of E. Partridge and include colloquialisms in the standard vocabulary ("vocabulary" - English "dictionary, word structure, vocabulary"), while "lower" colloquialisms are specific to non-standard vocabulary. We will look at the problems of its application. The main part of non-standard vocabulary consists of slang words and phrases, which are often used in everyday life. Nevertheless, the Russian linguist VA Khomikov includes general slang words and phrases in the words that carry a stylistic speech, are typical of a literary style, and express emotions. In contrast, the German scholar A.D. Schweitzer adds general slang to the category of ordinary words that are far removed from the literature. Jargon is a specific language of special words and phrases used only by a narrow circle of people and not by other categories of people. Argon is a particular style of speech that consists of words and phrases specific to a group of people of the same age and occupation in a particular social circle (mostly the language of a criminal gang). Scholars have not yet reached a consensus on whether slang and slang are specific slang or a separate part of non-standard vocabulary. Vulgarism, with its crude and sharp semantic qualities, is directly related to nonstandard vocabulary. In standard English, vulgarism is considered and understood as a taboo. Non-standard vocabulary develops through variation within the national language and within its rules. Sometimes, in this case, the words in the language can be added phrases or words from a foreign language. Through metaphor and metonymy,
words from a foreign language can be significantly translated into another language. Words in a non-standard lexicon are mainly developed by the fact that words in a literary language carry different meanings in a narrow or wide range, for different situations, without completely deviating from their original meaning. It should be noted that such cases in the language are not accidental. The development of non-standard lexicon of English is mainly characterized by the history of the origin of German languages.
Methotology
Many non-standard vocabulary words are used in proportion to the literary language in which they occur, starting with the origin. Below we look at a number of examples of non-standard vocabulary using American English slang. Affixation ("affixation") is one of the most common methods of word formation in modern English, in which the root and the word-formative suffix have a new meaning. makes a meaningful word. Affixation includes prefixes ("prefix" - English "suffix"), suffixes ("suffix" - "new word added to the end of a word"). adjectives "and infixes (" infix "). Non-standard vocabulary and slang words are made up of word-forming affixes used to make standard words. In this case, following the rule, the word is separated by a hyphen: "no-hoper" -an unlucky, useless person ("hope"); "No-name" - a worthless person ("name"); "No-show" - an invisible person ("show" -to see). The next word-forming unit is the population suffix. This unit was first added to the word "alcoholic" and later nonstandard vocabulary began to be used to express new words in American slang. For example: "workaholic" - hardworking, devoted to work ("work" - to do smth); "New Yorkaholic" - loyal to New York, ("New York" -place); "Coffeholic" - devoted to drinking coffee; "Foodoholic" - insatiable, ("food" -dish). There is a concept of semiaffix in English and it is sometimes used to make slang words, for example: proof, -man, -land, -like, -hood, -head and so on.[2]
These types of affixes are not only word-forming adjectives, but also words that have a special meaning. For example: "freshman" - a person who started addiction ("fresh" - new); "Jellyhead" - stupid, insane ("jelly" - glue); "Hayhead" - a person who smokes smth; "Homeland" - black territory, quarter ("home" - place); "Knifeman" -surgeon. In the American English slang, new words belonging to a separate category of meaning have been created from the addition of two independent literary stems, for example: "nutball" - mad ("nut" - dish, "ball" "- toy); "Nutbox" - a hospital for the mentally ill, a mental hospital (box); "Pigpen" - a police station ("pig"- animal, "pen" -a cattle ranch). Abbreviation ("abbreviation") is one of the most common methods of making slang: "mon" ("money"), "buis" ("business"), "fess" ( "Professor"), "tec" ("detective"). Russian linguists T.M. Belyayev and V.A. Khomyakovs point out that there are three different forms of abbreviation, that is, in English it is possible to observe the use of the abbreviated slang by omitting the first syllable or the middle
syllable, or the last syllable. teeth. Another effective way to make a word is to repeat the word itself, and this is a phenomenon that has been used in the language for a long time, and when a word is used repeatedly, it can reinforce its meaning or change its meaning. : "Bye-bye" - goodbye, "jaw-jaw" - conversation, idle talk. Repetition is mainly observed in slang, which can then be added to the standard rules of literary language. For example: English "tip-top" - excellent, first-class or "hocus-pocus" -focus-pokus, eye-painting, deception. These obscure words can be stored for centuries. Conclusion From the above, it can be concluded that by studying only the literary meanings of a particular foreign language, one can get a complete picture of that language and the speakers of that language we can't, we can't fully understand them. Knowledge of non-standard vocabulary, especially knowledge of the American slang of English, is essential for modern fiction, media news, as well as translation and conversation with English-speaking people.
Analogies are one of the means by which different cultures emerge. They are sealed with the experiences, ideas, national and cultural traditions of the ancestors who lived in a certain period. Most linguists who have studied linguistic analogies believe that fixed analogies are close to idioms or have the status of idioms, that they have stabilized over the centuries as a result of their use in human speech and consolidated in the minds of speakers in the form of certain models. , emphasizes that the standard of analogy, that is, the image based on the analogy, is regularly and firmly associated with a particular character-object1. A comparative analysis of existing analogies in English and Uzbek shows that words denoting animals or creatures are often used as a benchmark. For example, in the Uzbek language there are standards of analogy, such as "gentle as a sheep", "calm as a musician", which is a characteristic feature of the Uzbek mentality, that is, from ancient times the gentle animal of the sheep, the gentleness of music , is expressed as a harmless bird. In English, a dove is often described as a symbol of indifference: "As harmless as a dove." The following analogies of synonyms in English and Uzbek can be analyzed in the same way: The phrase "As hungry as a bear" is equivalent to the Uzbek analogy of "hungry as wolf" The use of the word "hungry" in conjunction with the wolf is typical of Uzbek linguoculturology, and in the Uzbek folk tales we see the hungry wolf. In particular, there are certain analogies involving the heroes of myths, fairy tales, epics and works of art, through which it is possible to gain a deeper understanding of the national culture of the people. For example, the standard of analogy "as Alpomish" used in Uzbek to mean "strong, valiant, strong, very strong, brave" is "as brave as Robin Hood", which is used in English to mean "brave and courageous". creates a synonym with the unit of simulation.
Conclusion
Among the analogies found in English and Uzbek, there are species that are similar or different in terms of lexical component structure. For example, the word cherry
(cherry) used in the English phrase "As red as a cherry" is also specific to Uzbek linguoculturology and is used to describe a girl's lips. Also, the English phrase "as sly as a fox" is synonymous with the Uzbek phrase "cunning as a fox." The Uzbeks also compare the strong to the elephant, and the British to the horse and the ox: the elephant is strong, as strong as a horse / an ox. Or, Uzbeks like people who work hard to be ants, while the British liken them to bees and dogs (as busy as a bee, working like a dog). The man was as strong as an ox and easily helped us to move the sofa. She always works like a dog. In general, analogies are the linguocultural richness of each nation, which is formed as a result of the national worldview, the comparison of world events according to national perceptions.
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